α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的研究

从细菌中筛选出１４株α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶产生菌。从其中的一株α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶产生菌提取粗酶,将粗酶样品分别加到主发酵的啤酒和主发酵后的啤酒中,在两种情况下均能明显降低啤酒中的总双乙酰量。     

二种重组α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶在啤酒生产中降低双乙酰的作用

利用已构建的含有短芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｂｒｅｖｉｓ）和产气肠杆菌（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ　ａｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｓ）α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（α－ａｃｅｔｏｌａｃｔａｔｅ ｄｅｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌａｓｅ, α-ＡＬＤＣ）基因的工程菌株,并使它们分别在大肠杆菌中高效表达,获得重组α－ＡＬＤＣ。在实验室,用 ２Ｌ体积的麦芽汁进行啤酒生产试验,添加 ２种重组α－ＡＬＤＣ后,使啤酒中的双乙酰含量快速下降到或始终保持在０.１ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。证明得到的重组ａ－ＡＬＤＣ能有效地降低啤酒中双乙酰含量。     

二种重组α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶在啤酒生产中降低双乙酰的作用

利用已构建的含有短芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｂｒｅｖｉｓ）和产气肠杆菌（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ　ａｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｓ）α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（α－ａｃｅｔｏｌａｃｔａｔｅ ｄｅｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌａｓｅ, α-ＡＬＤＣ）基因的工程菌株,并使它们分别在大肠杆菌中高效表达,获得重组α－ＡＬＤＣ。在实验室,用 ２Ｌ体积的麦芽汁进行啤酒生产试验,添加 ２种重组α－ＡＬＤＣ后,使啤酒中的双乙酰含量快速下降到或始终保持在０.１ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。证明得到的重组ａ－ＡＬＤＣ能有效地降低啤酒中双乙酰含量。     

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶加速啤酒成熟的研究进展与应用

较详细地介绍了国内外α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（ALDC）的分子生物学研究,细菌ALDC基因在酵母菌中的克隆和表达,以及ALDC酶制剂加速啤酒成熟的应用。     

啤酒生产中双乙酰形成的分子遗传学及其控制

双乙酰是啤酒中的重要风味物质,也是影响啤酒成熟和质量的关键因素之一。双乙酰是由酵母缬氨酸生物合成的中间产物α－乙酰乳酸经氧化脱羧产生的。目前,可以通过改良传统发酵工艺,添加酶制剂以及利用基因工程手段选育酵母工程菌等方法降低双乙酰在啤酒中的含量,缩短啤酒后酵期,以加速啤酒成熟。     

利用重组大肠杆菌生产双乙酰

大肠杆菌自身代谢特征具有发酵生产双乙酰的天然优势。利用PCR技术,以广泛用于双乙酰生产的Lactococcus lactis基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到α-乙酰乳酸合成酶基因α-als,将其构建在表达载体pET-30 a上。与能够高效表达3种大肠杆菌来源HSP 70家族分子伴侣的pKJE 7质粒共同转化E.coli BL21(DE3)。利用目的蛋白质分子伴侣共表达的方法,首次获得了能够高效表达具有酶活力的α-乙酰乳酸合成酶的重组大肠杆菌。在静置培养条件下,能够在该菌株的培养基中检测到双乙酰的生成。融合蛋白酶在温度为30-40℃和pH在6-7之间时具有较高的酶活,以丙酮酸为底物,该酶最适pH为6.8,最适温度为39℃。     

醋酸杆菌α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因克隆、表达及在啤酒发酵中的作用

根据α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（α－ａｃｅｔｏｌａｃｔａｔｅｄｅｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌａｓｅ,α－ＡＬＤＣ）基因的碱基序列,用ＰＣＲ方法从醋酸杆菌（Ａｃｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒａｃｅｔｉ）中克隆出了０．９９ｋｂ的ＤＮＡ片段,经ＤＮＡ测序后证明该片段是α－乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因．将该基因重组到质粒ｐＢＶ２２０中,转化大肠杆菌,筛选获得具有α－ＡＬＤＣ活性的重组子菌株．酶活检测表明,重组子细胞表达的α－ＡＬＤＣ活性是供体菌的１１００倍．将得到的α－ＡＬＤＣ粗提后用于啤酒发酵试验,降低了啤酒中双乙酰的含量     

α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶在大肠杆菌中的克隆表达

根据已知的α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶（ALDC）的基因序列,通过PCR获得了枯草芽孢杆菌168的ALDC基因,将该基因克隆到克隆载体pUC18和表达载体pQE60中,构建了pUC18-ALDC和pQE60-ALDC,经DNA测序证明序列正确。重组大肠杆菌DH5a／pQE60-ALDC经IPTG诱导能够高表达ALDC。对该酶进行了活力测定,结果显示工程菌产酶活力为0．11U／mL。     

理化因素对ALDC热稳定性的影响

用多种物理因素和化学因素包括蛋白质稳定剂等对α 乙酰乳酸脱羧酶进行热稳定性试验 ,结果发现稳定剂A ,B和C可明显提高α 乙酰乳酸脱羧酶的耐热性。在此基础上 ,通过正交试验得出一个复合稳定剂的最佳组合配比A1B3 C2 。该组合试验中残余酶活高达 99.4 % ,而对照组仅为 17.4 %。     

产气肠杆菌α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因的克隆表达及鉴定

根据已知α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶(α-acetolactate decarboxylase,ALDC)的基因序列,用PCR法从产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter oerogenes)中克隆到约0.8kb的DNA片段,经DNA测序证明是ALDC基因,将该基因重组到质粒pBV220中,转化大肠杆菌,实现了高表达,获得了目的蛋白表达量约50％的转化子;表达产物经鉴定具有ALDC酶活性,为可溶性表达．为下一步应用基因工程手段对其进行改造奠定了基础．     

Diacetyl production by immobilized citrate-positiveLactococcus lactis subsp.lactis 3022 in the fibrous Ca-alginate gel

Summary Diacetyl production by (Citr^*)Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis 3022 was found to be an oxygen-dependent reaction. The diacetyl production by the cells immobilized in conventional Ca-alginate gel beads (Diameter: 3 mm) was lower than that of the cells immobilized in Ca-alginate gel fibers (Diameter: 0.2 mm), probably because oxygen transfer to the immobilized cells is better in gel fibers than in gel beads.     

Protein characterization of lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris bacteriophages isolated from cheese wheys

Proteins of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris bacteriophages were studied using antibody inhibition assay and immunoblotting. Antisera were prepared against four representative L. lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp. cremoris phages (D59-1, F4-1, G72-1, and I37-1), which were selected from 17 isolates, derived from commercial cheese wheys. The reactivities of the four antisera with 13 other phage isolates were tested. Among these isolates, two phage groups having distinct serological properties were found. Group I reacted with the antisera against phages D59-1/F4-1 and Group II reacted with the antisera against phages G72-1/I37-1. Strongly lytic phages, capable of lysing phage-resistant host strains, were found to share protein similarities with the phage protein group I, and phages isolated from phage-sensitive host strains belonged to the phage protein group II. Furthermore, group I was composed of all prolate and some isometric phages, whereas group II was composed solely of the isometric phages. Thus, the two serologically distinct phage groups were not correlated with the two morphological groups, prolate and isometric. Proteins of the four phages were further characterized by immunoblotting and silver staining. A 22.5-kDa antigenic polypeptide of phage I37-1, and three polypeptides of 65, 37, 21 kDa in phage F4-1 were responsible for the cross-reactivities in group II and group I, respectively. Correspondence to: R. A. Ledford     

Lactococcus lactis as a Cell Factory for High-Level Diacetyl Production

We report the engineering of Lactococcus lactis for the efficient conversion of sugar into diacetyl by combining NADH-oxidase overproduction and α-acetolactate decarboxylase inactivation. Eighty percent of the carbon flux was found to be rerouted via α-acetolactate to the production of diacetyl by preloading the cells with NADH-oxidase before their use as a cell factory.     

Effect of Initial Oxygen Concentration on Diacetyl and Acetoin Production by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis

The production of aroma compounds (acetoin and diacetyl) in fresh unripened cheese by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis CNRZ 483 was studied at 30°C at different initial oxygen concentrations (0, 21, 50, and 100% of the medium saturation by oxygen). Regardless of the initial O₂ concentration, maximal production of these compounds was reached only after all the citrate was consumed. Diacetyl and acetoin production was 0.01 and 2.4 mM, respectively, at 0% oxygen. Maximum acetoin concentration reached 5.4 mM at 100% oxygen. Diacetyl production was increased by factors of 2, 6, and 18 at initial oxygen concentrations of 21, 50, and 100%, respectively. The diacetyl/acetoin concentration ratio increased linearly with initial oxygen concentration: it was eight times higher at 100% (3.3%) than at 0% oxygen (0.4%). The effect of oxygen on diacetyl and acetoin production was also shown with other lactococci. At 0% oxygen, specific activity of α-acetolactate synthetase (0.15 U/mg) and NADH oxidase (0.04 U/mg) was 3.6 and 5.4 times lower, respectively, than at 100% oxygen. The increasing α-acetolactate synthetase activity in the presence of oxygen would explain the higher production of diacetyl and acetoin. The NADH oxidase activity would replace the role of the lactate dehydrogenase, diacetyl reductase, and acetoin reductase in the reoxidation of NADH, allowing accumulation of these two aroma compounds.     

Diacetyl production by different strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var. diacetylactis and Leuconostoc spp.

Summary Several strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var. diacetylactis and Leuconostoc spp. were compared for product formation from citrate in milk cultures. Most strains produced acetoin and butanediol. Some strains derived from buffer starter cultures produced, in addition, -acetolactate. Lactococcus lactis strain C17, which produced acetoin and butanediol but no -acetolactate in culture, was compared physiologically with L. lactis strain Ru4, which produced only -acetolactate. Activities of enzymes involved in citrate metabolism were almost identical in both strains, with the exception of -acetolactate decarboxylase, which was missing in strain Ru4. The formation of -acetolactate, acetoin and diacetyl was further analysed in cell-free extracts. -Acetolactate synthase activity saturated at a high pyruvate concentration (100 mm). This is in agreement with the observed accumulation of pyruvate externally, and probably internally, during -acetolactate, acetoin and butanediol production by L. lactis cells.Correspondence to: J. Hugenholtz     

Diacetyl production by co-immobilized citrate-positiveLactococcus lactis subsp.lactis 3022 and homogenized bovin liver in alginate fibers with double gel layers

Summary Diacetyl production by (Citr⁺)Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis 3022 cells immobilized in Ca-alginate fine fibers with single layer in the presence of catalase was three times higher than that in the absence of catalase. A co-immobilized culture system of the lactic acid bacterial cells (outer) and the homogenized bovine liver (inner layer) in Ca-alginate fibers with double gel layers was developed. The culture system gave high diacetyl productivity (30 mg/l) for ten repeated batch cultures.     

Differences between Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei 2206 and Citrate-Positive Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 3022 in the Characteristics of Diacetyl Production

Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei 2206 exhibited much lower levels of diacetyl reductase activity than Citr⁺Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 3022 but two-, three-, and more than eightfold-higher levels of diacetyl synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, and NADH oxidase activities, respectively. A requirement for metal ions by the diacetyl synthases in both species was observed. The extracts of strain 2206 but not strain 3022 produced more diacetyl from pyruvate when the reaction for diacetyl synthase was aerated than when it was conducted statically.     

Cloning, expression, and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in production of lactococcin DR, a bacteriocin from lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.

The partial nucleotide sequence of a Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ADRIA 85LO30 bacteriocin-producing operon was determined. The first two open reading frames of the operon are necessary to get bacteriocin expression in L. lactis IL1403R.