镉毒害下植物氧化胁迫发生及其信号调控机制的研究进展

土壤重金属污染引发了一系列严峻的环境问题.其中,镉(Cd)是生物毒性最强的重金属元素之一.活性氧(ROS)过量积累引起的氧化胁迫,是Cd毒害植物的主要原因之一.本文围绕Cd胁迫引起的ROS积累及清除过程,重点阐述介导上述过程的一些信号调控物质包括一氧化氮(NO)、钙(Ca)、植物激素如生长素(IAA)和脱落酸(ABA)等及有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)的变化及其在缓解Cd诱导的氧化胁迫中的作用,以期为今后植物抗Cd胁迫生理生化机制的研究提供一定的理论依据.     

Cognitive behavioural therapy for ADHD in adults: systematic review and meta-analyses

Systematically review and analyse the efficacy of CBT versus treatment as usual in adults with ADHD. The literature was systematically searched ending the 28 March 2014. Standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95 % confidence intervals were calculated. CBT was efficacious in reducing symptoms of ADHD (SDM ?1.0, 95 % CI ?1.5 to ?0.5) when evaluated by the patients, but not when evaluated by a clinician. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were significantly reduced when self-reported (SMD ?1.0, 95 % CI ?1.6 to ?0.5 and ?1.0, 95 % CI ?1.3 to ?0.3, respectively) and evaluated by a clinician (SMD ?0.9, 95 % CI ?1.7 to ?0.2 and ?0.9, 95 % CI ?1.6 to ?0.1). The clinical global impression scores improved more in the group randomised to CBT (?1.0; 95 % CI ?1.6 to ?0.4). CBT seems efficacious in some domains affecting adult patients with ADHD, but needs further evaluation.     

Pulmonary biomarkers in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review

Exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD) represent a major burden for patients and health care systems. Innovative sampling techniques have led to the identification of several pulmonary biomarkers. Although some molecules are promising, their usefulness in clinical practice is not yet established. Medline and Highwire databases were used to identify studies evaluating pulmonary sampled biomarkers in ECOPD. We combined 3 terms for ECOPD, 3 for biomarkers and 6 for the sampling method. Seventy-nine studies were considered eligible for inclusion in the review and were analyzed further. Pulmonary biomarkers sampled with non-invasive, semi-invasive and invasive methods were evaluated for their potential to illustrate the disease’s clinical course, to correlate to clinical variables and to predict clinical outcomes, ECOPD etiology and response to treatment. According to published data several pulmonary biomarkers assessed in ECOPD have the potential to illustrate the natural history of disease through the modification of their levels. Among the clinically relevant molecules, those that have been studied the most and appear to be promising are spontaneous and induced sputum biomarkers for reflecting clinical severity and symptomatic recovery, as well as for directing towards an etiological diagnosis. Current evidence on the clinical usefulness of exhaled breath condensate and bronchoalveolar lavage biomarkers in ECOPD is limited. In conclusion, pulmonary biomarkers have the potential to provide information on the mechanisms underlying ECOPD, and several correlate with clinical variables and outcomes. However, on the basis of published evidence, no single molecule is adequately validated for wide clinical use. Clinical trials that incorporate biomarkers in decisional algorithms are required.     

Oxidative stress involvement in psoriasis: a systematic review

Psoriasis is a skin chronic inflammatory disease with a complex aetiology. It is characterised by the imbalance of environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) could damage the cell components. The antioxidant system defends the body against ROS; a malfunction of the antioxidant system, together with an increased production of ROS, is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases such as psoriasis. The purpose of this systematic review is to give an updated scenario about oxidative stress involvement in the psoriatic disease to identify useful biomarkers and to propose innovative therapies. A total of 28 studies were identified. Although several molecules were demonstrated being associated with psoriasis, only a little group resulted being eligible as disease biomarker [malonyldialdehyde (MDA), total oxidative stress, and oxidative stress index]. However, only MDA seems to be the best candidate for a clinical screening of psoriasis patients since it is intimately linked to Psoriasis Area Severity Index. Data suggest that current therapies with drugs, a healthy lifestyle, and the integration of a diet rich in antioxidants help to reduce the damage of oxidative stress caused by psoriasis, especially at the level of the skin. As much as we know, this is the first systematic review evaluating the oxidative stress role in psoriasis.     

Urinary and serum biomarkers in ureteropelvic junction obstruction: a systematic review

Abstract

Context: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) constitutes a predominant cause of obstructive hydronephrosis. Fundamental questions regarding the assessment and treatment of infants and children with obstructive nephropathy remain unanswered.

Objective: Several studies have investigated the usefulness of substances that could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in children with UPJO. Aim of the present study is to systematically review the literature on biomarkers that have been studied to date in patients with UPJO.

Methods: The main search was conducted in the electronic databases MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception through March 2014 using various combinations of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).

Results: The 14 included studies reported data on 380 UPJO patients who underwent surgery, 174 who were treated conservatively and 213 controls.

Conclusion: Some biomarkers offer promising results however more multicenter, prospective carefully designed studies are needed to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic value.     

A review of candidate urinary biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder

Context: Autism is a complex, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic component potentially impacted by various environmental factors influencing susceptibility. There are no reliable laboratory tests available to confirm an autism diagnosis.

Objective: To examine the published literature and identify putative urinary biomarkers of autism.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using electronic bibliographic databases.

Results: Putative autism biomarkers were identified that could be categorized according to the key theories that exist regarding the etiology of autism: gastrointestinal factors, immune dysregulation, heavy metal toxicity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and oxidative stress.

Conclusion: There is scope for specific urinary biomarkers to be useful for identification of autistic metabolic phenotypes.     

Recent advances in molecular biomarkers for diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Context: Diabetes is a growing global metabolic epidemic. Current research is focussing on exploring how the biological processes and clinical outcomes of diabetes are related and developing novel biomarkers to measure these relationships, as this can subsequently improve diagnostic, therapeutic and management capacity.

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the most recent advances in molecular biomarkers of diabetes and directions that warrant further research.

Methods: Using a systematic search strategy, the MEDLINE, CINAHL and OVID MEDLINE databases were canvassed for articles that investigated molecular biomarkers for diabetes. Initial selections were made based on article title, whilst final inclusion was informed by a critical appraisal of the full text of each article.

Results: The systematic search returned 246 records, of which 113 were unique. Following screening, 29 records were included in the final review. Three main research strategies (the development of novel technologies, broad biomarker panels, and targeted approaches) identified a number of potential biomarkers for diabetes including miR-126, C-reactive protein, 2-aminoadipic acid and betatrophin.

Conclusion: The most promising research avenue identified is the detection and quantification of micro RNA. Further, the utilisation of functionalised electrodes as a means to detect biomarker compounds also warrants attention.     

Systemic sclerosis biomarkers discovered using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics: a systematic review

Abstract

Context: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with incompletely known physiopathology. There is a great challenge to predict its course and therapeutic response using biomarkers.

Objective: To critically review proteomic biomarkers discovered from biological specimens from systemic sclerosis patients using mass spectrometry technologies.

Methods: Medline and Embase databases were searched in February 2014.

Results: Out of the 199 records retrieved, a total of 20 records were included, identifying 116 candidate proteomic biomarkers.

Conclusion: Research in SSc proteomic biomarkers should focus on biomarker validation, as there are valuable mass-spectrometry proteomics studies in the literature.     

Defining salivary biomarkers using mass spectrometry-based proteomics: a systematic review

Recent advancements in mass spectrometric proteomics provide a promising result in utilizing saliva to explore biomarkers for diagnostic purposes. However, the issues of specificity or redundancy of disease-associated salivary biomarkers have not been described. This systematic review was therefore aimed to define and summarize disease-related salivary biomarkers identified by mass spectrometry proteomics. Peer-reviewed articles published through July 2009 within three databases were reviewed. Out of 243 articles, 21 studies were selected in this systematic review with conditions including Sj?gren's syndrome, squamous cell carcinoma, dental caries, diabetes, breast cancer, periodontitis, gastric cancer, systemic sclerosis, oral lichen planus, bleeding oral cavity, and graft-versus-host disease. The sample size ranged from 3-41 in both diseased and control subjects, with no consensus on sample collection protocol. One hundred eighty biomarkers were identified in total; 87 upregulated, 63 downregulated, and 30 varying based on disease. Except for Sj?gren's syndrome, the majority of studies with the same disease produce inconsistent biomarkers. Larger sample size and standardization of sample collection/treatment protocol may improve future studies.     

Candidate diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Neurodevelopmental disorders – including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, communication disorders, intellectual disability, motor disorders, specific learning disorders, and tic disorders – manifest themselves early in development. Valid, reliable and broadly usable biomarkers supporting a timely diagnosis of these disorders would be highly relevant from a clinical and public health standpoint. We conducted the first systematic review of studies on candidate diagnostic biomarkers for these disorders in children and adolescents. We searched Medline and Embase + Embase Classic with terms relating to biomarkers until April 6, 2022, and conducted additional targeted searches for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and neuroimaging or neurophysiological studies carried out by international consortia. We considered a candidate biomarker as promising if it was reported in at least two independent studies providing evidence of sensitivity and specificity of at least 80%. After screening 10,625 references, we retained 780 studies (374 biochemical, 203 neuroimaging, 133 neurophysiological and 65 neuropsychological studies, and five GWAS), including a total of approximately 120,000 cases and 176,000 controls. While the majority of the studies focused simply on associations, we could not find any biomarker for which there was evidence – from two or more studies from independent research groups, with results going into the same direction – of specificity and sensitivity of at least 80%. Other important metrics to assess the validity of a candidate biomarker, such as positive predictive value and negative predictive value, were infrequently reported. Limitations of the currently available studies include mostly small sample size, heterogeneous approaches and candidate biomarker targets, undue focus on single instead of joint biomarker signatures, and incomplete accounting for potential confounding factors. Future multivariable and multi-level approaches may be best suited to find valid candidate biomarkers, which will then need to be validated in external, independent samples and then, importantly, tested in terms of feasibility and cost-effectiveness, before they can be implemented in daily clinical practice.     

MicroRNAs as biomarkers of harmful environmental and occupational exposures: a systematic review

Abstract

Environmental exposure is a growing public health burden associated with several negative health effects. An estimated 4.2 million deaths occur each year from ambient air pollution alone. Biomarkers that reflect specific exposures have the potential to measure the real integrated internal dose from all routes of complex environmental exposure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, have been studied as biomarkers in various diseases and have also shown potential as environmental exposure biomarkers. Here, we review the available human epidemiological and experimental evidence of miRNA expression changes in response to specific environmental exposures including airborne particulate matter. In doing so, we establish that miRNA exposure biomarker development remains in its infancy and future studies will need to carefully consider biological and analytical ‘design rules’ in order to facilitate clinical translation.     

Oxidative stress-related aging: A role for prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any non-cutaneous cancer in the human body and essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. Aging, considered as an impairment of body functions over time, caused by the accumulation of molecular damage in DNA, proteins and lipids, is also characterized by an increase in intracellular oxidative stress due to the progressive decrease of the intracellular ROS scavenging. The aging damage may eventually appear in age-related health issues, which have a significant impact on the independence, general well-being and morbidity of the elderly. The association of aging with prostate cancer is undisputable as well as the association of aging with oxidative stress. Nevertheless, supportive evidence linking an increase in oxidative stress with prostate cancer is still scarce. This review is a comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the association of human prostate cancer with oxidative stress. The objective was to examine the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis since the understanding of risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health, genetic and nutritional education, and chemoprevention.     

Prognostic serum biomarkers in cancer patients with COVID-19: A systematic review

PurposeCancer patients with COVID-19 likely express biomarker changes in circulation. However, the biomarkers used in SARS-CoV-2 infected cancer patients for COVID-19 severity and prognosis are largely unclear. Therefore, this systematic review aims to determine what biomarkers were measured in cancer patients with COVID-19 and their prognostic utility.MethodsA systematic literature review in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was performed on June 16th, 2021. The search keywords coronavirus, neoplasm, biomarkers, and disease progression were used to filter out 17 eligible studies, which were then carefully evaluated.ResultsA total of 4,168 patients, 16 types of cancer, and 60 biomarkers were included. Seven up-regulated markers, including CRP, d-dimer, ferritin, IL-2R, IL-6, LDH, and PCT, were identified in eligible studies. Albumin and hemoglobin were significantly down-regulated in cancer patients with COVID-19. Moreover, we observed that the SARS-CoV-2 infected cancer patients with lower CRP, ferritin, and LDH levels successfully survived from COVID-19 treatments.ConclusionSeveral important clinical biomarkers, such as CRP, ferritin, and LDH, may serve as the prognostic markers to predict the outcomes following COVID-19 treatment and monitor the deterioration of COVID-19 in cancer patients.     

Promoter methylation as biomarkers for diagnosis of melanoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Melanoma is one of the most common skin cancer that is characterized by rapid growth, early metastasis, high malignant, and mortality. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that promoter methylation of tumor-suppressor genes is implicated in the pathogenesis of melanoma. In the current study, we performed a meta-analysis to identify promising methylation biomarkers in the diagnosis of melanoma. We carried out a systematic literature search using Pubmed, Embase, and ISI web knowledge database and found that gene promoter methylation of 50 genes was reported to be associated with the risk of melanoma. Meta-analysis revealed that hypermethylation of claudin 11 (CLDN11; odds ratio [OR], 16.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.97–143.29; p = 0.010), O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT; OR, 5.59; 95% CI, 2.51–12.47; p < 0.0001), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16; OR, 6.57; 95% CI, 2.19–19.75; p = 0.0008), retinoic acid receptor β (RAR-β2; OR, 24.31; 95% CI, 4.58–129.01; p = 0.0002), and Ras association domain family member (RASSF1A; OR, 9.35; 95% CI, 4.73–18.45; p < 0.00001) was significantly higher in melanoma patients compared with controls. CLDN11 (OR, 14.52; 95% CI, 1.84–114.55; p = 0.01), MGMT (OR, 8.08; 95% CI, 1.84–35.46; p = 0.006), p16 (OR, 9.44; 95% CI, 2.68–33.29; p = 0.0005), and RASSF1A (OR, 7.72; 95% CI, 1.05–56.50; p = 0.04) hypermethylation was significantly increased in primary melanoma compared with controls. Methylation frequency of CLDN11 (OR, 25.56; 95% CI, 2.32–281.66; p = 0.008), MGMT (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 1.98–10.90; p = 0.0004), p16 (OR, 4.31; 95% CI, 1.33–13.96; p = 0.01), and RASSF1A (OR, 10.10; 95% CI, 2.87–35.54; p = 0.0003) was significantly higher in metastasis melanoma compared with controls. These findings indicated that CLDN11, MGMT, p16, RAR-β2, and RASSF1A hypermethylation is a risk factor and a potential biomarker for melanoma. CLDN11, MGMT, p16, and RASSF1A promoter methylation may take part in the development of melanoma and become useful biomarkers in the early diagnosis of the disease.     

A systematic review of metabolomics biomarkers for Bisphenol A exposure

Introduction

Bisphenol A (BPA), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, a common industrial chemical which has extremely huge production worldwide, is ubiquitous in the environment. Human have high risk of exposing to BPA and the health problems caused by BPA exposure have aroused public concern. However, the biomarkers for BPA exposure are lacking. As a rapidly developing subject, metabolomics has accumulated a large amount of valuable data in various fields. The secondary application of published metabolomics data could be a very promising field for generating novel biomarkers whilst further understanding of toxicity mechanisms.

Objectives

To summarize the published literature on the use of metabolomics as a tool to study BPA exposure and provide a systematic perspectives of current research on biomarkers screening of BPA exposure.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed) up to the end of June 25, 2017 with the key term combinations of ‘metabolomics’, ‘metabonomics’, ‘mass spectrometry’, ‘nuclear magnetic spectroscopy’, ‘metabolic profiling’ and ‘amino acid profile’ combined with ‘BPA exposure’. Additional articles were identified through searching the reference lists from included studies.

Results

This systematic review included 15 articles. Intermediates of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, β oxidation of long chain fatty acids, pentose phosphate pathway, nucleoside metabolism, branched chain amino acid metabolism, aromatic amino acids metabolism, sulfur-containing amino acids metabolism were significantly changed after BPA exposure, suggesting BPA had a highly complex toxic effects on organism which was consistent with existing studies. The biomarkers most consistently associated with BPA exposure were lactate and choline.

Conclusion

Existing metabolomics studies of BPA exposure present heterogeneous findings regarding metabolite profile characteristics. We need more evidence from target metabolomics and epidemiological studies to further examine the reliability of these biomarkers which link to low, environmentally relevant, exposure of BPA in human body.