微生物酶催化腈水解反应的研究进展

腈的酶法水解不仅反应条件温各,而且高效性、高选择性,在光学活性羧酸及其衍生物的合成中具有巨大的应用潜力。综述了催化腈水解的酶类、反应类型、反应特性、影响反应的因素及其在工业上的应用前景。     

腈水解酶在羧酸合成中的研究进展

有机羧酸是有机合成中的重要中间体,用腈水解酶催化有机腈实现有机羧酸的合成不仅具有反应条件温和、污染少和易处理等优点,而且更重要的是能实现一般化学法所不能达到的高度化学、区域和立体选择性。综述了腈水解酶的来源、特性和作用机理,介绍了腈水解酶在有机合成中的研究进展以及该酶在工业上的应用前景。     

微生物酶催化腈水解反应的研究进展*

腈的酶法水解不仅反应条件温和 ,而且高效性、高选择性 ,在光学活性羧酸及其衍生物的合成中具有巨大的应用潜力。综述了催化腈水解的酶类、反应类型、反应特性、影响反应的因素及其在工业上的应用前景。     

腈水解酶的催化混乱性研究进展

腈水解酶作为一种重要的生物催化剂广泛应用于重要医药中间体的合成,它能高效地将腈基转化为酸和氨,其反应具有温和、绿色环保等优点。腈水解酶不仅具有催化腈生成对应羧酸产物的水解活性,即表现出催化专一性,还兼具催化腈生成酰胺的水合活力,即表现出催化混乱性。腈水解酶的催化混乱性具有两面性：酰胺副产物的存在增加了后续羧酸产物分离纯化的难度和成本;但若能精准调控腈水解酶的催化反应路径实现酶功能的重塑,可以拓宽腈水解酶生物催化的反应类型,为高值酰胺类化合物的生物合成提供新思路和工艺,这对人工酶的创制及生物催化均具有重要意义。本文结合近年来相关的研究成果,综述了当前腈水解酶催化混乱性的研究进展,并从腈水解酶的进化起源、催化结构域以及催化机理等方面,探讨可能影响腈水解酶催化混乱性关键调控因子,为腈水解酶在生物催化领域上的应用提供了借鉴和参考。     

微生物法生产丙烯酰胺的研究(Ⅰ)——腈水合酶产生菌株的培养和高活力的表达

研究了丙烯酰胺生产菌株的培养条件。通过对培养过程pH值调控、培养基补料以及诱导剂加入量的研究 ,使发酵液的腈水合酶的活力达到了 6567u mL菌液。这一酶活是国内外所见报道中最高的。进一步进行了丙烯腈的酶催化水合实验 ,产物中并没有发现副产物丙烯酸 ,说明在提高腈水合酶的同时 ,酰胺酶的活力并没有明显体现这一试验结果为工厂化生产改造以及新工艺的研究打下了基础.     

原核微生物腈转化酶研究进展

腈类物质的生物转化符合绿色化工的要求,具有重要应用潜力。系统阐述了产腈转化酶微生物多样性和生物转化特点。从菌株的分离、产酶及诱导物的种类;酶作用的底物、获得的产物;基因表达、酶的耐受性以及其应用价值等方面进行了比较全面的综述。     

腈水合酶的稳定性改造研究进展

腈水合酶(nitrile hydratase,NHase,EC 4.2.1.84)是一种金属酶,能催化腈类物质转化为相应的酰胺类物质,广泛应用于高附加值酰胺类化合物的生产.但由于NHase较差的稳定性,在催化反应过程中受到温度、产物浓度等影响而逐渐失活,这严重影响了NHase的工业化应用.近年来,针对这个问题,研究者通...     

精细化学品绿色合成用工具酶酌定向开发

近年来随着人们环境保护意识的增强以及对可持续发展技术的追求,使得以绿色环保为特色的生物催化技术越来越受到人们的关注。生物催化剂作为生物催化技术的工具,发挥着至关重要的核心作用。本文综述了生物催化技术发展各个阶段生物催化剂定向开发的最新进展。     

工业生物催化技术在绿色精细化学品合成中的机遇

生物催化技术具有反应条件温和、专一性强、环境友好等特点,是传统化学方法无法比拟的。本文从生物催化技术的特点及其在精细化学品合成中的应用现状出发,从产品战略、技术策略等方面提出生物催化技术应用的方向与目标：生物催化与有机合成技术的集成、交叉将会是未来生物催化技术发展的重要方向;有机合成技术为生物催化技术的发展、应用指明并提供了更多技术、产品及产业机会。     

腈类物降解菌多样性和产腈水合酶研究进展

腈水合酶催化反应在有机合成领域已有广泛的应用。作为一类重要的催化剂,腈水合酶可以将腈类物质转化为相应的酰胺。由于这种酶具有固有的立体和区域选择性,在精细化工领域已成为绿色、温和、对同分异构体具有选择性的催化剂。同时腈水合酶在生物修复和环境保护中也起着重要作用。综述了目前国内外腈水合酶的研究进展,包括降解腈类的微生物多样性、腈水合酶的催化特性、产腈水合酶菌株的改造以及腈水合酶相关基因的克隆与研究。对固定化酶和腈水合酶的应用也进行了叙述。     

Nitrile Hydratase and Its Application to Industrial Production of Acrylamide

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) was discovered in our laboratory. This enzyme was purified and characterized from various microorganisms. NHases are roughly classified into two groups according to the metal involved: Fe-type and Co-type. NHases are expected to have great potential as catalysts in organic chemical processing because they can convert nitriles to the corresponding higher-value amides under mild conditions. We have used microbial enzymes for the production of useful compounds; NHase has been used for the industrial production (production capacity: 30,000 tons/year) of acrylamide from acrylonitrile. This is the first successful example of a biotransformation process for the manufacture of a commodity chemical. This review summarizes the history of NHase studied not only from a basic standpoint but also from an applied point of view.     

Enantioselective biotransformations using rhodococci

The use of enzymes and whole cells in enantioselective biotransformation reactions is briefly reviewed. A Rhodococcus strain is shown to possess nitrile hydratase and amidase activity. The organism can be used for the enantioselective biotransformation of racemic -amino amides to (S) -amino acids with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of > 98%. Enantioselectivity is effectively time independent allowing easy quantitative conversion of racemic mixtures into enantiomerically pure -amino amides and -amino acids. The reaction is effective for a wide range of - substituents. The pH-dependence of the reaction indicates that the -amino amide is bound to the amidase enzyme in its neutral unprotonated form.     

Biotransformation of nitriles by rhodococci

Rhodococci have been shown to be capable of a very wide range of biotransformations. Of these, the conversion of nitriles into amides or carboxylic acids has been studied in great detail because of the biotechnological potential of such activities. Initial investigations used relatively simple aliphatic nitriles. These studies were quickly followed by the examination of the regio- and stereoselective properties of the enzymes involved, which has revealed the potential synthetic utility of rhodococcal nitrile biotransforming enzymes. Physiological studies on rhodococci have shown the importance of growth medium design and bioreactor operation for the maximal conversion of nitriles. This in turn has resulted in some truly remarkable biotransformation activities being obtained, which have been successfully exploited for commercial organic syntheses (e.g. acrylamide production from acrylonitrile).The two main types of enzyme involved in nitrile biotransformations by rhodococci are nitrile hydratases (amide synthesis) and nitrilases (carboxylic acid synthesis with no amide intermediate released). It is becoming clear that many rhodococci contain both activities and multiple forms of each enzyme, often induced in a complex way by nitrogen containing molecules. The genes for many nitrile-hydrolysing enzymes have been identified and sequenced. The crystal structure of one nitrile hydratase is now available and has revealed many interesting aspects of the enzyme structure in relationship to its catalytic activity and substrate selectivity.     

Nitrile-converting enzymes as a tool to improve biocatalysis in organic synthesis: recent insights and promises

Nitrile-converting enzymes, including nitrilase and nitrile hydratase (NHase), have received increasing attention from researchers of industrial biocatalysis because of their critical role as a tool in organic synthesis of carboxylic acids and amides from nitriles. To date, these bioconversion approaches are considered as one of the most potential industrial processes using resting cells or purified enzymes as catalysts for production of food additives, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical precursors. This review focuses on the distribution and catalytic mechanism research of nitrile-converting enzymes in recent years. Molecular biology aspects to improve the biocatalytic performance of microbial nitrilase and NHase are demonstrated. The process developments of microbial nitrilase and NHase for organic synthesis are also discussed.     

对羟基苯乙腈水解酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件研究

以对羟基苯乙腈为唯一氮源,从土壤中筛选到5株腈水解酶产生菌。在初筛的过程中,用薄板层析（TLC）对细胞转化液定性检测,高效液相色谱法（HPLC）定量分析。考察了培养时间、不同碳源对细胞酶产量的影响及在反应过程中金属离子对细胞酶产量的影响,实验结果发现,培养时间在70h左右时细胞酶产量最高,以葡萄糖为碳源质量,质量浓度在12．5～15g／L附近酶产量最高。Cu^2＋对细胞酶活力具有非常强烈的抑制作用,Co^2＋、Hg^2＋、Ni^2＋等对细胞酶活力具有明显的抑制,而Ba^2＋、Mg^2＋具有较明显的促进作用,但在高浓度下促进作用减弱。     

Comparative characterisation of two Rhodococcus species as potential biocatalysts for ammonium acrylate production

Two Rhodococcal isolates, one possessing a nitrile hydratase and an amidase enzyme, the other an aliphatic nitrilase enzyme have been isolated. The kinetic constants for the enzymes in each isolate have been determined. This data coupled with stability tests indicate that Rhodococcus ruber NCIMB 40757, the nitrilase containing organism, should be an excellent biocatalyst for the commercial production of ammonium acrylate. This is confirmed by a fed-batch bioconversion to produce 5.7 M ammonium acrylate.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cyanohydrins with recombinant nitrile hydratase and amidase from hodococcus erythropolis

Nitrile hydratase and amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis CIMB11540 were both cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli.Crude cell free extracts were used for the hydrolysis of different aromatic cyanohydrins. Nitrile hydratase expression was increased up to 5-fold by redesign of the expression cassette. The recombinant enzymes were successfully used for the conversion of several cyanohydrins to the corresponding α-hydroxy amides and acids while retaining enantiopurity.     

Transformation of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile to the persistent metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) by soil bacteria known to harbour nitrile hydratase or nitrilase

In soil the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) is degraded to the persistent metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) which has been detected in 19% of samples taken from Danish groundwater. We tested if common soil bacteria harbouring nitrile-degrading enzymes, nitrile hydratases or nitrilases, were able to degrade dichlobenil in vitro. We showed that several strains degraded dichlobenil stoichiometrically to BAM in 1.5–6.0 days; formation of the amide intermediate thus showed nitrile hydratase rather than nitrilase activity, which would result in formation of 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid. The non-halogenated␣analogue benzonitrile was also degraded, but here the benzamide intermediate accumulated only transiently showing nitrile hydratase followed by amidase activity. We conclude that a potential for dichlobenil degradation to BAM is found commonly in soil bacteria, whereas further degradation of the BAM intermediate could not be demonstrated.     

Studies on utilization of acetonitrile by Rhodococcus erythropolis A10

A petrochemical wastewater isolate, capable of utilizing high concentrations of acetonitrile and acetamide as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen was identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis A10. Cell-free extracts of acetonitrile-grown cells exhibited activities corresponding to nitrile hydratase (EC 4.2.1.84) and amidase (EC 3.5.1.4), which mediate the two-step breakdown of acetonitrile into acetic acid and ammonia. Studies indicated that both these enzymes in R. erythropolis A10 are intracellular, inducible and capable of hydrolysing a wide range of nitriles, including simple (acetonitrile, propionitrile), branched-chain (isobutyronitrile) and dinitrile (succinonitrile). The specific activity of the amidase was found to be several-fold higher than nitrile hydratase.