西藏双须叶须鱼性腺发育的组织学观察

为丰富双须叶须鱼 (Ptychobarbus dipogon) 繁殖生物学,实验采用常规的石蜡切片及HE染色方法,对西藏双须叶须鱼的性腺发育及组织结构特征进行了研究,对双须叶须鱼人工繁殖成功具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:双须叶须鱼卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时期,其卵巢发育可分为6个时期,在第Ⅴ期卵巢中,小卵和大卵数量比例为1.38 鲶1,存在败育现象。雌性卵母细胞在第3时相卵黄颗粒和滤泡;第4时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒数量迅速增多,细胞核向动物极移动;第5时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,卵细胞与滤泡膜分离并游离于卵巢腔中。双须叶须鱼精巢为小叶型,其生殖细胞可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子,其精巢发育也分为6个时期。双须叶须鱼属于分批同步产卵鱼类。     

西藏双须叶须鱼性腺发育的组织学观察（英文）

为丰富双须叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon)繁殖生物学,实验采用常规的石蜡切片及HE染色方法,对西藏双须叶须鱼的性腺发育及组织结构特征进行了研究,对双须叶须鱼人工繁殖成功具有重要的理论意义。结果表明:双须叶须鱼卵母细胞发育过程可分为5个时期,其卵巢发育可分为6个时期,在第Ⅴ期卵巢中,小卵和大卵数量比例为1.38鲶1,存在败育现象。雌性卵母细胞在第3时相卵黄颗粒和滤泡;第4时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒数量迅速增多,细胞核向动物极移动;第5时相卵母细胞中卵黄颗粒融合成片,卵细胞与滤泡膜分离并游离于卵巢腔中。双须叶须鱼精巢为小叶型,其生殖细胞可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子,其精巢发育也分为6个时期。双须叶须鱼属于分批同步产卵鱼类。     

青海湖裸鲤性腺发育的组织学研究

采用石蜡组织切片法,对青海湖裸鲤的性腺发育进行组织学研究,系统地描述了各期卵巢和精巢的形态结构、特征及变化。结果表明:(1)青海湖裸鲤性腺的发育可分为六个时期,卵母细胞从第3时相发育到第4时相基本同步。第Ⅳ期末卵巢,第4时相卵母细胞的卵径大小比较整齐,卵径平均值为2.3mm,第4时相卵母细胞占切面上卵数的85%以上,占切片面积的96%以上,第2、3时相卵母细胞已很少;(2)产后卵巢的组织结构逐步由第Ⅵ期回复到第Ⅱ期,再由第Ⅱ期到第Ⅲ期向第Ⅳ期过渡;(3)性成熟个体有68.12%的雌鱼和83.9%的雄鱼以第Ⅳ期性腺越冬,另有21.01%的雌鱼和10.7%的雄鱼以第Ⅲ期性腺越冬,还有10.87%的雌鱼和5.4%的雄鱼以第Ⅱ期性腺越冬。根据青海湖裸鲤各季节性腺发育情况,作者认为青海湖裸鲤已达到性成熟的个体并不是每年都参与繁殖活动,存在生殖间断性。这反映了青海湖裸鲤的繁殖习性对高原寒冷多变气候的适应性。还对卵黄核和核仁在卵黄形成中的作用以及青海湖裸鲤的产卵类型和生殖间断性进行了讨论。     

青鱼性腺发育的研究

湖南地区生长于池塘环境的青鱼,性成熟年龄是5—6年,雄性比雌性普遍地早熟一年。卵母细胞和滤泡细胞是同源的,都来自于卵原细胞。池养青鱼的卵母细胞只能发育到初级卵母细胞阶段(Ⅳ时相),必须通过人工催情,才能进行染色体的减数分裂,使卵母细胞由第Ⅳ时相发育到第Ⅴ时相。精细胞的发生,能够完成由精原细胞到精子的全部发育过程。青鱼在第一次性周期内,雄性精巢在第5个冬季进入第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢在第6个冬季进入第Ⅲ期,从此以后,每年冬季,雄性精巢回复到第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢回复到第Ⅲ期,这种性腺季节周期变化的规律,为生产上选留亲鱼提供了理论依据。青鱼雌性卵母细胞由第Ⅲ时相到第Ⅳ时相是同步性的;经人工催情产卵或自然退化后,卵巢的组织学结构又回复到第Ⅱ期,证明青鱼是一次产卵类型。已经达到性成熟年龄的雌性青鱼,卵母细胞的卵黄形成有两种不同的类型。第一种类型是泡内卵黄,第二种类型是泡外卵黄。如果饲养管理工作如投饵、水质调节不适宜,卵母细胞不能正常形成卵黄,就会出现卵子的败育现象,这是生产上一个重要问题,必须进一步研究。       

鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究 Ⅲ.鳗鲡性腺发育组织学和细胞学研究

鳗鲡精巢发育可划分为6个时期,即精原细胞前增殖期,精原细胞后增殖期,精母细胞生长、成熟期,精子开始出现期,精子完全成熟期和精子退化吸收期。卵细胞的发育可划分为6个时相,即卵原细胞时相,卵母细胞单层滤泡时相,卵母细胞出现脂肪泡时相,卵母细胞卵黄充满时相,卵母细胞核极化时相和卵母细胞退化时相。以卵细胞发育6个时相在卵巢中组成的差异,也可把卵巢划分为相应的6个时期。对鳗鲡性腺发育的分期,卵黄积累方式,产卵类型等问题进行了讨论。       

青鱼性腺发育的研究

湖南地区生长于池塘环境的青鱼,性成熟年龄是5—6年,雄性比雌性普遍地早熟一年。卵母细胞和滤泡细胞是同源的,都来自于卵原细胞。池养青鱼的卵母细胞只能发育到初级卵母细胞阶段(Ⅳ时相),必须通过人工催情,才能进行染色体的减数分裂,使卵母细胞由第Ⅳ时相发育到第Ⅴ时相。精细胞的发生,能够完成由精原细胞到精子的全部发育过程。青鱼在第一次性周期内,雄性精巢在第5个冬季进入第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢在第6个冬季进入第Ⅲ期,从此以后,每年冬季,雄性精巢回复到第Ⅳ期,雌性卵巢回复到第Ⅲ期,这种性腺季节周期变化的规律,为生产上选留亲鱼提供了理论依据。青鱼雌性卵母细胞由第Ⅲ时相到第Ⅳ时相是同步性的;经人工催情产卵或自然退化后,卵巢的组织学结构又回复到第Ⅱ期,证明青鱼是一次产卵类型。已经达到性成熟年龄的雌性青鱼,卵母细胞的卵黄形成有两种不同的类型。第一种类型是泡内卵黄,第二种类型是泡外卵黄。如果饲养管理工作如投饵、水质调节不适宜,卵母细胞不能正常形成卵黄,就会出现卵子的败育现象,这是生产上一个重要问题,必须进一步研究。     

鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究——Ⅲ．鳗鲡性腺发育组织学和细胞学研究

鳗鲡精巢发育可划分为6个时期,即精原细胞前增殖期,精原细胞后增殖期,精母细胞生长、成熟期,精子开始出现期,精子完全成熟期和精子退化吸收期。卵细胞的发育可划分为6个时相,即卵原细胞时相,卵母细胞单层滤泡时相,卵母细胞出现脂肪泡时相,卵母细胞卵黄充满时相,卵母细胞核极化时相和卵母细胞退化时相。以卵细胞发育6个时相在卵巢中组成的差异,也可把卵巢划分为相应的6个时期。对鳗鲡性腺发育的分期,卵黄积累方式,产卵类型等问题进行了讨论。     

纳木错裸鲤性腺发育的组织学研究

采用常规的组织切片方法,对西藏特有鱼类纳木错裸鲤的性腺发育进行了组织学研究,系统地描述了各期精巢和卵巢的形态结构、特征及其变化.尤其论述了其卵巢中卵细胞的卵黄核破碎与分解的特点、卵膜的结构、核仁排出物在卵黄形成过程中的作用,以及卵粒重吸收的过程.根据各期卵巢中卵母细胞的组成情况,认为纳木错裸鲤已达性成熟的个体并不是每年都参与繁殖活动是对高原极端、多变气候环境的一种生态适应;阐明了纳木错裸鲤属于分批同步产卵鱼类.       

九孔鲍卵子发生及卵巢发育的组织学观察

采用组织学方法研究了九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)的卵子发生、卵巢结构及其发育.根据卵细胞的大小、形状,核仁的形态,卵黄颗粒的积累情况,滤泡的结构等.将九孔鲍卵子的发生分为卵原细胞、卵黄发生前的卵母细胞和卵黄发生期的卵母细胞3个时期;卵巢壁由外膜及内生殖上皮构成,生殖上皮分化产生卵原细胞和滤泡细胞;卵巢的结构单位是滤泡.根据卵巢的外部形态和内部组织结构,将九孔鲍的卵巢发育分为休止期、增殖期、生长期、成熟期和排放期共5期.     

剑尾鱼卵子发生的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对卵胎生硬骨鱼类剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)卵巢的组织结构进行了观察。结果显示,剑尾鱼卵子的发育过程可划分为6个时相。Ⅰ时相的卵母细胞呈原始分化状态,细胞外具一层细胞质膜。Ⅱ时相卵母细胞外不仅具有质膜,而且还包绕一层滤泡细胞。Ⅲ时相和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞分化明显,胞质内开始积累脂滴和卵黄颗粒。Ⅴ时相为成熟卵子,卵子的卵膜极薄,胞质内含有丰富的脂滴和卵黄。Ⅵ时相卵母细胞进入退化期,滤泡细胞从卵周向中央突入,卵黄被完全吸收,滤泡细胞自身也变得肥大。结果表明,剑尾鱼卵巢中卵母细胞的发育是不同步的。     

Distributional records of Tor mahseer Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822) from Southern India

During exploratory surveys in the tributaries (Penganga and Satnala) of Godavari and (Bheema) Krishna basins, specimens of mahseer were collected. The morpho‐meristic characteristics of these specimens conformed to the taxonomic keys for Tor tor. The mitochondrial COI sequences of these specimens clustered with the T. tor specimens from the River Narmada and were distinct from the other mahseer such as T. khudree and T. mussullah, which are known to exist in the rivers of the region. This confirmed the distribution of T. tor in the rivers of peninsular India and indicated an extended distribution of the known range. The major predominating habitat characteristics of collection areas were cobbles mixed with gravel, and a riparian cover of shrubs and trees. The occurrence of fingerling size specimens in the river suggests that the species has adapted and is likely to have established self‐recruiting populations in these rivers.     

Enteropathogenicity of hemolysing El Tor Vibrios

The authors studied the enteropathogenic properties of 11 strains of hemolysing E1 Tor vibrios, of which 8 in enteric administration to suckling rabbits caused no death of the animals, and 3 caused the animal death with the phenomena of diarrhea, but without any typical cholerogenicity syndrome. In case of administration with mucine the pathogenic properties were revealed in 6 strains more. Use of strains grown on media with starch for the infection led, in individual cases, to the manifestation of enteropathogenic properties. Consequently, the strains of hemolysing E1 for vibrios under study should be regarded as weakly virulent, and some--as avirulent ones.     

Tor1 regulates protein solubility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Accumulation of insoluble protein in cells is associated with aging and aging-related diseases; however, the roles of insoluble protein in these processes are uncertain. The nature and impact of changes to protein solubility during normal aging are less well understood. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we identify 480 proteins that become insoluble during postmitotic aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show that this ensemble of insoluble proteins is similar to those that accumulate in aging nematodes. SDS-insoluble protein is present exclusively in a nonquiescent subpopulation of postmitotic cells, indicating an asymmetrical distribution of this protein. In addition, we show that nitrogen starvation of young cells is sufficient to cause accumulation of a similar group of insoluble proteins. Although many of the insoluble proteins identified are known to be autophagic substrates, induction of macroautophagy is not required for insoluble protein formation. However, genetic or chemical inhibition of the Tor1 kinase is sufficient to promote accumulation of insoluble protein. We conclude that target of rapamycin complex 1 regulates accumulation of insoluble proteins via mechanisms acting upstream of macroautophagy. Our data indicate that the accumulation of proteins in an SDS-insoluble state in postmitotic cells represents a novel autophagic cargo preparation process that is regulated by the Tor1 kinase.     

Tor signalling in bugs,brain and brawn

TOR--a highly conserved atypical protein kinase and the 'target of rapamycin', an immunosuppressant and anti-cancer drug--controls cell growth. TOR controls the growth of proliferating yeast, fly and mammalian cells in response to nutrients. Recent findings, however, indicate that TOR also controls the growth of non-proliferating cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. Furthermore, TOR, by associating with regulatory proteins and inhibiting phosphatases, controls the activity of multiphosphorylated effectors.