北方狭口蛙消化道5一羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位

目的探讨北方狭口蛙（Kaloula borealis）消化道5-羟色胺细胞的分布密度规律和形态学特点。方法免疫组织化学SABC法鉴别和定位雌雄各6只北方狭口蛙食管、贲门、胃体、幽门、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和直肠的5-羟色胺细胞。结果5-羟色胺细胞的分布密度高峰位于胃幽门部,胃体和十二指肠其次,贲门最低。开放型和闭合型细胞的比值从食管至直肠呈”V”形分布,胃幽门部为比值的最低点。食管、贲门和肠道各段的5一羟色胺细胞以开放型细胞为主,胃体开放型和闭合型细胞的数量几近相等,胃幽门部以闭合型细胞为主。结论北方狭口蛙消化道5-羟色胺细胞的分布型和形态学特点与其他两栖动物既有相同点,也有自身的独特性,这可能与其食性和善于穴居掘土的生活方式有关。     

北方狭口蛙消化道嗜银细胞的分布与形态

应用Grimelius银染法观察北方狭口蛙消化道嗜银细胞的形态学特点,并统计分析嗜银细胞的分布密度。结果表明,消化道嗜银细胞可分为开放型细胞和闭合型细胞,两者的比值变化范围为0.20～0.49,从食管至直肠都以闭合型细胞为主。分布密度食管和胃体最高,空肠最低。北方狭口蛙消化道嗜银细胞的形态学特点和分布密度有自身的独特性,这可能与其善于穴居掘土的生活习性有关。     

禁食对东方蝾螈胃肠道5-羟色胺细胞形态和分布型的影响

目的 禁食对东方嵘螈(Cynops orientalis)胃肠道5-羟色胺细胞形态学特点和分布密度的影响.方法 SP(streptavidin peroxidase)免疫组织化学方法.结果 喂食组东方蝾螈胃肠道5-羟色胺开放型和闭合型细胞的比值高峰为幽门和十二指肠,直肠其次,其余部位较为接近;禁食组幽门最高,十二指肠其次,贲门、空肠、回肠和直肠最低.禁食组胃体和空肠的比值高于喂食组,回肠低于喂食组,其余部位无组间差异.喂食组幽门和直肠的分布密度最高,胃体最低;禁食后,十二指肠的分布密度最高,贲门和回肠最低.禁食组胃体的分布密度显著高于喂食组,其余部位无组间差异.结论 东方蝾螈可通过胃体、空肠和回肠开放型5-羟色胺细胞数量的调整及胃体分布密度的增加来调节禁食后胃肠道的消化和吸收能力.     

花背蟾蜍消化道5-羟色胺细胞的分布及形态学特征

采用卵白素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物（avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique,ABC）免疫组织化学方法对花背蟾蜍（Bufo raddei）消化道5-羟色胺（5-HT）细胞的分布密度及形态学特征进行了观察。结果显示,5-HT细胞在花背蟾蜍整个消化道中均有分布,食管、贲门、胃体和幽门的分布密度都显著高于肠道各段,胃幽门部密度最高,胃体部其次,直肠部最低。消化道各个部位5-HT开放型和闭合型细胞的比值变化范围为2.48~4.71。消化道各段均以开放型细胞为主,大多呈锥体形、梭形或不规则形,少数为闭合型细胞,呈圆形或椭圆形。花背蟾蜍5-HT细胞的形态学特征与其他两栖动物相似,但分布密度有自身特征,可能与其食性和善于摄取活动性小的食物的生活习性有关。     

赤链蛇消化道5-羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位

应用卵白素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物（avidin—biotin—peroxidase complex,ABC）免疫组织化学方法对赤链蛇消化道5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）细胞的分布密度和形态学特点进行了观察。5-HT在其整个消化道中均有分布,以十二指肠密度最高,胃幽门部其次,食道和胃体最低。在整个消化道中,均可见到呈圆形或椭圆形的闭合型5-HT细胞,且主要分布于食道、胃部和直肠;开放型5-HT细胞呈长梭形、三角形或不规则形,集中分布于小肠各段,在其余消化道各段偶见。本文总结了蛇类消化道5-HT细胞分布型的一般规律,并结合赤链蛇的生活环境和合件．对苴消化谱5-HT细朐的分布密席讲行了讨论。     

黑眶蟾蜍和黑斑蛙消化道5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞的免疫组织化学

对黑眶蟾蜍（Bufo melanostictus）和黑斑蛙（Rana nigromaculata）消化道5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞的形态、分布进行了免疫组织化学定位。5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞在黑眶蟾蜍和黑斑蛙消化道各段中均有分布,分布密度均呈升-降-升-降的波浪式分布特点,二者在幽门部和回肠都有个分布的高峰值。黑眶蟾蜍回肠最高,空肠、幽门部次之,十二指肠、直肠最低;黑斑蛙幽门部最高,回肠、空肠次之,食道、贲门部、直肠最低。5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞位于胃的胃腺上皮、食道及肠的粘膜上皮,有圆形、椭圆形、梭形、楔形等,有的有胞突。文中讨论了5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞分布型的原因及形态与功能的关系。     

两种蛇消化道5-羟色胺细胞的免疫组织化学定位及比较

应用5－羟色胺特异性抗血清,对眼镜蛇和乌梢蛇消化道含5－HT的内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位和比较。5－HT细胞的形态在两种蛇中大致相同,消化道各部位都有呈圆形和长梭形（具胞突）的阳性细胞。食道和胃以圆形细胞为主,肠道段则以长梭形细胞为主。眼镜蛇5－HT细胞以十二指肠密度为最高,食道最低;乌梢蛇以幽门部密度为最高,直肠最低。肠道段两者分布特点相同,从十二指肠至直肠分布密度渐疏。本文还对两种蛇5－HT细胞分布型的原因、形态和功能相适应的特点进行了讨论。     

东方蝾螈消化道5-羟色胺免疫活性细胞的分布与形态学观察,前插2

采用ABC免疫组织化学方法对东方蝾螈Cynops orientalis消化道内5-羟色胺免疫活性内分泌细胞的分布及形态进行观察.结果显示,5-羟色胺(5-HT)细胞从食管到直肠各段均有分布,其中十二指肠的分布密度最高,空肠次之,幽门和直肠部最低.5-HT细胞形态多样呈圆形、锥体形和梭形等,根据其形态认为东方蝾螈消化道5-HT免疫活性细胞具有内分泌、外分泌两种功能.     

白条草蜥消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学

应用6种胃肠激素抗血清和免疫组织化学ABC法(avidin-biotin complex method),对白条草蜥(Takydromus wolteri)消化道内分泌细胞进行了免疫组织化学定位研究和形态学观察。结果表明,5-羟色胺细胞较其他5种内分泌细胞的分布更为广泛,整个消化道中(即从食管到直肠)均有分布,其分布密度高峰位于幽门。食管、回肠和直肠未检测到生长抑素细胞,生长抑素细胞在幽门部分布密度最高,总体来说生长抑素细胞的分布在胃部较高而在小肠部较低。胃泌素细胞和胰多肽细胞分布在小肠,均在十二指肠分布密度最高。胰高血糖素细胞在胃幽门部分布密度最高,十二指肠、空肠次之,回肠分布密度最低。P-物质细胞仅分布于幽门部。6种内分泌细胞以圆形和锥体形为主,它们广泛分布于消化道黏膜之间、腺泡上皮细胞之间及上皮细胞基部。内分泌细胞的密度分布与其食性、食物组成和生活环境有关,它们的形态与其内、外分泌功能是相适应的。     

泽陆蛙消化道组织学观察

采用解剖学和组织学的方法对泽陆蛙消化道各部分的形态和组织学结构进行了观察。泽陆蛙的消化道分为口腔、咽、食道、胃、十二指肠、回肠和大肠。各管壁都由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜组成。食道黏膜层有皱褶和纤毛,无杯状细胞;胃黏膜层有杯状细胞和胃腺,黏膜下层有血管分布;小肠具绒毛、杯状细胞和肠腺,大肠皱褶少,杯状细胞也少。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism