"国际生物多样性观察年"(IBOY)介绍

“国际生物多样性观察年”（IBOY）是由DIVERSITAS所筹划的旨在对全球生物多样性现状从不同层次进行综合研究的一项计划。该计划的主要目标包括：促进公众对生物多样性现状和未来的了解、促进生物多样性学科的发展和完善以及为政府决策过程提供科学依据。DIVERSITAS试图通过该项计划,了解我们所面临的全球性生物多样性现状、全球生物多样性丧失的程度及其原因、生物多样性的丧失给人类生活所带来的威胁、我们怎样保护和发展生物多样性这一人类共同的财富以及探索评估全球生物多样性现状的手段等方面的问题。本文同时还对实施“国际生物多样性观察年”计划所提出的一些提议进行了简要介绍。     

国际生物多样性观察年(IBOY)简介

“国际生物多样性观察年”是国际生物多样性科学项目 DIVERSITAS筹划的 ,旨在对全球生物多样性现状从不同层次进行综合研究的一项计划。该计划的主要目标包括 :促进公众对生物多样性现状和未来的了解、促进生物多样性学科的发展和完善以及为政府决策过程提供科学依据。1　 IBOY的历史与起源“国际生物多样性观察年”(International Biodiver-sity Observation Year2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2 ,IBOY)计划首先由西太平洋和亚洲生物多样性区域网 (DWIPA)提出。计划提出后受到了 DIVERSITAS科学指导委员会的认同和重视 ,并在 DIVERSIT…     

气候变化与生物多样性之间的复杂关系和反馈机制

气候变化与生物多样性丧失是人类社会正在经历的两大变化。气候变化影响生物多样性的方方面面, 是导致生物多样性丧失的一个主要驱动因子; 反过来, 生物多样性丧失会加剧气候变化。因此, 阻止甚至扭转气候变化和生物多样性丧失是当前人类社会亟需解决的全球性问题,但我们对气候变化与生物多样性之间的复杂关系和反馈机制尚缺乏清晰认识。本文总结了近年气候变化与生物多样性变化的研究进展, 重点概述了不同组织层次、空间尺度和维度的生物多样性对气候变化的响应和反馈等相关领域的研究进展和存在的主要问题。结果发现多数研究关注气候变化对生物多样性的直接影响, 涉及到生物多样性的不同组织层次、维度和营养级, 但针对气候变化间接影响的研究仍然较少, 机理研究同样需要加强; 生物多样性对生态系统功能影响的环境依赖和尺度推演、生物多样性对生态系统多功能性的作用机理和量化方法是当前研究面临的挑战; 生物多样性对生态系统响应气候变化的作用机制尚无统一的认识; 生物多样性对气候变化的正、负反馈效应是国内外研究的盲点。最后, 本文展望了未来发展方向和需要解决的关键科学问题, 包括多因子气候变化对生物多样性的影响; 减缓和适应气候变化的措施如何惠益于生物多样性保护; 生物多样性与生态系统功能的理论如何应用到现实世界; 生物多样性保护对实现碳中和目标的贡献。     

多营养级生物多样性与陆地生态系统多功能性:研究现状与展望

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的基础,但由于受到人类活动以及全球变化的影响正加速丧失,这对全球生态系统造成巨大威胁.近年来,生物多样性与生态系统功能关系(biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, BEF)已经成为生物多样性保护和气候变化领域关注的热点问题之一,并由早期的单一营养级多样性与单个生态系统功能关系,发展到近年来的多营养级生物多样性与生态系统多功能性关系.本文介绍了多营养级生物多样性以及生态系统多功能性的基础概念,回顾了多营养级生物多样性与陆地生态系统多功能性研究的发展历程,并系统归纳了该领域近十年的重要研究进展.在此基础上,提出未来需要重点关注的3个方面:(ⅰ)基于控制实验的驱动机制研究;(ⅱ)地下多营养级生物多样性与生态系统多功能性的关系;(ⅲ)多营养级生物多样性与生态系统多功能性关系随时间尺度的变化.最后,本文呼吁不同研究方向的学者未来应加强合作并强调了开展整合性工作的必要性.     

《生物多样性公约》国际履约的进展与趋势

<生物多样性公约>履约15a来,在国际履约层次上已形成由缔约方大会、科技咨询附属机构会议、特设工家组会议以及技术专家组会议等构成的会议制度与履约机制.<公约>以生态系统方式为指导,制定了7个生态系统类型的专题工作方案;提出10个跨领域议题的准则及其主要目标和原则;并通过"战略计划",提出到2010年大幅度降低全球、地区和各国生物多样性锐减速度的战略目标.而在<公约>的国际谈判过程中,缔约方形成了不同的利益集团.2008年5月召开的第九次缔约方大会,在遗传资源获取和惠益分享、应对气候变化、构建海洋保护区体系等方面取得进展;并进一步提出未来在国际层面的履约需要集中资源,具体实施已经制定的计划和工作方案.     

生态系统红色名录——一种新的生物多样性保护工具

生物多样性为人类提供了生存所必需的一系列生态系统服务和功能。然而,由于人为活动的加剧,生物多样性不断丧失。传统的生物多样性保护主要关注物种多样性,存在着对生物多样性的代表性不足,不能及时反应生态系统多样性的变化等缺点。近年来,生态系统层次上的多样性保护成为研究热点,一些国家和组织相继开展了大尺度的生态系统评估工作。文章回顾了已有的生态系统评估方案,发现当前生态系统评估多采用IUCN物种红色名录的分级标准体系,主要评估生态系统的濒危程度,评估标准主要是分布范围和功能的变化,不同评估方案采用的指标和阈值有差异,需要建立统一的生态系统分类体系和评价方案。同时,结合国内生态系统评价的现状,提出了在我国开展生态系统红色名录研究的若干可行建议。     

对生物多样性研究的几个观点

生物多样性保护与持续利用已为各国政府和大众所重视,现仅就国际和国内关注的生物多样性研究的热点加以介绍。对DIVERSITAS这一生物多样性科学的国际项目进行评价,对生物多样性起源、维持、编目、监测等方面提出补充意见。生物多样性恢复研究是以生态系统动态演替为理论基础的,此方面工作亟待加强。生物多样性信息系统是生物多样性科学的重要组成部分。农田生物多样性研究把生物多样性与农业生产紧密结合。生物安全是当前国际上极为关注的问题。文中对其主要研究内容提出作者的观点。     

生物多样性与生态系统服务——关系、权衡与管理

生物多样性和生态系统服务是人类生存和社会经济可持续发展的物质基础,应对生物多样性丧失和生态系统服务退化问题已经成为继气候变化之后的又一个全球性环境热点问题。生物多样性是生态系统生产力、稳定性、抵抗生物入侵以及养分动态的主要决定因素,生物多样性越高,生态系统功能性状的范围越广,生态系统服务质量就越高越稳定。目的是探讨生物多样性和生态系统服务之间的关系:(1)明确了生物多样性与生态系统过程、功能、服务之间的关系;(2)生物多样性在生态系统服务中的角色:生物多样性在不同的空间尺度通过各种形式的运行机制与生态系统服务产生联系,生物多样性是生态系统过程的调节者,是巩固生态系统服务的一个重要因素,生物多样性也是一种终极的生态系统服务,并在遗传和物种水平上直接贡献了其利益和价值;(3)生物多样性与生态系统服务权衡和协同关系的研究可以更好的帮助管理人员做出有利的决策和保护工作,也是制定规划和适应策略以减少生物多样性危机带来的不利影响的基础;(4)生物多样性与生态系统服务的关系在不同的时间和空间尺度上是不恒定的,有必要共同确定生态系统服务和生物多样性的空间格局,以有效和可持续的进行生态系统管理;(5)虽然生物多样性保护和生态系统管理还存在许多不确定性,但相关理论应该在管理、保护和恢复生态系统中发挥重要作用。研究提出了进一步研究的领域,以促进生物多样性保护和生态系统服务提供之间的协同作用。希望对相关领域的研究有所帮助。     

生物多样性保护现状及其研究

生物多样性是地球上所有生命的总和,是40亿年以来生物进化的最终结果,也是世界上的自然财富.它包括几百万不同种类的植物、动物和微生物以及它们所拥有的基因和由这些生物与所在地环境所构成的生态系统.因此,生物多样性包括三个层次的概念,即遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性.此外,人们还重视更高层次的多样性即景观多样性.生物多样性是人类的生物资源,有的已为人类所利用,而大部分它的潜在价值尚未被人们所发现.自然保护在20世纪40年代已开始受到重视.自80年代初以来,有关生物多样性国际会议频频召开,1992年,世界资源研究所(WRI)、     

生物多样性保护廊道构建方法研究进展

生物多样性保护廊道对遏制生态系统退化及生物多样性丧失,改善生态系统服务功能,消除生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响,恢复珍稀濒危物种的种群数量,维护自然生态系统平衡稳定具有极为重要的作用。在近20年(1997—2017)国内外生物多样性保护廊道的相关研究分析的基础上,对廊道的概念、构建理论及方法应用进行了系统总结与探讨,分析了廊道构建理论的发展过程及适用性,分类总结了现有的廊道构建方法和17种廊道构建模型工具。研究分析表明,廊道作为一种新的生物多样性保护模式,已成为目前国际生态领域研究的热点之一,随着对物种景观运动过程认识的加深,廊道构建理论逐渐趋于成熟,与之匹配的廊道构建方法及模型工具进展迅速。借助遥感与地理信息技术,大范围,高精度的获取廊道模拟数据,并集成综合模型实现目标物种廊道的构建、保护和管理是今后生物多样性保护廊道构建研究的发展方向。最后,对当前该领域的研究现状和不足展开讨论并展望了未来发展,为我国生物多样性保护廊道的应用与实践及国家生态廊道体系的建设完善提供借鉴与参考。     

Establishing Baseline Indices for the Quality of the Biodiversity of Restored Habitats Using a Standardized Sampling Process

The need for standardized biodiversity assessment methods to enable biodiversity quality to be measured is outlined. A general approach to sampling is suggested. The results of the use of this sampling process are given for two case studies of different taxonomic groups. The data assessment is made easier by the use of a bespoke computer program. Examples of the program output are presented. The advantage of this standardized measurement of biodiversity compared to species lists and the use of indicator species are outlined in the case studies macrofungi and butterflies. It was shown that the biodiversity quality of sites can be compared by the use of a range of measured biodiversity indices in a way that allows sites to be compared through time or between sites/treatments. In one case (butterflies), data that have been collected systematically in a recording scheme have been analyzed retrospectively and yielded valuable information on changes in biodiversity quality. The uses of this method in establishing baselines in restoration ecology are discussed. The importance of restoration ecology in the conservation of biodiversity could be underlined by the use of the methods presented in this article.     

Biodiversity at the global scale: the synthesis continues

Traditionally, the generation and use of biodiversity data and their associated specimen objects have been primarily the purview of individuals and small research groups. While deposition of data and specimens in herbaria and other repositories has long been the norm, throughout most of their history, these resources have been accessible only to a small community of specialists. Through recent concerted efforts, primarily at the level of national and international governmental agencies over the last two decades, the pace of biodiversity data accumulation has accelerated, and a wider array of biodiversity scientists has gained access to this massive accumulation of resources, applying them to an ever-widening compass of research pursuits. We review how these new resources and increasing access to them are affecting the landscape of biodiversity research in plants today, focusing on new applications across evolution, ecology, and other fields that have been enabled specifically by the availability of these data and the global scope that was previously beyond the reach of individual investigators. We give an overview of recent advances organized along three lines: broad-scale analyses of distributional data and spatial information, phylogenetic research circumscribing large clades with comprehensive taxon sampling, and data sets derived from improved accessibility of biodiversity literature. We also review synergies between large data resources and more traditional data collection paradigms, describe shortfalls and how to overcome them, and reflect on the future of plant biodiversity analyses in light of increasing linkages between data types and scientists in our field.     

A suite of essential biodiversity variables for detecting critical biodiversity change

Key global indicators of biodiversity decline, such as the IUCN Red List Index and the Living Planet Index, have relatively long assessment intervals. This means they, due to their inherent structure, function as late‐warning indicators that are retrospective, rather than prospective. These indicators are unquestionably important in providing information for biodiversity conservation, but the detection of early‐warning signs of critical biodiversity change is also needed so that proactive management responses can be enacted promptly where required. Generally, biodiversity conservation has dealt poorly with the scattered distribution of necessary detailed information, and needs to find a solution to assemble, harmonize and standardize the data. The prospect of monitoring essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) has been suggested in response to this challenge. The concept has generated much attention, but the EBVs themselves are still in development due to the complexity of the task, the limited resources available, and a lack of long‐term commitment to maintain EBV data sets. As a first step, the scientific community and the policy sphere should agree on a set of priority candidate EBVs to be developed within the coming years to advance both large‐scale ecological research as well as global and regional biodiversity conservation. Critical ecological transitions are of high importance from both a scientific as well as from a conservation policy point of view, as they can lead to long‐lasting biodiversity change with a high potential for deleterious effects on whole ecosystems and therefore also on human well‐being. We evaluated candidate EBVs using six criteria: relevance, sensitivity to change, generalizability, scalability, feasibility, and data availability and provide a literature‐based review for eight EBVs with high sensitivity to change. The proposed suite of EBVs comprises abundance, allelic diversity, body mass index, ecosystem heterogeneity, phenology, range dynamics, size at first reproduction, and survival rates. The eight candidate EBVs provide for the early detection of critical and potentially long‐lasting biodiversity change and should be operationalized as a priority. Only with such an approach can science predict the future status of global biodiversity with high certainty and set up the appropriate conservation measures early and efficiently. Importantly, the selected EBVs would address a large range of conservation issues and contribute to a total of 15 of the 20 Aichi targets and are, hence, of high biological relevance.     

Interactive effects of global change drivers as determinants of the link between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning

Biodiversity, both aboveground and belowground, is negatively affected by global changes such as drought or warming. This loss of biodiversity impacts Earth's ecosystems, as there is a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Even though soils host a large fraction of biodiversity that underlies major ecosystem functions, studies exploring the relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (sBEF) as influenced by global change drivers (GCDs) remain scarce. Here we highlight the need to decipher sBEF relationships under the effect of interactive GCDs that are intimately connected in a changing world. We first state that sBEF relationships depend on the type of function (e.g., C cycling or decomposition) and biodiversity facet (e.g., abundance, species richness, or biomass) considered. Then, we shed light on the impact of single and interactive GCDs on soil biodiversity and sBEF and show that results from scarce studies studying interactive effects range from antagonistic to additive to synergistic when two individual GCDs cooccur. This indicates the need for studies quantitatively accounting for the impacts of interactive GCDs on sBEF relationships. Finally, we provide guidelines for optimized methodological and experimental approaches to study sBEF in a changing world that will provide more valuable information on the real impact of (interactive) GCDs on sBEF. Together, we highlight the need to decipher the sBEF relationship in soils to better understand soil functioning under ongoing global changes, as changes in sBEF are of immediate importance for ecosystem functioning.     

都江堰地区──横断山北段生物多样性交汇、分化和存留的枢纽地段

都江堰地区位于四川盆地西缘山地、西藏高原向成都平原的过渡,位置特殊,是大尺度复合性的生态过渡中地理要素在此交汇过渡。气候处于中亚热带,植被基带为 阔叶林。由于气候温润,加上地形崎岖,岭谷相同,物种交汇,分化强烈,境内最高山光光山海拔４５８２ｍ,高于附近平源３８８０ｍ,植被垂直带谱清晰完整,是横断山北段生物多样性保护关键区的代表。     

Things We Like: Human Preferences among Similar Organisms and Implications for Conservation

Human preferences will increasingly determine many species’ prospects for survival. However, aside from a small number of survey-based studies of preference among disparate taxa, human species preferences have received little attention. I determined human aesthetic preferences among a relatively homogenous group, the penguins, from representation in all recently published, comprehensive, popular books of photographs of penguins (n = 4 books; 304 photographs). Representation of visually distinguishable types of penguins, measured by total photograph area, was highly skewed and rankings were highly concordant across books, suggesting large and commonly held differences in aesthetic appeal. Multiple regression analysis indicated that amount of warm color was the only significant determinant of representation, and warm color was highly correlated (r ² = 0.96) with mean representation of the penguin types. Body size and neotenic form, traits found to influence human preferences among other animals, were not significant, suggesting that the bases of human species preferences differ by species type. The results of this study indicate that human aesthetic preferences discriminate finely among species and may be based on minor features. Conservationists must be vigilant to the potential for aesthetic responses to influence conservation efforts.     

苔藓植物的多样性研究

苔藓是具有较多种类的一类绿色植物群,是生物多样性的重要组成成分。缘于苔藓的可变水性、体表直接吸收水分和营养以及独特的繁殖与传播方式,苔藓几乎存在于所有的生态系统之中。除极地冻原、温带苔藓沼泽等以苔藓为优势的植被类型外,苔藓还通常在维管束植物群落中形成自己的群落。苔藓是重要的初级生产者之一,在物质循环中起着重要的作用,影响森林植被的水分平衡,也是某些演替过程中的重要先锋植物。苔藓与其它生物类群的生活和生存有密切联系,尤其是苔藓群落所营造的生境,促进和保护了生物多样性。苔藓与人类生活的关系日益密切。由于苔藓与生境的强烈相关性,其多样性所受到的威胁主要源于生境的破坏,加之人们对苔藓的了解远远少于其它高等植物,这种威胁更应引起关注。     

Multivariate mapping of spatial variation in biodiversity in Peruvian Amazonia

Abstract. Variation of biodiversity over 72 600 km² of tropical rain forest was mapped by multiple characteristics using a new combined nominal–numerical classification system. Three hundred and sixty-nine tree genera were grouped into classes by eight taxonomic, geographical, phylogenetic and ecological characteristics. Each grid cell was assigned to a nominal biodiversity type by its dominant classes and classified numerically by its share of total variation in study area biodiversity. Differentiation of 0.5° cells by nominal classification was inferior to numerical classification, but improved at higher resolution. The nominal and numerical classifications were shown to have potential for complementary roles in conservation planning.     

Biogeographic distribution of the Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata)

More than 1982 species in 90 genera were included in an analysis of the biogeography of the Phytoseiidae, a family of predatory mites. Seven biogeographic regions were taken into account: Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, West Palaearctic, East Palaearctic, Oriental, and Australasian. The number of species was particularly high in the Neotropical, Oriental, and West Palaearctic regions. These regions also present the highest levels of species endemism. The number of genera was quite similar in all regions except for the Neotropics, which also had a high level of endemism. The possible Gondwanian (Neotropical, Ethiopian, Australasian, and Oriental regions) origin of the Phytoseiidae, most probably in the Neotropics, and their possible radiation to Laurasia (Nearctic, West Palaearctic, and East Palaearctic regions) are discussed. The comparison between genera and species in the different biogeographic regions indicate the importance of both dispersal and vicariance events in the evolution of the group. Dispersal is assumed to have been most important between Neotropical and Nearctic regions and between East Palaearctic and Oriental regions, whereas vicariance could have been the dominating process between Australasian, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions, as well as between West and East Palaearctic regions. A parsimony analysis of endemicity showed the Neotropical and the Nearctic regions to be isolated from the other regions. This is certainly due to a diversification after the continents drifted apart and then a high dispersal between Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Different phylogenetic hypotheses and scenarios are proposed for each subfamily based on the results obtained and further investigations are proposed.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 845–856.     

深圳市西海岸和海域生物资源多样性的管护

本文着重介绍生物多样性管护区的基本含义和要求,结合深圳市西海岸和海域的特点,提出建立珠江口南海海岸和海洋生物多样性管护区,以发挥该区域的资源优势和持续利用,为建设深圳特区做出应有的贡献。