冀东滨海稻区水稻毛眼水蝇的生物学初报

通过鉴定证实冀东滨海稻区稻的主要寄虫潜叶蝇种类应为稻叶毛眼水蝇Hydrellia sinica FanetXia,而非一直沿用的小灰毛眼水蝇H.griseola(Fall啨n)。该虫以1～2代幼虫在水稻生育前期潜叶危害水稻;适当推迟水稻播种和插秧期、浅水灌溉及喷施乐果和阿维菌素等杀虫剂可有效防治该虫。     

湖南滨湖区水稻害虫发生动态

本文记述了1961年在湖南滨湖区水稻生长季节中每五日调查稻虫的结果。 查明该地区共有水稻害虫46种。田间虫口密度大小因稻田类型和季节的不同而异, 早稻田和中稻田有7种害虫数量较大, 一季晚稻田有9种, 双季晚稻田有4种。 全年内各种主要稻虫种群数量高峰出现的时间、次数、以及峰态的高低均有不同。种群数量较大的害虫, 依其高峰期出现的迟早顺序, 有稻象虫、稻蝗、二化螟、褐稻虱、黑尾叶蝉、稻苞虫、三化螟和粉白飞虱等。 在不同历史条件的稻田里, 稻虫群体组成及数量互有差异。老稻田稻虫种类较复杂, 主要稻虫虫口密度较高。新开稻田稻虫种类较少(如颤蚓、三化螟等), 而叶蝉和飞虱等较多。 分析了稻田历史条件、稻由生物学特性、还及气候和食料条件, 对于稻虫群体组成及种群数量变动的影响。     

稻棘缘蝽生物学特性观察

稻棘缘蝽CletuspunctigerDallas分布范围很广,局部危害水稻较重。原来在安徽省广德县危害水稻的蝽类主要是稻褐蝽,但近年来,稻棘缘蝽危害早稻趋势加重,甚至超过稻褐蝽,两种蝽象复合危害损失达到10％～15％,最高达20％。目前,关于稻棘缘蝽的研究报道不多,许多问题尚待进一步研奖。1988、1989、1991年,笔者就稻棘缘蝽生物学特性进行了较详细的观察研究,现报道如下。1材料和方法1．1室外纱罩饲养纱罩规格有2×2×2m3和30×30×50cm3两种,前者用来观察活动规律、危害特点、越冬、世代发生期、产卵选择和取食选择;后者用于观察雌虫…     

稻纵卷叶螟的食叶面积和水稻不同品种的叶面积测定

<正> 稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medimalis Gue-nee是我国水稻的主要害虫之一。大发生年份水稻植株功能叶被害,全田一片枯白,尤其在孕穗期受害,造成不能抽穗或穗虽抽出,但空壳率     

长绿飞虱研究初报

<正> 长绿飞虱Saccharosydne procerus(Matsum-ura)是危害水稻的飞虱种类之一,属同翅目飞虱科长飞虱属。在我国大部分稻区都有分布。关于此虫的生活习性、主要寄主问题,还没有人进行过详细的研究。为此,我们从1974年起对其在本地的生活习性、主要寄主等问题进行了一些调查研究,现将结果分述于后。     

金斑夜蛾的研究

为害水稻的金翅夜蛾在赣榆县有三个虫种,即金斑夜蛾(Chrysaspidia festucae L.)、稻金斑夜蛾(C.festata G.)各C.major W.,以第一种发生较多。本文着重报道该虫在赣榆的发生和危害情况。其幼虫主要危害水稻和小麦,并取食稗草、看麦娘等禾本科杂草,以及莎草科和香蒲科植物,每年发生4代,以低龄幼虫在麦田越冬,来年以第一代为害水稻最重。 造成本地大发生的原因有三:1.连续数年夏季没有酷暑;2.越冬代蛾量基数大;3.有丰富的紫云英和苕子等蜜源植物。1976年第一代幼虫大发生,就是同时具备上述三个条件造成的。 探讨了测报途径和方法。     

陕西省蝗虫的研究——稻蝗属(Oxya Serville,1831)

稻蝗属(Oxya Serville,1831)是蝗科中的一个中等大的属,已知的种类近40种,分布于亚洲和非洲等地区。在我国已知17种以上,几乎遍及所有产稻地区,为水稻的大害虫,严重地影响水稻的产量。陕西省过去记录仅二种。作者于1963年曾记载六种(郑、梁,1963),其中有一种当时未能定名。近年来将过去所采的标本重新进行整理,认为以前未能定名者为一新种,定名为西安稻蝗Oxya sianensis。     

介绍一种水稻危险性害虫——稻水象

<正> 稻水象Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kusc-hel是我国农业部1986年新增订的进口植物的检疫对象。此虫是美国重要水稻害虫之一,1976年传入日本,造成严重的危害。此虫可通过多种途径传播,因此必须引起我国水稻种植区广大植检、植保工作者的高度警惕,加强植物检疫工作,以防止其传入蔓延,造成严重后果。 稻水象属于鞘翅目象虫科水象亚科Bagi-nae,原产美国东部原野和山林中,在密西西比河流域栽培水稻后,成为美国重要水稻害虫,并在其它水稻种植区急剧扩散。1976年传入日本后,已造成严重危害。日本资料称,此虫1976     

稻赤斑黑沬虫(Callitettix versicolor Fabr.)的研究

一、前言 稻赤斑黑沫虫俗名雷火虫、花腰干虫、花壳虫、火蚊子等。属同翅目、沫蝉科(Cercopidae),是水稻重要害虫之一。作者于1951—1953年分别在四川省北碚、合川、长寿等地进行稻赤斑黑沫虫生活习性观察和防治试验。兹将三年来的研究结果,整理如下、供防治参考。 据调查,稻赤斑黑沫虫的寄主植物有水稻、玉米、高粱、甘蔗和丝毛草等,其中以为害水稻最重。四川省的江北、巴县、壁山、重庆、合川、邻水、垫江、大竹、长寿、涪陵、江津、长宁、奉节、蓬安、武胜、广安、铜梁、彭水、黔江、武隆、酉阳、泸县等县市;云南省的石屏、开远、富     

荧光物示踪检测主要稻虫对水稻危害程度的初步研究

首次采用荧光物质示踪技术对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫、黑尾叶蝉、白背飞虱、褐飞虱等主要稻虫在水稻的秧茵、分蘖、壮苞3个不同生育期的危害程度进行了定量分析。结果表明：在所施荧光示踪物质6种质量浓度15,10,5,1,0.5,0.1mg/L中,所测稻虫荧光物含量（μg）／鲜质量（g）在15,0.5,0.1mg/L下有显著较高的数值,与水稻荧光和吸收曲线相符,4种稻虫在水稻3个生育期的荧光示踪摄食量比较发现,稻给卷叶螟幼虫与黑尾叶蝉荧光示踪摄食量分蘖期显著高于秧苗期;壮苞期的褐飞虱显著高于分蘖期的白背飞虱。在水稻秧苗期,稻纵卷叶螟幼虫蒌光示踪摄食量显著高于黑尾叶蝉;分蘖期稻纵卷叶螟幼虫与白背飞虱,黑尾叶蝉与白背飞虱荧光示踪摄食量均有显著差异,而稻纵卷叶螟幼虫与黑尾叶蝉的摄食量差异不显著,其大小顺序依次为稻纵卷叶螟幼虫,黑尾叶蝉,白背飞虱。     

Transgenic rice plants with a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis were highly resistant to eight lepidopteran rice pest species

To fully explore the resistance potential of transgenic rice produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, an elite line KMD1 was assessed for its resistance to eight lepidopteran rice pest species. KMD1 contained a synthetic cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis under the control of a maize ubiquitin promoter. It was derived from a commercial japonica Chinese rice variety Xiushui 11, and bred true for both agronomic traits and a cry1Ab gene when the bioassays were done in 1998 in the R₅ generation. The eight lepidopteran pest species were: four Pyralidae species: Chilo suppressalis (striped stem borer, SSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (yellow stem borer, YSB), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (leaf folder), Herpitogramma licarisalis; two Noctuidae: Sesamia inferens (pink stem borer, PSB) and Naranga anescens; one Stayridae: Mycalesis gotama; and one Hesperiidae, Parnara guttata. In laboratory bioassays, 100% mortality was observed in all insect species when their newly hatched or third-instar larvae were fed KMD1 leaf tissues, whereas only 9.65% of the neonates and none of the third-instar larvae died when fed the leaf tissues of non-transgenic control. Moreover, the leaf area of control tissues consumed in four days by stem borers was 20 to 40 times higher than that of KMD1 tissues, and the area of control tissues eaten by leaf-feeding species was 120 to 180 times greater than that of the transgenic tissues. Under natural infestation, no KMD1 plant was visibly damaged by the SSB, YSB and leaf folder in field evaluation. On the other hand, 80, 9.3 and 88.7% of control plants were injured by SSB, YSB, and leaf folder, respectively. These data disclosed that the transgenic line was highly resistant to a broad spectrum of lepidopteran insect species and could be useful in insect resistance breeding programs.     

三化螟种群系统的最优管理决策

以三化螟Tryporyza invertulas(Walker)种群动态模型和水稻产量损失预测模型为基础,根据水稻插植期、品种抗性,保护利用自然天敌和杀虫剂多次使用等控制措施以及它们的各种不同组合对该虫种群动态、水稻产量损失串和净收益的影响,以净收益最大为目标函数,研究三化螟种群的最优管理决策。其中,对昆虫种群动态模拟方法作了一点改进,它综合了前人所提出的种群动态模型的优点。建立的系统模型能够提供包括农业防治、生物防治和化学防治措施在内的、对三化螟种群实施有效管理的最优决策方案。     

Field performance of transgenic elite commercial hybrid rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin

Here we describe development of transgenic elite rice lines expressing a Bt fusion gene derived from cryIA(b) and cryIA(c) under the control of rice actinI promoter. The lines used in the study were indica CMS restorer line of Minghui 63 and its derived hybrid rice Shanyou 63. The level of Bt fusion protein CryIA(b)/CryIA(c) detected in Minghui 63 (T51-1) plants was 20 ng/mg soluble protein. The Bt Shanyou 63 was field-tested in natural and repeated heavy manual infestation of two lepidopteran insects, leaffolder and yellow stem borer. The transgenic hybrid plants showed high protection against both insect pests without reduced yield.     

Transgenic strategies for genetic improvement of Basmati rice

Transgenic approach offers an attractive alternative to conventional techniques for the genetic improvement of Basmati rice because they enable the introduction of one or more genes into a leading cultivar without affecting its genetic background. During the last ten years, a rapid progress has been made towards the development of transformation methods in rice. Several transformation methods including Agrobacterium, biolistic, and DNA uptake by protoplasts, have been employed to produce transgenic rice. An array of useful genes is now available and many of these have already been transferred in rice to improve the resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. In Basmati rice, a beginning has already been made regarding the development of tissue culture protocols, transformation methods and production of useful transgenic plants. The application and future prospects of transformation technology to engineer the resistance against insect pests (stem borer, leaf folder, brown plant hopper, gall midge), fungal diseases (blast, bakanae/foot, rot), bacterial diseases (bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight), abiotic stresses (salinity and drought) and improved nutritional quality (accumulation of provitamin A and essential amino acids in endosperm) in Basmati rice, have been addressed.     

我国稻螟灾害的现状及损失估计

我国稻螟为害的确切记载始于 1 0 2 2年。 2 0世纪 5 0年代中期以前 ,以二化螟Chilosuppressalis(Walker)为害为主。此后十几年中 ,三化螟Tryporyzaincertulas(Walker)普遍大发生。 70年代 ,我国螟害轻微。 1 993年 ,二化螟急剧回升 ,三化螟也随之回升。 1 996年 2种稻螟大发生 ,此后连年暴发成灾。目前我国螟灾的主要特点是虫口密度高、受害范围广、受害程度重、持续时间长、经济损失大。首要螟灾区是沿江稻区 ,二化螟和三化螟分别约占 2 3和 1 3。全国年发面积约 1 5 0 0万hm2 ,防治约 3 80 0万hm2 次。该文首次估计年防治代价约 45 7～ 60亿元 ,残虫造成作物损失近 65亿元 ,总经济损失约 1 1 5亿元。由此可见 ,当前稻螟已取代稻飞虱、棉铃虫成为影响我国国计民生的头号害虫。     

Effective control of yellow stem borer and rice leaf folder in transgenic rice indica varieties Basmati 370 and M 7 using the novel δ-endotoxin cry2A Bacillus thuringiensis gene

Transgenic rice indica varieties Basmati 370 and M 7 expressing the novel cry2A (Bt) insecticidal gene were generated by particle bombardment. Molecular and biochemical analyses in R0 and R1 populations confirmed stable integration and expression of this novel Bt transgene. We estimated that the gene product was expressed up to 5% of total leaf protein. Insect feeding bioassays demonstrated that the Cry2A protein was effective against the yellow stem borer and the rice leaf folder, two major rice pests in the Indian Subcontinent. This is the first report of the control of major rice pests using this specific Bt gene. The cry2A gene can now be used in combination with other insecticidal genes for pyramiding resistance against insect pests. This will delay, or perhaps in combination with integrated pest management practices, prevent evolution of insect populations resistant to single insecticidal genes.     

Antixenosis and Antibiosis Resistance in Rice Cultivars against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chilo suppressalis</Emphasis> (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an important pest afflicting rice in most rice-growing countries in the world. Deliniating the categories of resistance in rice genotypes under field conditions could be helpful in managment of this pest. Two categories of resistance, antixenosis and antibiosis, were examined in ten popular and diverse rice genotypes of different origin that had been selected for their resistance to the striped stem borer in a previous study. Significant differences were found between genotypes for the number of egg masses, number of eggs, preference index, larval and pupal weight, larval development time, larval survival rate, larval mine length, and leaf trichome density. It was found that the rice genotypes Novator, A7801, and Nemat had the more pronounced antixenosis-type resistance, whereas AB1 and Shirodi had better antiobiosis-type resistance. Interestingly, the rice genotype AN-74 for which Nemat is the parental line showed both types of resistance and could be effectively used in an integrated pest management of the rice striped stem borer.     

水稻三种主要害虫复合为害损失的研究

三化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱类是南方水稻的主要害虫,常在水稻生长中后期同时造成为害。网室接虫试验表明：水稻产量损失率与三种害虫的密度呈线性关系,回归方程式为：y＝0．0870＋032431x1＋0．5075x2＋0．1583x3。文中对多种病虫复合为害损失预测模型的一般形式及复合防治指标的应用进行了讨论。     

蔬菜害虫防治技术的发展与应用

<正> 我国幅员广、气候差异大、蔬菜品种多、茬口复杂、其害虫种类已达300多种,重要的有40余种。其发生情况常因蔬菜品种、栽培制度、气候类型不同而异。其     

Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) Breeding among Hassawi Landrace and Egyptian Genotypes for Stem Borer (<i>Chilo agamemnon</i> Bles.) Resistance and Related Quantitative Traits

Rice stem borer (Chilo agamemnon Bles.) is a primary insect pest of rice and is a major limiting factor to rice production. Breeding for insect-resistant crop varieties has been an economic way of integrated pest management (IPM) as it offers a viable and ecologically acceptable approach. This study was aimed to evaluate rice genotypes for their resistance against rice stem borer. Seven parental genotypes with twenty one F1 crosses were evaluated for genotypic variation in field experiments. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for the studied traits in almost all crosses and parents. In addition, the mean squares of parents versus their crosses were signifi- cant for stem borer resistance and other associated traits. Moreover, both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were highly significant for all characters studied in the F1 generation. Based on GCA, 4 genotypes (Sakha101, Gz6903-3-4-2-1, Gz9577-4-1-1 and Hassawi) exhibited highly significant negative values for stem borer resistance (–0.53, –1.06, –0.18 and –0.49, respectively) indicating they are the best combiners for stem borer resistance. Based on SCA analysis, nine cross combinations showed highly significant negative effects for stem borer resistance. Similarly, the cross Giza178 Hassawi was the best combination with significantly highest value for early maturity. In addition, seven crosses showed highly significant negative SCA for plant height trait. On the other hand, for panicle length, number of primary branches/panicle, panicle weight and 1000-grain weight, seven, four, eight and six crosses showed highly significant positive SCA, respectively. The result further revealed that the non-additive dominance genetic variance was higher than the additive variance for all evaluated traits indicating that non-additive genetic variances have a role in their inheritance. The broad-sense heritability estimates were high for all the studied traits. The stem borer resistance was significantly correlated with panicle weight and 1000-grain weight, which also showed a highly significant correlation with grain yield/plant. Thus these traits can be effectively employed in a breeding program to confer resistance against stem borer infestation in rice. It was further supported by biplot analysis, which clustered these potentially important traits into two quadrants showing their importance in any future breeding program to control stem borer infestation. This study has contributed valuable information for evaluation of genetic diversity in the local rice germplasm and its utilization in futuristic rice genetic improvement programs.