烟草的历史

1　吸烟习俗的起源和传播当今遍布于全世界各地的烟草原产于美洲 ,最早栽培并吸食的是当地印第安人。美洲印第安人从什么时候开始吸烟 ,迄今还不很清楚。目前已发现最早的资料是在墨西哥恰帕斯州的帕伦克 ,有在公元 4 32年修建的玛雅文化的古典神庙中的一块浮雕 ,可以看到古代玛雅人在宗教的仪式中有人用管状烟斗来吸烟 ,而且还在喷出烟雾。在美国阿利桑那州的帕布罗城发现公元 6 5 0年前后印第安人居住的洞穴遗址 ,其中有烟叶实物和烟斗 ,烟斗中还存有烟灰。在墨西哥马德雷山上海拔 12 0 0ｍ处的一个山洞中 ,发现一个塞有烟草的空心草管 ,…     

The Effect of Pollination on Cd Phytoextraction From Soil by Maize (Zea mays L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pollination on cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction from soil by mature maize plants. The results showed that the unpollinated maize plants accumulated 50% more Cd than that of the pollinated plants, even though the dry weight of the former plants was 15% less than that of the latter plants. The Cd accumulation in root and leaf of the unpollinated maize plant was 0.47 and 0.89 times higher than that of the pollinated plant, respectively. The Cd concentration in the cob was significantly decreased because of pollination. Preventing pollination is a promising approach for enhancing the effectiveness of phytoextraction in Cd-contaminated soils by maize. This study suggested that in low Cd-contaminated soil pollination should be encouraged because accumulation of Cd in maize grains is very little and maize seeds can bring farmers economic benefits, while in high Cd-contaminated soil, inhibition of pollination can be applied to enhance phytoextraction of Cd from soil by maize plant.     

氮、磷、钾肥和土壤水分对烟草烤后叶中类胡萝卜素含量的影响

在每盆施用0-8g纯氮、0—12gP2O5、0—12g K2O的肥料范围内,随着氮、磷、钾肥用量的增加,烤后烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量增加。每盆施钾量超过12gK2O时,再施钾肥对增加烤后烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量的效果不显著。随着土壤相对含水量的提高,类胡萝卜素总量表现为先增加后减少的趋势。70％左右的土壤相对含水量的烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量最高。     

烤烟种质资源差异性分析

对700多份烤烟种质资源的形态特征、主要性状、抗病性和烟叶化学成分等方面的差异性进行研究和分析,结果表明：烤烟种质资源形态差异主要表现在株型、叶形、叶耳、叶尖、茎叶角度和花序等特征上;主要性状差异表现在株高、打顸株高、叶数、节距、茎围、腰叶的长和宽等性状,其变幅分别为97．0—326．0cm、75.3～133.7cm、8．6—54片、2．6—10．1cm、6.3～13．8cm、41．6-99．0cm、16.6—47．8cm;脚叶、腰叶和项叶的长宽比变幅分别为1．3～3,7、1．5—4．9、1．6～5．8;移栽至现蕾的天数变幅为30-100d;各性状指标的变异系数在7．8％-30．3％之间。不同种质间烟叶化学成分差异较大,变异系数在16．4％-69．2％之间。在702份种质中,抗病、中抗、感病和中感病的种质分别占18．2％、36．0％、6.6％、39．0％,可提供丰富的种质资源供育种选择利用。     

烤烟主要农艺性状的遗传与相关分析

利用包括基因型与环境互作的加性-显性遗传模型,对14个烤烟品种(系)及其配制的41个杂交组合在4个环境下的7个农艺性状表现进行遗传分析。结果表明,株高、节距、腰叶宽主要受加性效应控制,叶数、腰叶长受显性×环境互作效应影响最大,茎围以加性×环境互作效应、显性×环境互作效应为主,产量以加性效应、显性×环境互作效应为主。适应当地生态条件的品种（系）具有较高的正向加性效应。许多组合的显性主效应及在各试验点的显性×环境互作效应在方向上不尽一致,杂交组合的选配宜针对特定的生态环境进行。性状相关分析表明,大多数成对性状的各项相关系数为正值,且多以加性遗传相关为主,可利用株高对产量进行间接选择。
     

土壤pH值对烤烟叶片生理生化特性的影响

烟草生长初期,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量与pH增长呈正相关,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则随着pH的增加而下降,pH值6.5和7.5时叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)较高,旺长期达到高峰;生长后期,各处理的MDA含量和POD活性最高,SOD、CAT活性最低.各pH值处理的叶片中,叶绿素含量、Pn下降,比叶重达到高峰,但pH 8.5下的烟叶中叶绿素含量高,Pn大,比叶重较小.pH 6.5和7.5下的烟叶中蛋白质和可溶性糖总体含量高于其它pH的.烟碱含量在pH 5.5时最高,pH 8.5时最低.     

烟草EST-SSR位点分析

利用MISA软件对烟草EST公共数据库中的简单重复序列(SSRs)进行了分析。结果表明,在133523条EST序列中,共获得81757条SSR序列,SSRs之间的距离约为0.92 kb。其中,六碱基重复丰度最大,占60.3%,而单碱基、三碱基、四碱基、二碱基和五碱基重复丰度分别为20.0%、11.0%、4.2%、2.8%和1.7%。在单碱基、二碱基、三碱基和四碱基重复模体中,丰度最大的分别是A/T、AG、AAG和AAAT,而CG在编码区内丰度很低。用CAP3软件进行冗余分析表明,在这6种类型的重复模体中,冗余与非冗余的烟草EST之间没有显著差异。在得到的SSR序列中随机选择10个序列设计引物,在7个烟草品种中进行PCR扩增。结果表明,10对引物全部扩增出PCR产物,其中8对引物扩增出预期片段。用这8组扩增出预期片段的PCR产物进行变性PAGE凝胶电泳检测,结果表明,其中有4对引物(EB4、EB5、EB6和EB8)扩增出多态性条带。     

Cadmium tolerance and its phytoremediation by two oil yielding plants Ricinus communis (L.) and Brassica juncea (L.) from the contaminated soil

The effect of increasing level of cadmium in soil was investigated on biomass production, antioxidants, Cd bioaccumulation and translocation in Ricinus communis vis-à-vis a commonly studied oil crop Brassica juncea. The plants were exposed to 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg Cd/Kg soil for up to 60 days. It was found that R. communis produced higher biomass at all the contamination levels than that of B. juncea. Proline and malondialdehyde in the leaves increased with increase in Cd level in both the species, whereas soluble protein decreased. The bioaccumulation of Cd was higher in B. juncea on the basis of the per unit biomass, total metal accumulation per plant was higher in R. communis. The translocation of Cdfrom roots to shoot was also higher in B. juncea at all Cd concentrations. R. communis appeared more tolerant and capable to clean Cd contaminated soil for longer period in one sowing than B. juncea and the former can grow in wasteland soil also in which later cannot be cultivated.     

不同光质对烟草叶片生长及光合作用的影响

通过对烟草植株覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,研究了光质对烟叶生长及光合作用的影响。结果表明,与白膜处理相比,红膜与蓝膜处理下的烟草叶片较厚,比叶面积较小,叶绿素a/b比值、净光合速率、可变荧光强度（Fv）和最大荧光强度（Fm）的比值Fv/Fm（PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率）、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光饱和点和CO2饱和点均较高。黄膜处理下的叶片较白膜处理的更薄,净光合速率、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、光饱和点、CO2饱和点均较低。紫膜处理的叶片比叶面积比白膜处理的小,净光合速率和Fv/Fm比白膜的大。实验结果表明红光、蓝光和紫光促进了烟叶的生长,这种促进作用是与其高光合效率紧密相连的;而黄光对烟叶的生长有一定程度的抑制作用。     

烟草ovate同源基因的全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

根据番茄中控制果实形状的主效数量性状基因ovate的序列,用生物信息学方法从茄科植物烟草中获得直系同源ovate基因(NTovate)的特异片段,经鉴定,此基因在烟草中至少有2个拷贝。在此基础上用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)方法,获得其中1个拷贝的1059bpNTovate全长cDNA序列。序列分析表明,NTovate cDNA序列编码352个氨基酸,其蛋白序列与番茄ovate蛋白序列和拟南芥ovate蛋白家族AtOFP7蛋白分别为70%和36%的序列一致率,而与此家族中其他蛋白以及水稻ovate蛋白仅在保守的ovate结构域有较低的同源性。此基因已在GenBank中登录(EU043369)。     

烤烟主要农艺性状对产量的遗传贡献率分析

为了研究烤烟主要农艺性状对产量的贡献,以14个品种（系）及其配制的41个杂交组合为材料,利用估算条件方差分量和预测条件遗传效应值的统计方法对多点实验数据进行了分析。结果表明,株高对产量的加性遗传方差贡献率最高,腰叶长对产量的显性遗传方差贡献率最高,各农艺性状对产量的加性X环境互作遗传方差、显性X环境互作遗传方差的贡献率均较小。对产量加性效应贡献最大的农艺性状因不同亲本而异,表明各亲本具有其独特的遗传和发育特性。多数杂交组合产量的显性效应主要受腰叶长影响,因此腰叶长可作为间接选择组合产量显性效应的指标。     

高效烟草遗传转化体系的建立及甜蛋白基因的导入

以烟草无菌茁叶片为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌LBA4404介导法,将Thamnatin基因导人烟草中,经梯度卡那霉素(Kana-mycin,Km)筛选,获得可在含75mg／L、100mg／L Km选择生根培养基上再生的抗性植株,其中部分Km抗性植株经PCR检测为阳性,转化率为31．3％,初步鉴定已成功地建立了烟草遗传转化系统,为进一步探讨甜蛋白在植物中的转化和表达情况奠定基础。     

烟草细胞乙醇分解代谢能力的离体调控(英文)

报告了一些重要因子对培养在含有乙醇的培养基上的烟草细胞的乙醇分解代谢能力（ＥＣＡ）的调控效果。在供试的５种生长素和２种细胞分裂素中,ＩＢＡ４ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｋｔ０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ最有利于促进ＥＣＡ,而ＮＡＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ和Ｋｔ０．０２５ｍｇ／Ｌ则最有利于支持处在乙醇胁迫下的细胞的增殖。实验中还发现提高维生素浓度有利于细胞的ＥＣＡ。通过将细胞从低乙醇浓度的培养基转移到较高乙醇浓度的培养基中,能够诱导细胞耐受更高浓度的乙醇并增强细胞的ＥＣＡ。研究结果可以应用于制备适合分离乙醇分解代谢途径中的酶的烟草细胞材料。     

Synergistic Inhibition of Growth by Aluminum and Iron of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Cells in Suspension Culture

Growth of tobacco cells at the logarithmic phase was inhibitedafter treatment with both AlCl₃ and FeSO₄ in modified Murashige-Skoogmedium prepared without P_i and EDTA at pH 5.0 for up to 20 h,whereas cells treated with either AlCl₃ or FeSO₄ (at concentrationsup to 100 µM, respectively) grew normally. These resultssuggest the synergistic inhibition of growth by Al³⁺ and Fe²⁺ions. During the exposure to both salts, there was a lag timeof about 10 h before growth inhibition became apparent in culturesof cells upon treatment with the two salts together. Then theextent of inhibition increased and reached a maximum value afterexposure for 18 h. After the lag period, cells treated withboth salts, but not cells treated with either salt alone, exhibitedsignificant increases in the amounts of both aluminum and ironin the cells and could be stained with hematoxylin, with thenuclei staining especially strongly. Cells treated with bothsalts also exhibited a decrease in the number of cells thatcould be plasmolyzed in 1 M mannitol, a decrease in the numberof cells that could be stained with fluorescein diacetate, adecrease in the amount of potassium in cells, and an increasein the extent of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest thataluminum causes the peroxidation of lipids in the presence ofiron and that lipid peroxidation alters the permeability ofthe plasma membrane and leads to cell death. (Received April 18, 1994; Accepted November 11, 1994)     

Biological and Chemical Induction of Resistance to the Globodera tabacum solanacearum in Oriental and Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

The effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and four combinations of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the reproduction of a tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum solanacearum, and growth of Nicotiana tabacum (cv. K326 and Xanthi) were tested under greenhouse and field conditions. The PGPR included combinations of Bacillus subtilis A13 with B. pumilis INR7, B. pumilis SE34, B. licheniformis IN937b, or B. amyloliquefaciens IN937a, respectively. Among the four rhizobacterial combinations, IN937a + A13 exhibited the most consistent reduction in G. t. solanacearum cysts under greenhouse and field conditions. No undesirable effects of IN937a + A13 were observed on tobacco growth under greenhouse and field conditions. Use of INR7 + A13 reduced G. t. solanacearum reproduction on flue-cured tobacco cv. K326 but not on oriental tobacco cv. Xanthi. Application of ASM reduced final numbers of G. t. solanacearum cysts, but also resulted in phytotoxicity mainly under the greenhouse conditions. When oriental tobacco seedlings were pre-grown in a IN937a + A13-treated soil-less medium, a single application of ASM at 200 mg/L one week after transplanting significantly reduced G. t. solanacearum reproduction in the field.     

烟草二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶基因(NtDGAT2)的克隆与功能分析

二脂酰甘油酰基转移酶(diacylglycerol acyltransferase,DGAT2)是植物储存油脂生物合成过程中的关键酶,对种子储存油脂累积具有重要的生理作用。本文采用电子克隆与实验相结合的方法,从烟草种子cDNA中克隆到DGAT2基因的开放阅读框序列,命名为NtDGAT2(GenBank登录号JX843807),其序列长999bp,编码332个氨基酸。多序列比对和进化分析表明该基因编码蛋白与其他植物DGAT2具有较高相似性和典型的DGAT2结构域。利用Real-time PCR定量表达分析显示Nt-DGAT2在烟草种子、花、茎、叶和根里面都有表达,且在发育中的种子和花的发育过程大量表达。酵母互补实验证实该基因编码蛋白具有DGAT酶活性。     

纳豆激酶基因的优化设计、合成及其在烟草叶片中的瞬时表达

根据植物偏爱密码子优化设计、合成纳豆激酶基因sNK,利用重叠延伸PCR法在其中插入番茄果实特异性表达基因E8的第一内含子构成sNKi基因,通过农杆菌渗透法将这两种基因渗入到烟草NC89叶片中并实现瞬时表达。通过RT-qPCR法将两种基因在烟草叶片中转录水平的表达量进行比较,结果表明两种基因在烟草叶片中均表达,且sNKi基因的表达量显著高于sNK基因;通过纤维蛋白平板法在两种基因的瞬时表达样品中均能检测到纤溶酶活性,表明目的基因在烟草叶片中可正常翻译并表现出溶栓活性,且sNKi基因在翻译水平的表达量显著高于sNK基因。表明内含子对人工合成的纳豆激酶基因的瞬时表达具有显著的促进作用。     

外源SOD和APX基因在转基因烟草中的表达与遗传

分析转超氧化物歧化酶基因（SOD）或抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因（APX）烟草及其自交和杂交后代的叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的结果表明：转基因烟草的SOD和POD活性在终花期最强,不同叶位叶中SOD活性差异不明显,POD活性以下部叶为最高;转基因烟草的SOD或POD活性显著高于近等基因的非转基因品系。杂交后代（F1、F2）的SOD活性能保持稳定,略高于亲本;自交后代（S1～S3）与自交亲本的SOD和POD活性相当。     

Phytoextraction Potential of Poplar (Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis Bunge) from Calcareous Agricultural Soils Contaminated by Cadmium

To investigate the phytoextraction potential of Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis Bunge for cadmium (Cd) contaminated calcareous soils, a concentration gradient experiment and a field sampling experiment (involving poplars of different ages) were conducted. The translocation factors for all experiments and treatments were greater than 1. The bioconcentration factor decreased from 2.37 to 0.25 with increasing soil Cd concentration in the concentration gradient experiment and generally decreased with stand age under field conditions. The Cd concentrations in P. pyramidalis organs decreased in the order of leaves > stems > roots. The shoot biomass production in the concentration gradient experiment was not significantly reduced with soil Cd concentrations up to or slightly over 50 mg kg^–1. The results show that the phytoextraction efficiency of P. pyramidalis depends on both the soil Cd concentration and the tree age. Populus pyramidalis is most suitable for remediation of slightly Cd contaminated calcareous soils through the combined harvest of stems and leaves under actual field conditions.