空间诱变高粱突变体的研究

1996年经4返回式卫星搭载处理的纯系高粱品种晋粮5号（CK）的种子经次年播种生,区得少量秆早熟突变体（SP3）。此后连续二年播种,该突变体矮秆早熟性状稳定,该突变体与未经搭载的对照相比多400粒。（3）SP3平均千粒重为34g,对照为27g。（4）SP3叶片变窄,变短,增厚,叶面积减少了43％－22％。（5）SP3穗轴长度比对照增加30％,各节间长度比对照缩短了67％－15％。（6）SP3种子中亮氨酸含量比对照增加15％,可溶性糖含量比对照增加25％,单宁含量降低了30％。     

空间诱变高粱突变体的研究

1996年经返回式卫星搭载处理的纯系高粱品种晋粮5号（CK）的种子经次年播种后,获得少量矮秆早熟突变体（SP3）。此后连续二年播种,该突变体矮秆早熟性状稳定。该突变体与未经搭载的对照相比,有如下不同之处：（1）成熟期缩短15 d左右,株高降低40 cm。（2）穗长增加3.9 cm ,每穗籽粒数比对照多400粒。（3）SP3平均千粒重为34 g,对照为27 g。（4）SP3叶片变窄,变短,增厚,叶面积减少了43%～22%。（5）SP3穗轴长度比对照增加30%,各节间长度比对照缩短了67%～15%。（6）SP3种子中亮氨酸含量比对照增加15%,可溶性糖含量比对照增加25%,单宁含量降低了30%。     

大豆航天搭载SP4选择效果与SP2代变异率相关分析

摘要：为了明确大豆航天搭载早期世代农艺性状选择的依据,提高航天搭载育种早期世代选择效果。对6个大豆品种经过航天搭载后的SP2代变异率和SP4代选择效果进行了分析,结果表明遗传力高的SP2代的单株荚数和单株粒数2个农艺性状的变异率与SP4代入选单株数相关达到极显著水平;SP2代遗传力较高底荚高度和节间长度的变异率与SP4代入选单株相关达到显著水平,SP2代遗传力不高的植株高度和主茎节数变异率与SP4代入选单株相关不显著;SP2代对单株荚数、单株粒数、底荚高度、节间长度进行选择有效,而对植株高度和主茎节数选择效果不明显。     

燕山山脉不同居群豆茶决明的种子形态及营养成分比较

豆茶决明也Cassia nomame ( Sieb.) Kitag.页为云实科( Caesalpiniaceae)决明属( Cassia Linn.)一年生草本植物[1],其地上部分及种子可入药,主治水肿、肾炎、慢性便秘、咳嗽和痰多等,并具有驱虫、健胃之功效,也可代茶饮用[2],在药理和保健方面具有多重功效,是极具开发潜力的野生植物资源。目前仅燕山山脉的河北省青龙满族自治县每年就有近1000 t的豆茶决明全草出口,而且燕山山脉民间还有用豆茶决明种子做酱的习惯,致使豆茶决明野生资源面临枯竭的境地。目前,对豆茶决明的研究还非常有限,尤其在资源调查、引种、栽培和开发等方面。     

高空气球搭载实验对鸡冠花黄酮类化合物成分的影响

利用高空气球搭载了2个品种鸡冠花（Celosia cristataL.)的种子,进行空间诱变处理,飞行高度为40.112km,飞行时间近4h,回收后播种栽培,采收子一代（SP1）花序,将各组样品花序的乙醇提取物与Mg HCl,Zn HCl,1?Cl3-乙醇液,2%AlCl3-乙醇液,1%NaOH进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色,又以槲皮素,山柰酚,异鼠李素为对照品,采用HPLC法测定分析了各搭载组花序中黄酮醇的含是,并与地面对照组比较,结果表明,2个品种鸡冠花搭载组花序黄酮醇总量分别为0.859%,0.864%,比对照组分别提高90.04%,142.02%。高空环境诱变处理对鸡冠花花序中黄酮类化合物合成产生了显著效应。     

卫星搭载担子菌生物学特性变化的研究

近年来,随着航天科技的发展和科学研究的深入,人们对太空技术有了新的认识,把航天技术用于育种中。从１９８７年到１９９４年,我国先后利用返回式卫星进行了７次５１种作物３００多个品种的种子搭载试验。经过八年地面育种试验,经太空处理的种子产生了有益的遗传变异...     

HPLC测定决明不同组织中大黄酚和橙黄决明素含量

为了测定决明不同组织中大黄酚和橙黄决明素的含量。分别收集了决明种子、根、茎、花、叶、果荚、子叶、胚轴、愈伤与不定根等组织,利用回流提取法提取大黄酚与橙黄决明素,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)进行含量测定。采用依利特反相色谱柱,以大黄酚和橙黄决明素为指标,以乙腈-0.1%磷酸水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1 m L/min,检测波长为284 nm,柱温30℃。结果表明:大黄素型蒽醌类化合物在决明中的分布具有明显的组织特异性,其中,决明种子、胚轴、不定根、子叶与愈伤组织中含有大黄酚与橙黄决明素,决明根中仅含有大黄酚,其余组织不含有大黄酚与橙黄决明素,其余总蒽醌含量依次为子叶不定根愈伤组织胚轴根花。决明种子成熟过程中,大黄酚的含量呈现"波浪式上升"的趋势,峰值出现在11月下旬;而橙黄决明素的含量呈现"先上升后下降"的趋势,峰值出现在11月中旬。由于大黄酚与橙黄决明素的含量在决明不同成熟时期分别出现峰值,建议采收11月下旬的决明种子以获得大黄酚,采收11月中上旬的决明种子以获得较多的橙黄决明素。     

卫星搭载鸡冠花种子SP2代的生长、发育与性状变异研究

对卫星搭载处理的鸡冠花SP2代种子萌发、植株生长、开花以及主要性状在群体中的变异进行了观察.与对照比较,SP2种子发芽势提高,发芽率有所下降,萌发延迟.群体茎粗与对照相比显著增加;选择系在株幅、茎粗间出现了较大差异.在SP2株系间开花时间和花期出现了明显分离,株系群体中有花期明显提前和延迟的单株出现.20个株系中有16个株系的单株种子量比对照显著减少.在SP2株系中株高、株幅呈非正态分布,茎粗和花期呈偏正态分布.在处理的株系群体中有植株显著高大、多分枝、叶色、叶型、冠型、冠色及花期等显著性状变异出现,产生性状变异的单株频率为0.07％-1.26％,表明空间诱变所产生的变异性状开始在SP2代出现.     

卫星搭载对甘草种子萌发中生理特性的影响

为探讨卫星搭载处理对甘草种子萌发中生理特性的影响,本文运用卫星搭载技术对甘草种子进行太空诱变处理,考察了卫星搭载后甘草种子（卫星1号,GF）在干旱胁迫条件下,萌发过程中的发芽率、胚根长势、可溶性蛋白变化以及过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活力,并与地面对照组种子（地面组,GN）进行了比较。结果表明,在干旱胁迫条件下（水势－1．0MPa）,飞行组种子的发芽率、胚根长势要高于地面对照组,其萌发过程中的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活力也高于地面对照组。卫星搭载处理后,甘草种子的抗旱性能增强。     

空间环境对区分籼粳类型一些性状的诱变作用研究

利用高空气球搭载 ,使粳稻品种中作 59的干种子处于海拔 3 0～ 3 5Km高空 8H后回收种植 ,并对SP1 4代的 60个稳定株系 ,调查了区分籼粳类型有关的 6个性状的变异情况。结果表明 :谷壳苯酚染色反应 ,秧苗 KCl O3 抗性、稃尖茸毛长度、谷粒长宽比、种子萌发天数等均出现连续性变异 ,在变幅的两端 ,可明确区分出具籼特征和粳特征两种类型。而与典型籼稻品种杂交 F1,可育花粉也出现连续性变异 ,变幅在 0 .72 %～96.2 2 %之间。在 60个株系中有 8个株系 ,在所调查的 6项指标上 ,均出现籼型特征 ,有一些株系为籼 -粳中间类型突变。因此认为 ,在空间环境条件下 ,能诱发粳类型突变为籼类型或中间类型突变     

Phylogenetic relationships within Chamaecrista sect. Xerocalyx (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) inferred from the cpDNA trnE-trnT intergenic spacer and nrDNA ITS sequences

Chamaecrista belongs to subtribe Cassiinae (Caesalpinioideae), and it comprises over 330 species, divided into six sections. The section Xerocalyx has been subjected to a profound taxonomic shuffling over the years. Therefore, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using a cpDNA trnE-trnT intergenic spacer and nrDNA ITS/5.8S sequences from Cassiinae taxa, in an attempt to elucidate the relationships within this section from Chamaecrista. The tree topology was congruent between the two data sets studied in which the monophyly of the genus Chamaecrista was strongly supported. Our analyses reinforce that new sectional boundaries must be defined in the Chamaecrista genus, especially the inclusion of sections Caliciopsis and Xerocalyx in sect. Chamaecrista, considered here paraphyletic. The section Xerocalyx was strongly supported as monophyletic; however, the current data did not show C. ramosa (microphyllous) and C. desvauxii (macrophyllous) and their respective varieties in distinct clades, suggesting that speciation events are still ongoing in these specimens.     

Breeding system and pollination of a narrowly endemic herb of the Lower Florida Keys: impacts of the urban-wildland interface

We examined the breeding system and pollination of Chamaecrista keyensis Pennell (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) and the effects of urban edge and mosquito control on reproduction of this rare endemic herb of the Lower Florida Keys. Controlled hand-pollination treatments were applied to plants in the field. Although C. keyensis flowers are self-compatible, they are not capable of automatic selfing. Inbreeding depression was observed in both seed set and percentage seed germination. Bees of seven genera were observed visiting C. keyensis flowers during the peak flowering season (June to July). Only Xylocopa micans and Melissodes spp. may be effective pollinators for C. keyensis, as they were the only bees that "buzz pollinate" this species, which has poricidal anther dehiscence. Chamaecrista keyensis received substantially more visits by X. micans, but fewer visits from Melissodes spp. in urban-edge vs. forest sites. Aerial mosquito spraying may exacerbate the existing pollinator limitation suffered by C. keyensis by reducing the number of visits by the buzz-pollinating bees. Individuals of C. keyensis at urban edges produced fewer seeds per fruit than did individuals in a pristine forest mainly because of greater insect seed predation.     

Can inconspicuous legumes facilitate alien grass invasions? Partridge peas and fountain grass in Hawai‘i

We investigated the potential role of a nitrogen-fixing legume in facilitating invasion by an alien grass, Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) into native Heteropogon contortus grasslands in Hawai'i. Both grasses are C₄ perennials. Many formerly extensive Heteropogon grasslands have been reduced to remnants surrounded by Pennisetum . An inconspicuous annual legume, Chamaecrista nictitans (partridge pea), was commonly associated with Pennisetum stands but was found at higher densities in Pennisetum-Heteropogon mixtures. In the field, we also found higher exchangeable soil nitrogen beneath Chamaecrista-Pennisetum-Heteropogon mixtures than beneath neighboring pure Heteropogon stands. We then used greenhouse experiments to test the hypothesis that increased nitrogen facilitates Pennisetum 's invasion of established Heteropogon . Under low nitrogen conditions, Pennisetum seedlings planted beneath established Heteropogon plants grew very little (<0.3 g biomass after 16 weeks), and their growth was not affected by high or low water treatments. In contrast, under high nitrogen conditions, in both low and high water treatments, Pennisetum seedlings grew rapidly, averaging 60 fold the biomass of seedlings in the low nitrogen treatment and exceeding the biomass of the established Heteropogon plants under which they were planted. We also compared Pennisetum - Heteropogon seedling competition in the presence and absence of live Chamaecrista . The growth of Pennisetum was not directly facilitated by live Chamaecrista in the greenhouse pots, but the Chamaecrista did not increase available soil nitrogen until after it had died. Our results suggest that increases in soil nitrogen, like those associated with an inconspicuous alien legume, can facilitate an alien grass' invasion of a native grassland.     

6种沙门菌单克隆抗体的制备和效能评价

目的：制备稳定、特异、高亲和性的分别针对甲型副伤寒沙门菌、乙型副伤寒沙门菌、丙型副伤寒沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌、伤寒沙门菌和猪霍乱沙门菌的单克隆抗体。方法：用甲醛灭活的菌液抗原免疫BALB／c小鼠,取脾细胞与SP2／0骨髓瘤细胞融合;用灭活的菌液包被酶标板,ELISA筛选阳性克隆株,建立细胞系;选取高效分泌杂交瘤细胞,常规制备腹水并纯化,进行单抗特异性与亲和性评价。结果：筛选得到分泌6种沙门菌相应单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,获得高亲和性单抗;所有单抗与大部分病原菌（包括7种沙门菌、3株志贺菌、2株李斯特菌、4株致病性大肠杆菌、2株霍乱弧菌）无交叉反应,但由于同类型O抗原的广泛分布,抗乙型副伤寒沙门菌单抗与鼠伤寒沙门菌、抗伤寒沙门菌单抗与肠炎沙门菌有明显的交叉反应。结论：沙门菌单抗的制备,为感染性腹泻的监测、诊断奠定了基础。     

The Long-Term Effects of Nitrate on the Growth and Nodule Structure of the Caesalpinioid Herbaceous Legume Chamaecrista fasciculata Michaux.

Various nitrate concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 20, 50 mol m^–3)were applied at weekly intervals for 10 weeks to the caesalpinioidlegume Chamaecrista fasciculata. Microscopic techniques andgeneral growth studies showed that nitrate affected both theplant and its rhizobial symbiosis. As the nitrate concentrationwas increased, nodule structure became increasingly disruptedeven though nitrate remained limiting to plant growth until8 mol m^–3. Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was observedusing transmission electron microscopy; as nitrate increasedfrom 0 to 2 mol m^–3, the PHB stores were utilized Key words: Chamaecrista fasciculata, poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate, nitrogen fixation     

Molecular separation of genera in Cassiinae (Leguminosae), and analysis of variation in the nodulating species of Chamaecrista

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) methods have been adapted for use as a phenetic tool on the legume tribe Cassiinae. RAPD-generated polymorphism within local populations was lower than between populations from different geographic regions, between species and genera. Examination of three Cassia species, 12 Chamaecrista species and 13 Senna species using eight primers showed the potential for separation of the nodulated/nitrogen fixing genus Chamaecrista from the previously congeneric groups Cassia and Semis. Similarly, RAPD analysis of two groups of nine Ch. rotundifolia and nine Ch. mimosoides samples using 11 primers has given separation according to both species and to geographical location. Analysis of a small sample of five Chamaecrista species from Brazil with eight primers gave separation consistent with known variations in nodule structure.     

Radular myoglobin and protein variation within and among some littorinid species (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

The radular muscles of several littorinid species, including Littorina littorea, L. saxatilis, L. obtusata, L. striata and Melarhaphe neritoides, contain myoglobin (Mb). Here we report on the presence of radular Mb in eight other littorinids: L. compressa, L. arcana, L. fabalis, Nodilittorina punctata, N. trochoides, N. radiata, Littoraria undulata and Littoraria cingulifera. Using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) we compared the Mb and soluble protein (SP) profiles of these species. This suggested that: (1) L. saxatilis and L. arcana may have specific Mb/SP profiles, (2) Littoraria spp., Nodilittorina spp. and L. striata share similar Mb patterns, (3) Mb is remarkably diverse in the genus Littorina, (4) L. littorea shows intraspecific Mb/SP variation, (5) L. saxatilis does not show geographic Mb/SP differences, and (6) IEF uncovers substantial hidden Mb/SP heterogeneity not shown by PAGE (particularly for Melarhaphe neritoides). Hence, littorinid Mb/SP may be a useful taxonomic marker whose ecophysiological significance deserves further study, even if its genetic basis remains unclear.     

滇紫草（Onosma paniculatum） 愈伤组织中主要成分的抑菌作用

从诱导形成的滇紫草愈伤组织中分离得到四种单体[3]．其中两种单体:β、β-二甲基丙烯酰阿卡宁（β,β-dimethyacrylalkannin）和乙酰阿卡宁(Acetylalkannin)的愈伤组织混合色素,对金黄色葡萄球菌和假单孢杆菌都有比较明显的抑制作用。尤其是乙酰阿卡宁抑制效果格外显著。然而对大肠杆菌却表现不出抑制效应。     

The SELF-PRUNING gene family in tomato

The SELF PRUNING (SP) gene controls the regularity of the vegetative-reproductive switch along the compound shoot of tomato and thus conditions the 'determinate' (sp/sp) and 'indeterminate' (SP_) growth habits of the plant. SP is a developmental regulator which is homologous to CENTRORADIALIS (CEN) from Antirrhinum and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) from Arabidopsis. Here we report that SP is a member of a gene family in tomato composed of at least six genes, none of which is represented in the tomato EST collection. Sequence analysis of the SP gene family revealed that its members share homology along their entire coding regions both among themselves and with the six members of the Arabidopsis family. Furthermore, members of the gene family in the two species display a common genomic organization (intron-exon pattern). In tomato, phylogenetically close homologues diverged considerably with respect to their organ expression patterns while SP2I and its closest homologue from Arabidopsis (MFT) exhibited constitutive expression. This research focusing on a plant of sympodial growth habit sets the stage for a functional analysis of this weakly expressed gene family which plays a key role in determining plant architecture.     

TEMPERATURE-INDUCED CAVITIES AND SPECIALIZED PARENCHYMA CELLS IN THE VASCULAR CYLINDER OF PEA ROOTS

Pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) of six cultivars were planted in the field, in the greenhouse, or in growth chambers, in five different media, in light or dark, and at various temperatures (10–32 C). Under all conditions above 15 C the central portion of the vascular cylinder, in all cultivars except “Ageotropum,” tended to form cavities in almost every primary root examined. These cavities then became filled by the ingrowth of specialized parenchyma cells (SP cells). The formation of cavities and SP cells was temperature dependent since the roots grown below 15 C always formed central metaxylem tracheary elements (MTEs), without cavities and SP cells. Cavities and SP cells did not form over the entire root length. When the roots were longer than 3 cm, they started to form cavities and SP cells and continued for an additional 10–30 cm. After that, late MTEs formed in the central vascular cylinder, and no cavities and SP cells occurred regardless of temperature. Within an individual root grown above 15 C, cavities and SP cells tended to form during periods of fast growth, while during periods of slow growth large central MTEs formed instead.