连载讲座—我国的大害虫(五)——小麦吸浆虫的简单介绍

名称及分类地位 吸浆虫类的昆虫,我在各地麦田里找到的已有十六种。普遍而严重地为害小麦的,只有两种:一种叫麦红吸浆虫(Sitodiplosis mosellanaGehin.),—种是麦黄吸浆虫(Contarinia triticiKirby)而以麦红吸浆虫更为广泛。 它们都属於双翅目(Diptera),瘿蚊科(Cec-cidomyiidae),由於它们具备了下列的共同特徵,可和其他疑似的种类区别开来: 1.身体微小而纤弱,略似蚊子,体和翘上     

淮阴地区的小麦吸浆虫并不少——对“我国小麦吸浆虫的地理分布”一文的补充和讨论

昆虫知识第8卷第5期刊登刘家仁同志的“我国小麦吸浆虫的地理分布”一文,对前人所作的小麦吸浆虫分布区域作了进一步论证和推断,这对研究农业昆虫的区划是一个良好启示。但在该文的“一、华北平原小麦吸浆虫很少分布的原因”一节中,有些地方说得不够清楚,有些地方则属于臆断的性质。现就下列问题提出补充和讨论,希刘家仁同志和共他同志给予指正。 一、对原文“江苏在淮阴以北小麦吸浆虫都很少”的补充:首先把“很少”是个什么标准弄清。农业部植物保护局编的《农作物病虫害发生规律及其预测预     

全国小麦病虫工作会议资料汇编(内部资料)

这本资料是中国农业科学院植物保护研究所根据1958年全国小麦病虫工作会议的全国小麦病虫防治研究的资料而编辑的。是总结1958年小麦丰产经验和大面积防治小麦锈病、防治赤霉病、黑穗病及大面积防治吸浆虫等所获得的空前成绩。在防治大面积锈病方面,发挥了群众的智慧、大量应用土农药,是使小麦     

小麦吸浆虫滞育研究进展

小麦吸浆虫Sitodiplosismosellana(Gehin)和Contariniatritici(Kirby)是小麦生产中间歇性猖獗发生的害虫 ,也是一种具有典型的滞育多态性的昆虫。该文从滞育特点、影响滞育的因素、滞育幼虫的形态变化、滞育生理特征、滞育幼虫的化学物质变化和我国小麦吸浆虫滞育区划等 6个方面 ,较全面地回顾总结了国内外小麦吸浆虫滞育研究的进展情况 ,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

我国小麦吸浆虫的地理分布

我国小麦吸浆虫主要有两种:一是麦黄吸浆虫[Contarinia tritici(Kirby)];二是麦红吸浆虫[Sitodi-plosis mosellana(Gehin)]。这两种小麦吸浆虫在我国的主要发生地经解放以来各地的调查,大体上已经了解是在北纬40度以南,27度以北,西到东经100度,东至于海。麦黄吸浆虫则局限于这个范围内的东经114度以西地区。杨平澜先生将我国小麦吸浆虫主要发生地分为三个区,曾省先生亦发表专文论述,这三个分布区是: 1.麦红吸浆虫主发区:在我国平原地区的河流两岸,如陕西渭河流域的关中平原、河南的伊、洛河及沿黄河两岸,江淮地区,汉水上游的南阳盆地和长江两岸,麦红吸浆虫占绝对多数。 2.红、黄吸浆虫并发区:在四川、贵州、甘肃、青海四省和宁夏自治区等山区的河谷地带,除麦黄吸浆虫外,还有不少数量麦红吸浆虫相并发生。     

麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生、危害及防治

麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana是我国的一种重要农业害虫, 以幼虫危害小麦正在发育的籽粒, 可造成小麦严重减产, 甚至绝收。该害虫具有虫体小, 滞育时间长, 为害隐蔽等特点。近些年来, 受全球气候变化、 耕作制度改变、 小麦品种更换、 人类活动等多种因素的影响, 麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生危害情况发生了很大变化, 出现了北扩东移的现象。麦红吸浆虫主要分布在我国的北方麦区, 发生为害具有隐蔽性、 间歇性、 局部性和暴发性的特点。这种害虫的发生危害受虫源基数、 生态因子、 农业生产措施及人类活动等多种因素的影响。进入21世纪后, 麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生范围发生了很大的变化, 且主要分布在43°N以南到27°N以北的冬小麦主产区。有关麦红吸浆虫滞育的多态性、 小麦对麦红吸浆虫的抗性机理、 抗性品种的选育和天敌资源的开发等方面的研究将是今后的主要研究方向; 未来仍需加强对麦红吸浆虫滞育的分子机制、 发生危害规律、 预测预报、 综合防治和寄主植物 麦红吸浆虫 天敌三级营养关系等方面研究。本综述可为今后了解麦红吸浆虫在我国的发生危害规律、 预测预报及综合防治等提供参考。     

河南濮阳市小麦吸浆虫发生规律的调查与防治

调查了河南省小麦吸浆虫病的发生和分布情况,分析了小麦吸浆虫的发生与小麦品种、土质的关系,并成功地防治了小麦吸浆虫的大面积发生。     

福建发现小麦吸浆虫

小麦吸浆虫是世界性的小麦重要害虫。根据国内研究报导,小麦吸浆虫在我国的分布地区为:浙江、江西、江苏、安徽、河南、湖北、湖南、河北、四川、贵州、山西、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、内蒙等16个省、自治区。按照现有材料,南到北纬27°左右是小麦吸浆虫所处的最南地区。 一、发现经过 福建省过去没有小麦吸浆虫分布的记载。1974年4月中旬,我校植保专业教师和工农兵学员于福建沙县(北纬26°24’)调查观察稻管蓟马(禾谷蓟马)在小麦穗部的产卵习性时,发现小麦吸浆虫为害小麦。     

小麦吸浆虫发生动态和防治建议

<正> 小麦吸浆虫是小麦的毁灭性害虫,五十年代在我国曾严重为害,造成大量减产,经大力防治后,于六十年代基本控制了危害。近年,特别是1985年一些地区小麦吸浆虫又有所回升,再度造成严重为害。应引起各地重视。 小麦吸浆虫回升概况和原因分析 我国小麦吸浆虫的分布地区,据1954年调查有18个省、市、自治区、260余县(市),主要猖獗区:麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis moscuana在平原地区的河流沿岸,如苏、皖两省的淮河两岸;河南的伊、洛河,黄河和淮河的两岸;陕西的渭河流域等。麦黄吸浆虫Conta-     

七种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防治效果研究

【目的】明确25%吡蚜酮SC、3%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐ME、25%噻虫嗪WG、14%氯虫·高氯氟ZC、15%高氯·毒死蜱EC、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW和40%毒死蜱EC 7种杀虫剂对小麦吸浆虫和蚜虫的防治效果,为科学、合理用药防治小麦害虫提供参考。【方法】采用喷雾法和剥穗调查法,研究它们对小麦吸浆虫成虫和麦蚜的防效,及防后对小麦吸浆虫幼虫危害损失的影响。【结果】参试药剂药后1 d对小麦吸浆虫成虫防效均高于90%,药后3~5 d防效为84.81%~93.93%,防后挽回损失76%以上;对麦蚜药后1、3、5 d防效分别高于75%、80%和85%。在供试的7种药剂中,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC药后3~5 d对两种害虫防效、挽回吸浆虫危害均超过90%,应用效果最好;其次为25%噻虫嗪WG和40%毒死蜱EC,药后3~5 d对吸浆虫防效高于90%、对麦蚜防效分别高于86%和90%,挽回吸浆虫危害损失88%以上。【结论】供试药剂对小麦吸浆虫和麦蚜防效存在显著差异,15%高氯·毒死蜱EC对两种害虫防治效果最好。     

On the Synonymy of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae)

Entomological Review - The type material of several synonyms of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) is revised. Both Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) striatipennis (Eppelsheim, 1894) and...     

Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Pardalaspis) Bezzi, 1918 (Diptera, Tephritidae, Ceratitini)

Abstract. The fruit fly genus Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises several important pest species attacking a wide range of unrelated fruits. In this paper the subgenus Ceratitis ( Pardalaspis ) Bezzi is revised. Ten species are recognized of which five are described as new: C.(P.)hamata sp.n., C.(P.)munroi sp.n., C.(P.)serrata sp.n., C.(P.)semipunctata sp.n. and C.(P.)zairensis sp.n. A key to both sexes is provided. All species are restricted to the Afrotropical Region and distributional and known host plant data are given.     

Structure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (Blanchard, 1851) (Orthoptera,Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea,Stenopelmatidae)

Summary This study of the ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, is the first such study on a member of the orthopteran Superfamily Gryllacridoidea. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla is similar in all of the tibial mechanosensory organs, here called subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica by analogy with comparable structures in Tettigoniidae.Distal to each sensory soma is a dendrite containing multiple ciliary rootlets that fuse into a single ciliary root. This splits into nine root processes that pass around the outside of the proximal basal body and then rejoin at the level of the distal basal body, distal to which the dendrite has a modified ciliary structure with a circlet of nine peripheral paired tubes and rods as it passes through the proximal extracellular space. It is then enclosed by a zone of scolopale cell cytoplasm before expanding into a dilatation within the distal extracellular space. In some sensilla this space is partially occluded by electron dense material which is part of the scolopale cell. Distal to the dilatation the cilium shrinks and ends surrounded by the scolopale cap.Accessory cells consist of glia enwrapping the sensory neuron in the region of its soma, the scolopale cell surrounding the ciliary portion of the dendrite, and the attachment cell surrounding the scolopale cell and scolopale cap and connected to them by desmosomes. The attachment cells are filled with microtubules in differing densities and orientations. Lamellae are present in the acellular matrix surrounding the attachment cells. Banded fibres, presumably of collagen, are also present in the matrix.     

Emotion (or Life,the Universe,Everything)

Emotions are fundamental to human life; they define its quality and motivate action. In the past, social scientists who have studied emotions have treated them as biological, cultural or social phenomena. These approaches have tended to fall on either side of the culturally recognised division between nature and culture, and so have failed to recognise that emotions bridge this division, that they are thought of as both biological and cultural, as consisting of both physical feeling and cultural meaning. In this article, an alternative approach is presented in which emotions are treated as ecological mechanisms that operate in the relationship between an individual human being and their environment. In this approach, which draws on models of emotion proposed by William James and Antonio Damasio, emotions connect individual human beings to their surroundings and play an important role in learning. A focus on the individual as the centre of analytical attention—often referred to as ‘methodological individualism’—is a logical consequence of the ecological approach to emotion, which also has significant implications for the relationships between ecological anthropology and other branches of the discipline, and between anthropology and other disciplines. In the face of an ecological understanding of emotion, all relations, including social relations, become ecological and social anthropology melts into and is subsumed by ecological anthropology. At the same time, anthropology tends to lose its distinctiveness from biology, psychology and other disciplines by focusing on a phenomenon that is of common interest to all the human sciences.     

The ultrastructure of the epicardium epithelium of the slug, Arion ater (Linnaeus, 1758), (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora)

In the present paper we investigated the fine structure of terrestial slug Arion ater (L.) Interacisternal microtubules were formed in Arion ater, however they do not correspond to interacisternal polycylinders because they differ in size and they are not continuous with the membrane cistern. From our study it may be concluded that these intracisternal microtubules suggest an accumulation of protein.     

On the Knowledge of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis (Reitter, 1894) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae)

Entomological Review - The type and other extensive material of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and some of its synonyms was examined. Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis...     

Description of the male of Sclerocypris tuberculata (Methuen, 1910) (Crustacea,Ostracoda, Megalocypridinae)

The male of Sclerocypris tuberculata (Methuen), thus far unknown, is here described. Relying on the morphology of the copulatory appendages and of the prehensile palps, it appears that this taxon belongs to a separate species group, together with S. zelaznyi and perhaps also S. sarsi. There are some interesting sexual dimorphic characters in the valve morphology: males have shorter valves with a dorsal margin which runs nearly parallel to the ventral one (more elongated valves with sloping dorsal margin in females) and there is lobe-like projection of the valve margin on the ventro-caudal corner of the LV in females which is lacking in the male. Furthermore, the female genital region has a very aberrant morphology, and all specimens from the present collection possess the tuberculated and noded valves.     

Vitellogenesis of the digenean Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) (Plagiorchioidea,Plagiorchiidae)

The ultrastructural organization of vitellogenesis of Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802), experimentally obtained from the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), is described using transmission electron microscopy. This study is the first ultrastructural study of vitellogenesis in a member of the superfamily Plagiorchioidea. The four stages usually observed during vitellogenesis are described: stage I, cytoplasm of the vitellocytes mainly filled with ribosomes and few mitochondria; stage II, beginning of the synthetic activity; stage III, active synthesis of the shell globule clusters; stage IV, vitellocytes are filled with shell globule clusters and contain several lipid droplets, and glycogen granules are grouped around clusters and droplets. Vitellogenesis in P. elegans is compared with that of other Digenea. The differences among P. elegans and previously studied digeneans include, but are not limited to the occurrence of dense coiled endoplasmic reticulum saccules and the concentration of glycogen in the mesenchyme, which may be considered as a fifth stage of maturation of the vitelline glands. This peculiarity was not observed in all trematodes, which clearly indicates differences in the vitellogenesis in various digenean lineages at different stages of maturation of their vitelline cells.