云南16个少数民族群体的线粒体DNA多态性研究

利用PCR—RFLP法对傣族、白族、蒙古族、彝族等10个少数民族的16个群体共654人进行了mtDNA编码区多态性分析,共检测到17种单倍群,其中4种为未能确认的单倍群。单倍群频率分布和主成分图共同显示,百越系的3个民族共6个群体有高频的B、F单倍群,聚集在图的下部,表现出鲜明的南方群体特征;蒙古族的2个群体有高频的A、D单倍群,聚在图的上部,具有典型的北方群体特征;氐羌系的5个民族共7个群体全部或绝大多数都兼有南北方高频单倍群,位于图的中间,提示他们同时具有南北方群体的一些母系遗传特征。同一民族不同群体间的单倍群频率分布存在差异,但差异不很大,一般小于不同族源民族间的差异,但不一定都小于同一族源民族间的差异。     

Phylogenetic relationships of Northeast Asian cattle to other cattle populations determined using mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence polymorphism

Phylogenetic relationships of Northeast Asian cattle to various other cattle breeds including Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Bison bison were assessed using mtDNA D-loop sequences. A neighbor-joining tree was constructed using sequences determined for 4 Cheju Black, 4 Cheju Yellow, 4 Korean Yellow cattle (Bos taurus), and 2 American Brahman cattle (Bos indicus), and also published sequences for 31 Japanese Black cattle, 45 European breed cattle, 6 African zebus, 2 African taurines, and 6 Indian zebus. Five American bisons (Bison bison) were used as an outgroup. The neighbor-joining tree showed that American bisons and Indian zebus are clearly separate from other cattle breeds, respectively, and African cattle clustered together, although with a low bootstrap probability (<50%). Results indicate that cattle in Northeast Asia, Europe, and Africa are closely related to each other–suggesting their recent divergence, but are separate from Indian zebus.     

Resolution of recent radiations within three evolutionary lineages of felidae using mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism variation

Patterns of mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation were used to resolve more recent relationships among the species of the Felidae ocelot lineage, domestic cat lineage, and pantherine lineage. Twenty-five of 28 restriction enzymes revealed site variation in at least 1 of 21 cat species. The ocelot lineage was resolved into three separate sistertaxa groups: Geoffroy's cat (Oncifelis geoffroyi) and kodkod (O. guigna), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and margay (L. wiedii), and pampas cat (Lynchailurus colocolo) and most of the tigrina samples (Leopardus tigrina). Within the domestic cat lineage, domestic cat (Felis catus), European wild cat (F. silvestris), and African wild cat (F. libyca) formed a monophyletic trichotomy, which was joined with sand cat (F. margarita) to a common ancestor. Jungle cat (F. chaus) and black-footed cat (F. nigripes) mtDNAs diverged earlier than those of the other domestic cat lineage species and are less closely related. Within the pantherine lineage, phylogenetic analysis identified two distinct groups, uniting lion (P. leo) with leopard (P. pardus) and tiger (P. tigris) with snow leopard (P. uncia).To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

Evidence for biogeographic patterning of mitochondrial DNA sequences in Eastern horse populations

Equine mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny reconstruction reveals a complex pattern of variation unlike that seen in other large domesticates. It is likely that this pattern reflects a process of multiple and repeated, although not necessarily independent, domestication events. Until now, no clear geographic affiliation of clades has been apparent. In this study, amova analyses have revealed a significant non-random distribution of the diversity among equine populations when seven newly sequenced Eurasian populations were examined in the context of previously published sequences. The association of Eastern mtDNA types in haplogroup F was highly significant using Fisher's exact test of independence (P = 0.00000). For the first time, clear biogeographic partitioning has been detected in equine mtDNA sequence.     

Polymorphism of the Gene for Subunit 6 of the NADH Dehydrogenase Complex in Ethnic Russians of Russia

A sample of ethnic Russians of Russia was tested for polymorphism of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene mapping to the mtDNA region 14,170–14,569. Genetic diversity of ND6 haplotypes was estimated at 0.406, and probability of haplotype random match, at 0.598. Combined with typing the mtDNA control region, analysis of the ND6 gene polymorphism was assumed to improve the reliability of forensic identification. Several point substitutions in the ND6 gene region proved to be associated with particular transitions in the mtDNA control region; the association was characterized with the coefficient.     

Nonconcordant evolutionary history of maternal and paternal lineages in Adriatic sturgeon

Although analyses of intraspecific variability are an important prerequisite for species identification assays, only a few studies have focused on population genetics and historical biogeography of sturgeon species. Here we present the first study on genetic variability of the last remaining Adriatic sturgeon, Acipenser naccarii, derived from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Our mitochondrial DNA analyses arranged individuals into three distinguished mitochondrial DNA haplogroups (Po1, Po2 and Buna). Two haplogroups (Po1 and Buna) were correlated to geographical distribution, whereas the third (Po2) was not. It was, however, very closely related to one lineage of its Ponto-Caspian sister species, A. gueldenstaedtii. The distribution of nuclear markers (microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphism) was strongly correlated to geographical distribution. An assignment test based on nuclear data placed no specimen of A. naccarii to A. gueldenstaedtii and vice versa. Therefore, the presence of gueldenstaedtii-like haplotypes within the Po population is either the result of a postglacial introgression or an ancestral polymorphism and does not indicate a hybrid population. The most valuable tool for forensic species identification purposes is one diagnostic deletion separating all A. naccarii from A. gueldenstaedtii. As both A. naccarii populations are genetically differentiated, stocking of sturgeon from the Po River in Italy into waters of the Buna River would jeopardize the genetic differences between both populations and should thus be avoided.     

Congruence of genomic and ethnolinguistic affinities among five tribal populations of Madhya Pradesh (India)

The central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh is home to a large number of tribal populations of diverse linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. With a view to examining how well genomic affinities among tribal populations of this state correspond with their ethnic and linguistic affinities, we analysed DNA samples of individuals drawn from five tribes with diverse, but reasonably well-documented, ethnohistorical and linguistic backgrounds. Each DNA sample was scored at 16 biallelic DNA marker loci. On the basis of these data, genomic affinities among these populations were estimated. We have found an extremely good correspondence between the genomic and ethnolinguistic affinities.     

Mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker for brown trout, Salmo trutta L., populations

Mitochondrial DNA was examined in natural and hatchery-reared stocks of brown trout, using different methods of restriction analysis. The methods included the development of a brown trout mt DNA hybridization probe through cloning part of the brown trout mitochondrial genome. In addition, fragments were analysed by ethidium bromide staining and end-labelling. The relative merits of each of these methods in assessing levels of genetic relatedness between the natural and hatchery-reared brown trout stocks were evaluated. In addition, the study revealed a diagnostic mtDNA restriction pattern which could be used as a genetic marker for the discrimination of these two groups of brown trout.     

Morbid jealousy from an evolutionary psychological perspective

Individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy have hypersensitive jealousy mechanisms that cause them to have irrational thoughts about their partner's fidelity and to exhibit extreme behaviors. Using a newly constructed database of 398 cases of morbid jealousy reported in the literature from 1940 to 2002, we tested four evolutionarily informed hypotheses about normally functioning jealousy mechanisms and applied them to this novel population of individuals diagnosed with morbid jealousy. We hypothesized that a greater percentage of men than women diagnosed with morbid jealousy would be focused on a partner's sexual infidelity and on indicators of a rival's status and resources and that a greater percentage of women than men diagnosed with morbid jealousy would be focused on a partner's emotional infidelity and on indicators of a rival's youth and physical attractiveness. All four hypotheses were supported. The results suggest continuity between normal jealousy and morbid jealousy and highlight the heuristic value of using archival databases to test evolutionarily informed hypotheses.     

Molecular Characterization of a Mitochondrial DNA Segment from the Japanese Scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis): Demonstration of a Region Showing Sequence Polymorphism in the Population

A 1.3-kb mitochondrial DNA segment from the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis was cloned and sequenced. This segment contained the transfer RNA^Met gene and partial sequences of 2 ribosomal RNA genes, together with 2 separate noncoding regions (designated NcR1 and NcR2). The NcR regions derived from 78 individuals cultured in Lake Saroma or Matsu Bay, were sequenced, and we found 15 loci with sequence alterations including 13 substitutions, 1 deletion, and 1 insertion (1 locus in NcR1, 14 loci in NcR2), and 17 haplotypes. Of the 17 haplotypes, 10 were found in the Saroma population only, 3 in the Mutsu population only, and 4 in both populations. The gene diversity and nucleotide diversity values were, respectively, 0.87 and 0.0069 for the Saroma population, 0.63 and 0.0040 for the Mutsu population, and 0.83 and 0.0203 overall. Thus the NcR segment was considered to have sufficient sequence variation for population genetic studies. The 16 variants of the NcR2 sequence were separated successfully by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, confirming the sequence variation in NcR2. Received October 3, 2001; accepted February 19, 2001.     

Haplotypes of the Y chromosome in some populations of west Africa

One Y-specific DNA polymorphism (p49/Taql) was studied in a sample of 469 African males coming from twelve populations of sub-Saharan Africa. An high frequency (62.5%) of the Y-haplotype IV was observed in these populations, the most elevated percentage of this haplotype being observed in Mossis (from Burkina-Fasso). The “Arabic” haplotype V is present in these populations at a mean frequency of 8.7%. The “oriental” haplotype XI is present at a mean frequency of 11.3%, the most elevated percentage of this haplotype being observed in Songhaiis (from Niger). Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics     

Phylogenetic relationships of Cheju horses to other horse breeds as determined by mtDNA D-loop sequence polymorphism

Historical records suggest that horses inhabiting the island of Cheju in Korea are descendants of Mongolian horses introduced in 1276. Other studies, however, suggest that horses may have been present on the island prior to the Mongolian introduction. To determine the origin of the Cheju horses we used a phylogenetic analysis of sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region, including tRNA Pro and parts of tRNA thr and tRNA Phe sequences (1102-bp excluding the tandem repeat region). Maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining trees were constructed using sequences determined for seven Cheju, four Mongolian, one Przewalskii and two Chinese Yunnan horses, and published sequences for one Swedish and three Thoroughbred horses. Donkey mtDNA was used as an outgroup. We found that the mtDNA D-loop sequence varies considerably within Mongolian, Cheju and Thoroughbred horse breeds, and that Cheju horses clustered with Mongolian horses as well as with horses from other distantly related breeds. On the basis of these findings we propose that horses on Cheju Island are of mixed origin in their maternal lineage, and that horses may have existed and been traded on the island before the Mongolian introduction.     

Alpine headwater streams as reservoirs of remnant populations of the Danubian clade of brown trout

1. The watercourses of Austria are mainly part of the Danube drainage system. Nonetheless, only few brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of the Danubian phylogenetic lineage have been found in this region, not being introgressed by hatchery‐reared fish of the allochthonous Atlantic lineage. The present study was aimed at identifying further waterbodies that might harbour the non‐admixed gene pool of the Danubian clade trout. 2. In a first step, the complete mitochondrial DNA control region of 447 specimens from 20 sampling sites was sequenced to screen for the presence of specific haplotypes. In a second step, 332 individuals from 15 populations were analysed at 10 microsatellite DNA loci. 3. Although sampling concentrated on remote Alpine headwater streams, introgression of hatchery strains was more common than expected from existing stocking records. For seven populations, however, no evidence of recent hatchery trout introgression was found and it is suggested that they might represent the indigenous gene pool. 4. Populations showing no evidence of hatchery introgression displayed lower levels of intrapopulation variability and higher degrees of differentiation compared to purported admixed populations. 5. Our study demonstrates the necessity of combining different molecular markers to reveal the impact of introgression into wild populations, since at some sampling sites admixture would have remained undetected if only a single molecular technique was applied. 6. The identification and characterisation of non‐introgressed populations provides important information for setting conservation priorities and preventing further loss of genetic integrity of a unique element of the native fish fauna.     

贵州四个民族人群线粒体DNA Region V的遗传多态性

目的研究世居贵州的侗族、仡佬族、土家族和彝族人群线粒体DNA Region V的遗传多态性。方法采用PCR-PAGE和克隆测序法对4个群体108份样本的mtDNA Region V进行序列分析。结果只检测到标准型和短型（即9-bp缺失）两种多态。贵州四个民族人群的平均9-bp缺失频率为22．2％,在侗族、仡佬族、土家族和彝族人群中依次为32．1％、22．6％、17．2％和15．0％。结论贵州四个民族mtDNA9-bp缺失频率均较高,这与其地域分布相一致;贵州彝族和土家族显示了相似的缺失频率,提示两者可能有共同的祖先。     

Structure and biology of house mouse populations that plague irregularly: an evolutionary perspective

In Australia, populations of mice occasionally irrupt into plagues, mainly in the southern and eastern grain-growing regions. Mus domesticus was the only member of the subgenus Mus identified from a genetic survey of animals collected from four states. Little is known of the origin of these mice but they probably came from Europe where plagues do not occur. We examined whether mice have evolved the ability to plague since their colonization by comparing some population parameters of Australian, European and North American mice. Their helminth fauna were contrasted to gauge the importance of founder effects on the evolution of mice in Australia.
Australian mice share 52% (12 of 23) of the helminths found in mice in Europe and North America. Those not shared mainly had indirect life cycles. The absence of species could be explained by a strong founder effect or the lack of suitable intermediate hosts near Australian ports. There was no evidence that population structure or diet had evolved differently. Population abundance was different in field populations especially during the build-up and irruption of plagues. These differences were related to better breeding by mice in Australia in field environments; average number of embryos per litter was substantially higher and breeding seasons longer. Genetic change is not the only explanation for this increased productivity–a combination of lack of interspecific competition from other granivores and more favourable climatic conditions may be responsible.
All things considered, there was no compelling evidence that Australian mice have evolved the ability to plague. Their ability to respond to good conditions by increasing litter size beyond that recorded elsewhere supports the notion that control of mouse productivity is an appropriate management option for plague prevention.     

Indigenous and foreign Y-chromosomes characterize the Lingayat and Vokkaliga populations of Southwest India

Previous studies have shown that India's vast coastal rim played an important role in the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa but the Karnataka state, which is located on the southwest coast of India, remains poorly characterized genetically. In the present study, two Dravidian populations, namely Lingayat (N = 101) and Vokkaliga (N = 102), who represent the two major communities of the Karnataka state, were examined using high-resolution analyses of Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and seventeen short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci. Our results revealed that the majority of the Lingayat and Vokkaliga paternal gene pools are composed of four Y-chromosomal haplogroups (H, L, F* and R2) that are frequent in the Indian subcontinent. The high level of L1-M76 chromosomes in the Vokkaligas suggests an agricultural expansion in the region, while the predominance of R1a1a1b2-Z93 and J2a-M410 lineages in the Lingayat indicates gene flow from neighboring south Indian populations and West Asia, respectively. Lingayat (0.9981) also exhibits a relatively high haplotype diversity compared to Vokkaliga (0.9901), supporting the historical record that the Lingayat originated from multiple source populations. In addition, we detected ancient lineages such as F*-M213, H*-M69 and C*-M216 that may be indicative of genetic signatures of the earliest settlers who reached India after their migration out of Africa.     

山西汉族17个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性及遗传关系

为了调查山西汉族群体17个Y-STR基因座的多态性分布,探讨其群体遗传学及法医学应用价值,文章应用Y-filer TM试剂盒检测222名山西汉族无关男性个体的17个Y-STR基因座,用ABI3130遗传分析仪进行基因分型,计算等位基因频率及单倍型多样性,并结合已公开发表的国内其他13个群体相关数据资料,分析山西汉族群体遗传距离和聚类关系。结果:山西汉族个体中共检出219种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.9999;基因多样性GD值在0.3894(DYS391)~0.9755(DYS385a/b)。从遗传距离分析发现,山西汉族与吉黑汉族之间的遗传距离最近(?0.0001),与台湾群体(0.0152)之间的遗传距离相对较远。结果表明该17个Y-STR基因座在山西汉族群体中具有丰富的遗传多态性,对建立Y染色体STR数据库、研究群体遗传学和进行法医学应用有重要意义。