单位面积杆数对温室标准切花菊品质影响的预测模型

通过对切花菊不同品种、不同单株主杆数、不同定植密度和不同定植日期的试验,定量分析了单位面积杆数对标准切花菊叶面积指数动态变化规律和各外观品质指标的影响,在此基础上,构建了以冠层吸收的生理辐热积为指标的可定量预测单位面积不同杆数对温室标准切花菊品质影响的预测模型,并用与建模相独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明：随单位面积杆数的增加,切花菊的叶面积指数增加,其植株的平均株高、茎粗、出叶数、花径均降低.所建模型对多杆栽培和不同密度单杆栽培的标准切花菊单杆地上部分鲜质量、株高、茎粗、出叶数、花径和单位面积出花枝数的预测值与实测值的决定系数（R2）分别为0.95、0.96、0.94、0.91、0.81和0.97,预测相对误差分别为16.1%、10.1%、12.8%、13.4%、15.9%和16.1%,模型模拟精度较高.该模型可为温室标准切花菊栽培密度和栽培杆数的优化以及品质的光温调控提供理论依据和决策支持.     

基于光温的温室多杆切花菊干物质生产与分配的预测模型

根据菊花生长对光温的反应,设计不同品种、不同单株主杆数、不同定植密度和不同定植日期的试验,构建了以生理辐热积(Physiological product of thermal effectiveness and PAR,PTEP)为尺度的温室多杆切花菊的干物质生产与分配预测模型,并用与建模相独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明:随单位面积杆数增加,切花菊的单位面积地上干物质产量增加,单枝切花鲜重减少.所建模型对温室多杆切花菊的单株叶干重、茎干重、花干重和地上部分鲜重的预测值与实际观测值基于1:1线的决定系数(R2)分别为:0.96、 0.95、0.82和0.97,回归估计标准误(RMSE)分别为:0.863、1.005、0.201和10.190g ·株-1.模型模拟精度较高,可为温室切花菊栽培密度和保留杆数的优化调控提供理论依据.     

基于光温的温室标准切花菊品质预测模型

根据光温对菊花品质的影响,通过不同定植期和不同品种试验,建立了以生理辐热积（physiological product of thermal effectiveness and PAR, PTEP）为尺度的温室标准切花菊品质预测模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行检验.结果表明：模型对温室标准切花菊的展叶数、单株叶面积、株高、茎粗、节间长和花径的模拟值与实测值的符合度较好,模拟值与实测值基于1∶1线的决定系数（R²）和预测相对误差（RSE）分别为0.99、0.98、0.98、0.92、0.87、0.88和5.5%、6.5%、5.9%、4.1%、11.2%、12.4%.表明该品质预测模型预测精度高、实用性强,可为温室标准切花菊生产中的光温调控提供理论依据和决策支持.     

氮素营养对药用菊花氮代谢及产量品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,以药用菊花为供试材料,选用酰胺态氮[CO(NH_2)_2-N]、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为供试氮肥,分别设定3个氮素水平,采用L9(34)正交设计,研究氮素营养对药用菊花氮代谢、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:氮素形态对药用菊花氮代谢、产量和品质的影响存在较大差异。酰胺态氮和硝态氮混合施用时药用菊花单株花序干重最大,铵态氮对菊花叶片NR活性、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白以及花序中绿原酸含量的影响较大,酰胺态氮对菊花叶片GS活性和花序中总黄酮含量的影响大于铵态氮和硝态氮,硝态氮对菊花花序木犀草苷含量的影响最大;处理5即施酰胺态氮1.5 g·pot~(-1)、铵态氮1.5 g·pot~(-1)、硝态氮3.0 g·pot~(-1)、总氮量6.0 g·pot~(-1)时,菊花花序中3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量高于缺氮处理近1倍。可见,氮素营养可提高药用菊花氮代谢关键酶活性和氮代谢产物,提高药用菊花成分含量和单株花序干重。     

Endogenous auxin levels in terminal stem cuttings of Chrysanthemum morifolium during adventitious rooting

Free and ester-bound IAA were determined in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. 'Yellow Galaxy' by means of a solid phase enzyme immunoassay. In shoots, free auxin decreases basipetally whereas ester IAA reaches a maximum in the middle part. After making the cuttings, a strong increase in both free and ester IAA (or total IAA, respectively) is found up to the time when the first adventitious roots become visible. Only prolonged irradiance of stock plants at high light intensities (40 W m⁻²) delays this increase in the cuttings, concomitantly with a lower number of roots compared to the controls (4.5 W m⁻²), although root growth as determined by measuring root length or fresh weight is not affected. A distinct relation is found between IAA content of stock plants at the time when cuttings are taken and the number of adventitious roots formed by the cuttings 20 days later.     

Growth Hormone Changes in Chrysanthemum morifolium: Effects of Environmental Factors Controlling Flowering

Simultaneous quantitative analyses have been made of the endogenouslevels of auxin- and gibberellin like substances, growth inhibitors,and auxin-oxidizing enzyme activity in the cold-requiring Chrysanthemummorifolium cv. Sunbeam subjected to different daylength, lightintensity and temperature regimes known to affect flowering.While little hormone or enzyme activity was found in extractsfrom unvernalized plants, a striking rise in auxin-oxidizingenzyme activity occurred rapidly after the end of cold treatment.Increased auxin activity was also recorded shortly after vernalization.At 28 °C both enzyme and auxin activity declined over aperiod of 3–4 weeks; at 20 °C this response was delayed.Gibberellin activity at 28 °C rose steeply about 2 weeksfrom vernalization and declined several weeks later; at 20 °Ca similar response was less marked. Low light intensity treatment,which may have increased endogenous auxin levels, or exogenousauxin application reduced gibberellin-like substance levelsand cause d devernalization.Phosphon D treatment also loweredgibberellin levels and prevented flowering. An extract fromvernalized plants containing gibberellin-like substances intensifiedthe flowering of partially vernalized test plants. Persistenceof high auxin activity in vernalized plants on long days wasassociated with failure to form normal flower buds. Stem elongationrates correlated in general with levels of endogenous auxin-and gibberellin-like substances. Significant amounts of an abscisin-likeinhibitor were found in extracts of flower buds. The mechanismof natural devernalization is discussed in relation to theseobservations.     

温室甜椒叶面积指数形成模拟模型

叶面积指数是光合作用驱动的作物生长模型以及冠层蒸腾模型所需的重要作物参数,温度和辐射是影响叶片生长的重要环境因子.通过不同定植期、不同品种、不同地点的试 验,定量分析了温室甜椒出叶数、叶片长度和叶面积指数与温度和辐射的关系,构建了温室 甜椒叶面积模型,并利用独立的试验资料对模型进行了检验.结果表明：甜椒出叶数与出苗 后累积辐热积呈指数函数关系;叶片长度与出叶后累积辐热积呈负指数函数关系;甜椒出叶 数、叶片长度和叶面积指数的模拟结果与实测值之间的决定系数R²分别为0.94、0.89、0.93,其回归估计标准误RMSE分别为3.4、2.15 cm、0.15.该模型能够利用气温、辐射、 种植密度和出苗日期准确地预测温室甜椒叶面积指数动态,且模型参数少、实用性强,可以为温室甜椒生长模型和蒸腾模型提供必需的叶面积指数动态信息.     

定植期和定植密度对温室单头切花菊外观品质的影响

定植期和种植密度是影响切花菊外观品质的重要栽培措施.本文以单头切花菊‘神马’（Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Shenma）为材料,研究定植期和密度对温室单头菊外观品质的影响.结果表明,在试验的定植期和密度范围内,随着定植期的延迟、密度的增加,单头菊株高增加,单株叶数、茎直径减小,单株鲜质量降低,花颈长度增加,花朵直径减小,但密度对株高的影响不大.在上海地区非加温温室单头切花菊生产中,以生产A级产品为目标的适宜定植期为8月中旬,适宜种植密度为64株·m^-2;以生产B级产品为目标的适宜定植期为8月中旬至9月初,适宜种植密度为72～80株·m^-2.本研究为建立基于光、温和密度的温室单头切花菊外观品质预测模型提供了参考.     

日光温室切花郁金香花期与外观品质预测模型

光温是影响花卉作物花期和外观品质的重要环境因子。本文目的是建立日光温室切花郁金香花期与外观品质预测模型,以期通过调节种植期和种植密度,实现日光温室切花郁金香生产的光温优化调控。本研究以郁金香品种世界珍爱(Tulip gesneriana cv ‘World Favorite’)和金检阅(Tulip gesneriana cv ‘Golden Parade’)为试材,通过不同种植期和不同密度的栽培试验,定量分析了种植期和密度对郁金香发育进程及外观品质动态的影响。在此基础上,以单株吸收辐热积(Photo-thermal Index,PTI)为尺度,建立了日光温室切花郁金香花期与外观品质预测模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明,模型对郁金香花期和各外观品质指标的预测效果较好。模型对各生育时期的预测值与实测值之间的决定系数R2为0.95,对萌芽期、展叶期、现蕾期和采收期的预测值与实测值的回归估计标准误RMSE分别为0.7、1.3、2.9和1天。模型对株高、展叶数、茎基长度、茎基粗度、花颈长度、花颈粗度、花蕾长度和花蕾直径的预测值与实测值之间R2分别为0.97、0.97、0.98、0.98、0.98、0.97、0.98和0.97,RMSE分别为30.8mm、0.2、3.5mm、0.1mm、5.5mm、0.1mm、1.2mm和0.4mm。模型对A、B、C级出花率的预测值与实测值之间的R2分别为0.95、0.97、0.96,RMSE分别为0.8%、0.3%、0.9%。本研究建立的模型预测精度较、高参数少,可为日光温室切花郁金香生产中种植期和种植密度的优化提供理论依据和决策支持。     

化肥减量配施有机肥对药用菊花产量、品质和药理活性的影响

采用田间小区试验,设置5个有机肥无机肥配施处理(100%化肥和14%、28%、56%、84%有机肥替代化肥处理),测定各处理对药用菊花农艺性状、产量、矿质元素吸收、有效成分含量的影响。并采用酶标仪和MTT试剂盒测定不同处理菊花水提物体外抗氧化活性及对H₂O₂致损的LO2肝细胞的保护作用。结果表明: 与100%化肥处理相比,化肥配施有机肥可以保证药用菊花产量,甚至低比例配施处理(14%有机肥替代化肥)还可以增产达8.3%。随着化肥减量配施有机肥比例的提高,菊花花中N、Mg含量呈上升趋势,而Ca和P含量分别在56%和28%有机肥替代处理有最大值。化肥减量配施有机肥可以显著增加药用菊花中绿原酸、木犀草苷和3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸的含量,各成分含量随着有机肥比例的升高呈逐渐上升的趋势,上升幅度分别为3.3%～12.8%、15.7%～30.1%和9.5%～29.7%。各处理菊花水提液均有一定的体外抗氧化活性,且随着有机肥比例的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势;菊花水提液能显著提高H₂O₂致损的LO2肝细胞存活率,28%有机肥替代化肥处理细胞存活率最高,为91.2%,与模型组相比呈现极显著差异。综合产量、养分吸收、有效成分含量、体外抗氧化活性、对H₂O₂致损的LO2肝细胞的保护作用等指标,以及有机肥生态友好的特点,确定药用菊花栽培上以28%有机肥替代化肥的效果最佳。     

Effects of Irradiance and Temperature on Flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. in Continuous Light

The short-day plant Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Polaris initiatedflower buds in all irradiances of continuous light from 7.5to 120 W m^–2. As the irradiance increased, the transitionto reproductive development began earlier and the number ofleaves initiated before the flower bud was reduced. The autumn-floweringcultivars Polaris and Bright Golden Anne, and the summer-floweringGolden Stardust were also grown in continuous light at differenttemperatures; all initiated flower buds at temperatures from10 to 28 °C but only the buds of Golden Stardust developedto anthesis and then only at 10 and 16°C. Flower initiationbegan earliest at 16–22 °C, and the number of leavesformed before the flower bud was increased at 28°C. GoldenStardust was exceptional in that the number of leaves formedwas also increased at 10 °C. Axillary meristems adjacentto the terminal meristem initiated flower buds rapidly at 10°C but not at 28 °C in all three cultivars. These resultsare discussed in relation to the autonomous induction of flowerinitiation and the effects of the natural environment on floweringof chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, flowering, irradiance, temperature