四种浮游生物的碎屑形成过程

本文就不同学者的观点,讨论了有机碎屑的具体定义问题。从有机碎屑产生的具体途径来看,细菌侵入已死亡的有机体这一时刻,就是碎屑形成的开始。根据Golterman的藻类矿化概念,以细菌侵入藻细胞这一时相作为有机碎屑的开始期;作者将隆线溞,水华束丝藻、螺旋鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻的碎屑开始期分别定为：心跳停止和细菌入侵(枝角类)、藻丝体断裂期(水华束丝藻及螺旋鱼腥藻)、灰蓝色细胞质显现期(铜绿微囊藻)。碎屑开始期及其后的各种形态均属碎屑范畴。     

大茨藻的碎屑形成过程

在实验室条件下,大茨藻(Najas major)死亡前后的形态变化可分为如下几个阶段:临界期或死亡前期;细胞核变色期;细胞质收缩期和胶体形成期。作者把细胞核变色期定为大茨藻的碎屑开始期。同时,还考察了天然条件下大茨藻死亡后形态的降解情况。       

大茨藻的碎屑形成过程

在实验室条件下,大茨藻(Najas major)死亡前后的形态变化可分为如下几个阶段：临界期或死亡前期;细胞核变色期;细胞质收缩期和胶体形成期。作者把细胞核变色期定为大茨藻的碎屑开始期。同时,还考察了天然条件下大茨藻死亡后形态的降解情况。     

三种不同类型养殖湖泊浮游生物的比较

目前,我国一般大、中城市近郊的水产养殖湖泊,按其常年肥源、水化学与生物学特征、渔业利用价值为分类标准,大致可分成三个类型。 (一)清水湖 一般是大、中型湖泊,面积自数千亩至数万亩不等,水草多,水质较贫瘦,清野不彻底,放养密度很稀,鱼种投放后,一般不施肥投饵,任其利用湖中现成的天然饵料生长,到一定时间捕捞,成鱼产量(以下简称渔产量)很低,亩产仅几斤至20斤左右,属于“广种薄收”类型的养殖水体。     

鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对池塘浮游生物的影响

本文根据１９９０年－９月对９个鱼池的研究,报道鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对浮游生物的影响,结果表明：鲤鱼种使浮游植物和浮游动物生物量增加,浮游植物大型化,浮游动物小型化,并使浮游植物多样性增加,浮游动物多样性下降;鲢鳙密度增加,浮生物小型明显,微型藻类和超微在在浮植物中所占比重显著增加,小型浮游动物（原生动物和轮虫）在浮游动物中比重也明显增;鲢鳙密度对浮游生物多样性和浮游生物量的影响具有阶段性,当鲢鳙密度低时,     

大针头垂直穿刺密封瓶时减少胶塞碎屑形成的方法

目的观察针尖斜面不同朝向垂直穿刺常用药物密封瓶胶塞碎屑的形成结果,以寻找减少胶塞碎屑形成的实用方法.方法取同一批号青霉素密封瓶592瓶,分别用左向法、右向法、上向法及下向法各穿刺148瓶次,观察各朝向穿刺胶塞碎屑的形成,将4种方法穿刺胶塞碎屑形成的结果构成比进行统计学处理.结果4种朝向穿刺胶塞以左向法穿刺胶塞碎屑形成率最低.结论相同条件下4种穿刺方法胶塞碎屑的形成机率以左向法最低,是一种安全、实用的方法.     

四种测定纤维素酶发酵过程生物量方法的比较

分别采用测定菌丝体蛋白的方法、测定核酸的方法、酸洗干燥法和纤维素测定仪的方法测定以不溶性纤维素为底物发酵产纤维素酶过程中的生物量。通过对发酵液取样测定比较,结果发现,采用测定核酸的方法精密度最高,其RSD值为6.32%,该法同纤维素测定仪的方法均可用于精确测定以不溶性纤维素为底物发酵产纤维素酶过程中的生物量。酸洗干燥法的测定结果精密度较差一些,但由于操作简便,也可用于常规分析。而测定菌丝体蛋白的方法无论是在精密度上还是操作简便性上均不占优势,该方法可作为另外3种方法的补充。为以不溶性纤维素为底物发酵产纤维素酶过程中生物量的分析检测提供了选择方法的依据。     

清河水库的浮游生物

根据1970,1973,1974,1977,1978和1979年17次采样测定的结果,清河水库浮游植物量平均约6毫克/升,其中硅藻占58.6%,甲藻占25.9%。浮游动物量平均1.95毫克/升,其中桡足类约占44%,枝角类约40%,轮虫和原生动物约16%。浮游植物量上游和中游接近而远高于下游,一般秋季高于其他季节,但1978年夏季特别高。浮游动物量也是中游和上游通常高于下游,夏季最高,秋季次之。在生物量中占优势的主要种类有:颗粒直链藻、扭曲小环藻、隐藻、角甲藻、剑水蚤及其无节幼体、象鼻溞、长刺溞、多肢轮虫等。文中讨论了浮游生物分布和变化的某些规律和水库的营养类型及鲢鳙鱼的生产潜力。       

四种不同高血压大鼠模型形成过程中血清抗AT1A受体自身抗体的检测

本实验采用不同的方法复制两肾-夹（two-kidney one-cliprenal hypertensive,2K1C）、神经性、DOCA-盐高血压和自发性高血压大鼠模型,观察AT1A受体自身抗体（AT1A-receptorautoantibodies,AT1A-AAs）在不同高血压发病的变化规律,同时对自身抗体生物活性进行分析。实验结果表明,在高血压发病过程中AT1A-AAs的阳性率和滴度均明显增加,在四种模型中,自发性高血压组最明显,2K1C和神经性组次之。AT1A-AAs的生物活性显示,可增加培养的新生鼠心肌细胞跳动频率和血管收缩张力。结果提示,自身免疫机制参与了高血压的形成,AT1A-AAs可能与心肌肥厚有关。     

淋溶在秋茄落叶碎屑形成中的化学和能量效应

在海岸湿地生态系统,淋溶作用是引起海草、盐沼植物和红树植物死体分解时化学和能量变化的重要原因之一,但已有的报道多流于泛论。本文从数量上报道了淋溶作用在红树植物秋茄(Kandeliacandel)落叶分解,即碎屑的形成过程中潜在的化学和能量效应。     

DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITIES DURING THE PROCESS OF CHLOROPLAST FORMATION IN CHLORELLA PROTOTHECOIDES

1. By growing Chlorella protothecoides in a medium rich in glucoseand poor in nitrogen source (urea), entirely chlorophyll-lesscells, called "glucose-bleached’ cells, were obtained.These cells were found to have neither discernible plastid structuresnor photosynthetic activities. When these cells were incubatedin a nitrogenenriched mineral medium without added glucose,a remarkable formation of fully organized chloroplasts occurredin the light and only partially organized chloroplasts weredeveloped in darkness.
2. In the dark-incubated algal cells asmall but appreciable amountof chlorophyll was formed, beingaccompanied by developmentof significant activities for thePMS- and FMN-catalyzed photophosphorylationsand the HILL reaction.The development of the capacity for performingphotosyntheticCO₂-fixation, however, was negligible.
3. During the processof "re-generation" of chloroplasts in thelight, there occurredactive formation of chlorophyll followedby development of allthe photic activities mentioned above.Chlorophyll formationas well as development of the photic activitiesproceeded firstin a manner of autocatalytic reaction and laterin the formof the first-order reaction. It was inferred thatthe light-absorbingagent which mediates the chlorophyll synthesisis chlorophyllitself.
4. The activities for the PMS- and FMN-photophosphorylations,theHILL reaction and photosynthetic CO₂-fixation were recognizedalready in the algal cells at an early stage of greening inthe light, in which the "discs" were developed but no completelamellar structure was observed. Further processes of increaseof these photosynthetic and related activities—as measuredat a high and a lower light intensities—were studied inrelation to the chlorophyll formation under continuous illuminationand under light-dark conditions. It was found that the PMS-photophosphorylationactivity was developed always in parallel with the chlorophyllformation under these different light conditions. Developmentof the activities for the other photic reactions, however, lagged,to different extents, behind the formation of chlorophyll inthe later phase of greening of algal cells under these conditions.
5. Based on these results the modes of formation of the componentsinvolved in these photic reactions were surmised.

(Received September 15, 1965; )     

THE PROCESS OF COLONY FORMATION AMONG HERRING GULLS LARUS ARGENTATUS NESTING IN NEW JERSEY

We examined the pattern of colony occupation and egg-laying in five colonies of Herring Gulls nesting in New Jersey, U.S.A. Colonies formed from epicentres located in sparse bushes. The number of epicentres related to the number of birds nesting in the colonies. Colonies of over 250 pairs had more than one epicentre, whereas those with under 250 pairs had only one epicentre. Epicentres were not always in the geographical centre of the colonies. New territory-hunting pairs filled in the epicentre areas, and then nested outside these areas. The egg-laying pattern followed the settling pattern, but was more synchronous than the settling pattern. There was greater synchrony of egg-laying within sub-areas of the colonies than in the colonies as a whole. Further, synchrony correlated with the number of nests in sub-areas.     

淮南地区新元古代九里桥组叠层石成礁过程及其影响因素

淮南地区新元古代九里桥组中段灰岩中发育有形态多变的叠层石礁体,具有与显生宙生物礁相似的相分异特征,基底、礁核、盖层、礁前、礁后、礁翼等不同微相可以明确区分,定殖期、拓殖期、泛殖期和衰亡期等不同造礁阶段的叠层石柱体变化特征明显。该组叠层石礁体自下而上分别为分散分布的小型丘状礁体、连绵分布的大型丘状礁体和分散分布的小型丘状礁体或透镜状礁体,该变化趋势指示了九里桥组沉积时期海平面先升高后降低的变化趋势,结合该组沉积期沉积环境变化特征可将该组叠层石礁体划分为风暴环境型礁体、海进环境型礁体和海退环境型礁体三种类型。对九里桥组沉积学、古生物学等研究表明,该组沉积时期造叠层石生物与其它生物之间存在较强的生存竞争关系,但更能适应风暴沉积环境,叠层石在该组沉积晚期的消失很可能与以海平面变化为特征的沉积构造环境变化有关。     

IN VIVO STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF SOLID TUMOR FORMATION FROM EMBRYOID BODIES OF MOUSE TERATOCARCINOMA

Embryoid bodies of mouse teratocarcinoma OTT 6050 were studied with special reference to their growth and differentiation in vivo . They were grown either in the peritoneal cavity or in the lung. When injected intraperitoneally, embryoid bodies doubled their number every three days. Some of them attached to a small intra-peritoneal fat body and were soon surrounded by mesenchymal cells of host origin. They grew, fused with each other and became large solid tumors which contained many differentiated tissues. When injected intravenously, almost all the embryoid bodies lodged in the lungs and individually grew into discrete solid tumors which doubled in volume every 2.9 days. After about thirty days, some tumors were composed of only one type of tissue while others contained several types of tissues. The possible mechanisms for the uni- and multi-tissue types of differentiation are discussed.     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF ROSETTE FORMATION BY DISSOCIATED NEURAL RETINAL CELLS IN STATIONARY CULTURE

Well orientated two-dimensional rosettes were produced in stationary cultures of dissociated neural retinal cells of 5 1/2-day-old chick embryos. Observations by electron microscopy were made on aggregates at the different steps in the process leading to rosette formation. Though all of the dissociated neural retinal cells showed a clear morphological polarity, primary cell-to-cell adhesion occurred at random with respect to the cellular polarity. A special junction of the zonula adhaerens type was found at the contact area between the "mitochondria-containing portions" or their neighboring regions of both adjoining cells. During stationary culturing, the contact area between the cells gradually increased. Where the "mitochondria-containing portions" of adjoining cells were brought into contact with each other, junctions of zonula adhaerens type were formed between them. In this way, a radial arrangement of all the cells within an aggregate was established, leading to the formation of the fundamental structures of rosettes.     

植物保护工作在四化中的作用

植物保护是农业增产的稳定因素,而且是一个重要的、积极的因素。为了使植保工作在四化中发挥更大的作用,必须提窬植保工作的科学水平,策略水平、思想水平以及经济效果。据报导估计,世界各国每年由于病、虫、杂草的危害,损失达700—900亿美元,其