地龙类药用动物的比较鉴别

调查发现我国中药地龙类药用动物主要有14个种,分别隶属于钜蚓科、正蚓科和链胃蚓科4个属。包括参环毛蚓Phereti- ma aspergillum(E Perrier)、通俗环毛蚓Pheretima vulgaris(Chen)、威廉环毛蚓Pheretima guillelmi(Michaelsen)、栉盲环毛蚓Phere- tima pectinifera(Michaelsen)、湖北环毛蚓Pheretima hupeiensis(Michaelsen)、直隶环毛蚓Pheretima tshiliensis(Michaelsen)、白颈环毛蚓Pherctima califomica(Kinberg)、中材环毛蚓Pheretima medioca(Chen et Hsu)、秉前环毛蚓Pheretima pracpinguis(Gates)、秉氏环毛蚓Pheretima carnosa(Goto et Hatai)、异毛环毛蚓Pheretima diffringens(Baird)、赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida(Savigny),背暗异唇蚓Allolbophora caliginosa subsp.trapezoides(Ant.Duges)以及日本杜拉蚓Drawida japonica(Michaelsen)。本文对我国地龙类原动物主要种类进行了分类及形态描述,并编制了检索表和检索图,以供鉴别,为地龙的开发利用提供资料。     

Phylogenetics of some Enchytraeidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta): A preliminary investigation of relationships to the Haplotaxidae

In phylogenetic considerations of the Oligochaeta and the family Enchytraeidae, Propappus has been considered the ancestral or even the archetypal enchytraeid genus. Three nominal species are presently included in Propappus Michaelsen, 1905, P. volki Michaelsen, 1916, P. arhyncotus Sokolskaja, 1972, and the type species of the genus, P. glandulosus Michaelsen, 1905. Examination of type material of P. glandulosus and P. volki, as well as other material of the latter, showed that these species have a single pair of testes in segment XI and a single pair of ovaries in segment XIII. According to current classifications of the Oligochaeta, these species of Propappus cannot be retained in the Enchytraeidae. A phylogenetic analysis including two species of Propappus and 29 species of Haplotaxidae suggest a sister group relationship between Propappus and some Enchytraeidae and Haplotaxidae.     

Redescription of Grania monochaeta (Michaelsen), a Marine Enchytraeid (Oligochaeta) from South Georgia (SW Atlantic)

Enchytraeus monochaetus Michaelsen is redescribed as Grania monochaeta. It is distinguished from other Grania species by two main characters: its morphology of spermathecae, and its setal distribution, the latter being unique within the genus owing to the presence of dorsal setae in preclitellar segments.     

Pyura lignosa (s. s.), a Pacific ascidian from Central America, with descriptions of species confused under this name

New specimens from the Pacific coast of Panama provide the opportunity to redescribe Pyura lignosa Michaelsen, 1908. The status of this species and of three other similar pyurids ( P. vannamei nomen novum, P. cadamostoi sp. nov., and P. shiinoi Tokioka, 1949) is examined, and all four species are identified, described, and compared.     

Christensenia, a new terrestrial enchytraeid genus from Antarctica

Christensenia gen. nov., C. blocki sp. nov., is described from Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, maritime Antarctic. The new species is identical with specimens that Stephenson (1932) determined as Marionina georgiana (Michaelsen, 1888), but differs from the type material of M. georgiana. The species M. georgiana (Michaelsen, 1888) is also placed in the new genus Christensenia, the main characteristics of which are: possession of sigmoid setae, and the presence of large numbers of small, hyaline, stick-like, anucleate lymphocytes. No other types of lymphocyte are observed. Oesophageal appendages and intestinal diverticulae are absent. Dorsal vessel originates in the clitellar region; blood is colourless. The anteseptal part of the nephridium consists of the funnel and a few canals, with the efferent duct arising postero-ventrally. Spermathecae are without diverticulae, entally connecting with the oesophagus. The known distribution of the genus is currently limited to terrestrial habitats in the sub- and maritime Antarctic. Received: 24 June 1996 / Accepted: 20 October 1996     

The species-area relationship of European Lumbricidae (Annelida,Oligochaeta)

Summary Studies throughout Europe reporting species lists of lumbricid earthworms and ranging from 100 m² to >500000 km² are analysed for the regression of species number S on size of area A [km²]. This species-area relation is described by: S=7.9*A ^0.09 (r=0.76).Revised version of a poster presented at the Wilhelm Michaelsen Memorial Symposium (International Symposium on Terrestrial Oligochaeta), Hamburg Sept. 14–18th 1987     

A novel antimicrobial peptide from skin secretions of the earthworm, Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen)

A novel lumbricin-like antimicrobial peptide named lumbricin-PG was isolated from skin secretions of the earthworm, Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen), using a procedure of one step Sephadex G-50 gel filtration and one step C₈ reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its amino acid sequence was determined as FSRYARMRDSRPWSDRKNNYSGPQFTYPPEKAPPEKLIKWNN EGSPIFEMPAEGGHIEP by Edman degradation combined with cDNA cloning and mass spectrometry analysis. The cDNA encoding lumbricin-PG was cloned by cDNA library screening. The predicted protein from the cDNA sequence was composed of 73 amino acid residues including a mature lumbricin-PG and predicted signal peptide. It showed similarity with lumbricin antimicrobial peptide from the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus by BLAST search. Purified lumbricin-PG exerted potential antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi; it showed weak hemolysis activity against human and rabbit red cells.     

Vermiconversion of paper waste by earthworm born and grown in the waste-fed reactors compared to the pioneers raised to adulthood on cowdung feed

The performance of four species of earthworm--Eudrilus eugeniae, Kinberg, Drawida willsi Michaelsen, Lampito mauritii, Kinberg and Perionyx excavatus, Perrier--born and grown in vermireactors fed with paper waste was studied over six months, in terms of vermicast output per unit feed, production of offspring, and increase in worm zoomass. These were compared with the performance of the previous generation which had been raised to adulthood on cowdung as principal feed before shifting them to vermireactors operating on cowdung-spiked paper waste. The results indicated that except with D. willsi of which the second generation performed only a shade better than the first, there was significant improvement in vermicast output, animal growth, and reproduction in the second generation compared to the first. The results indicated that cowdung-spiked paper waste can be an adequate food for successive generations of earthworms and that reactors can be operated indefinitely on this feed. The results also indicated that the earthworm generations born and raised in vermireactors operated on this feed become better vermiconverters of this feed than the parent earthworms.     

Martiodrilus olivaceous and M. panamensis, new earthworms from Colombia and Panama (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae)

Two large (500-700 mm) species of Martiodrilus Michaelsen, 1937 are described from central Panama and southern Colombia. Both have polystomate nephridia, some reduced head segments, and complex folded typhlosoles. The first two conditions arc known from M. crassus Rosa 1896 and Thamnodriloides yunkeri Gates 1968. The systematic importance of polystomate nephridia and segment loss cannot be resolved without further information. Segment loss is common and variable within other glossoscoleeid genera. The two species differ as follows, the characteristics of M. olivaceous given first: tubercula pubertatis in xvii-xxv vs xviii-xxiv; small blood vessels parallel to the commissures and connected to the calciferous glands in vii-ix vs lacking these vessels; dorsal trunk ending in v vs ending in vii; intestinal nephridia with 40-50 nephrostomes vs 20-30; peptonephridia all stomate vs peptonephridia astomate in iv-vii; genital setae with 11 gouges in each of three rows, gouges ending 75 microns from tip vs 9 or 10 gouges per row, ending 200 microns from tip; spermathecae 1-4 pairs per segment each with its own duct vs 2 pairs per segment, the two of a side sharing a common duct.     

Population dynamics of Potamothrix alatus paravanicus Poddubnaya & Pataridze (Tubificidae) in different areas of Lake Sevan

Potamothrix alatus paravanicus Poddubnaya & Pataridze (Tubificidae) is the most abundant species of benthic invertebrate in Lake Sevan and the only species in the deep profundal. Differences in annual temperature, length of the stratification period (low oxygen content) and bottom sediment characteristics influence the population of P. a. paravanicus in different depth zones of Lake Sevan. From shallow to deep water a regular increase of the following indices was observed in 1984–1987: annual biomass from 1.2–2.0 to 8.2–17.0 g m^–2 wet weight; mean individual wet weight of clitellate specimens from 2.0–3.8 to 8.3–16.6 mg; total life span from one and a half to more than 20 years; the length of breeding season from 2–3 to 12 months.An important ecological distinction between P. a. paravanicus and allied Potamothrix hammoniensis (Michaelsen) is the much lower fecundity of the former species.     

A revision of the Australian earthworm genus Woodwardiella with descriptions of two new genera (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta)

The genus Woodwardiella Stephenson, 1925, from which oriental species were excluded by Gates (1938, 1939, 1960), is further restricted to include only five south-western Australian species, a Tasmanian species and provisionally, as species inquirenda , the Victorian W. healesi (Michaelsen, 1923) and a further Tasmanian species, W. mortoni Spencer, 1895.
Twelve species originally assignable to Woodwardiella , of which one is reduced to a junior synonym, constitute a new genus, Heteroporodrilus , known only from the southeastern portion of the Australian mainland.
Woodwardiella punctatus (Spencer, 1900) is shown to be a junior synonym of the sympatric Victorian W. smithi (Fletcher, 1889a) which is placed in the new monotypic genus Pseudoperichaeta.
Plutellus manifestus (Fletcher, 1889), which has tubular prostates and belongs to the family Acanthodrilidae s. Gates, shows close affinities with Heteroporodrilus which is referable to the family Megascolecidae s. Gates, characterized by racemose prostates. Variation in the form of the prostates can no longer be accorded even subfamilial significance and Plutellus is transferred to the subfamily Megascolecinae. Close morphological similarity demonstrated between P. manifestus and P. heteroporus Perrier, 1873, the type species of the genus, suggests a basis for restriction of the heterogeneous assemblage known as Plutellus.
Diporochaeta davallia Spencer, 1900, has close affinities with Pseudoperichaeta and, like this genus, has tufted meronephridia anteriorly.     

The feeding ecology of the African lily trotter Actophilornis africanus (Gmelin) at Lake Naivasha, Kenya

The only feeding habitats available to African lily trotters, Actophilornis africanus (Gmelin), at Lake Naivasha are mats of the alien water fern, Salvinia molesta Mitch. This has replaced the native floating leaved water lily beds. Lily trotters were able to use these mats, taking invertebrate food items from the surface or turning plants over and pecking at the rootlets. Pecking rates and turning rates responded to the nature of the available food, with pecking rates high and turning rates low when terrestrial arthropods were found on the mat surface. Both pecking rates and turning rates were low when large aquatic food items, such as the swamp worm (Alma emeni Michaelsen), were available. Pecking rates and turning rates were both high when the predominant food items were aquatic insect larvae. The largest of these (hydrophilid larvae) were taken in preference to the smaller but commoner chironomid larvae. Colonization of the mats of S. molesta by invertebrates was low if the mats were affected by wind action but higher if they were constrained by enclosure or stranding; mats with higher invertebrate densities supported more feeding lily trotters.     

Comparative ultrastructural study of the cuticle and spermatozoa in Propappus volki Michaelsen, 1916 (Annelida: Clitellata)

The ultrastructure of the cuticle and mature spermatozoa of the oligochaete Propappus volki Michaelsen, 1916 is described with the aim of providing additional data for clarifying the systematic position of the taxon. P. volki is a fresh-water species living in streams, and is easily recognized by its proboscis on the pre-segmental prostomium and, in mature specimens, by a clitellum covering the segments XII–XIV. The cuticle is composed of a proximal fibre zone and a distal layered epicuticle covered with membrane-bound epicuticular projections. The fibre zone consists of collagenous fibres in a matrix, arranged in either densely packed parallel layers with the fibres oriented in the same direction, or with more loosely distributed fibres, although with the same main orientation. The epicuticular projections are pyramidal with the base leaning on the outer surface of the epicuticle. The cuticle covering the proboscis differs in morphology from that of the rest of the worm; the fibre zone is composed of thin and short fibrils running in all directions, and the epicuticular projections are longer and more narrow than the projections in other regions of the worm.

The spermatozoa are filiform cells formed, in sequence, by an acrosome, an elongated nucleus, a long midpiece, and a flagellum. The acrosomal tube is short and straight with a completely external acrosomal vesicle. Following the acrosome is a apically corkscrew-shaped and basally straight nucleus. The midpiece is twisted and formed by five mitochondria. The flagellum shows a prominent central sheath arrangement.

A comparison with ultrastructurally described cuticles and spermatozoa from other clitellate species reveals most similarities with enchytraeids.     

Long term functional changes within the Oligochaeta communities within the Danube River Delta,Romania

Within the Danube River delta's lakes the Oligochaeta communities comprise between 7.9% and 36.2% of the total biomass of benthic fauna. Their importance in energy flow at the ecosystem level changed in relation to fast trophic transition of all shallow lakes to the hypertrophic state. The parameters of the energy budget of the dominant populations and the potential production of benthivorous fish species assessed during 1976–1994 interval support this conclusion. P/B ratio, K ₁ and K ₂ coefficients assessed for both the 1976–1980 and 1991–1994 intervals revealed different functional patterns of response of Potamothrix hammoniensis (Michaelsen, 1901) and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Claparede, 1862) to varying trophic conditions. Changes in communities structure, size of the constituent populations and their age distribution, as well as the quantity and quality of food supply and level of hypoxia at the sediment/water interface were the main factors that affected the role of these populations as energy carrier from the huge energy pool represented by sedimented organic carbon to benthivorous fish species.

     

Some new species of Haplotaxidae (Oligochaeta) from Guinea and remarks on the history of the family

Three new species of Haplotaxidae collected by Dr. A. Villiers in a cave near Kindia, Guinea, are described. One species belongs to the genus Metataxis Righi, 1985 (M. carnivorus sp. nov.) which is distributed in Western Africa and Eastern America. Another new species is similar to Lycodrilus kraepelini Michaelsen, 1914 incertae sedis: a new genus Villiersia is proposed for both species (V. guanivora sp. nov., V. kraepelini nov. comb.).A third species, of which only immature specimens are available, is tentatively attributed to the genus Haplotaxis: it is remarkable because of its peculiar setae and commissural vessels (H. villiersi sp. nov.).The three species appear to feed on bat guano and, occasionally, on aquatic arthropods. Metataxis, Tiguassu and Villiersia belong to the section of Haplotaxidae endowed with paired sperm sacs and ovisacs.The relations of Haplotaxidae with other families are discussed and it is suggested that the passage from the haplotaxid condition to that of sparganophilids and more advanced lumbriciforms is connected to a change of reproductive strategy and to an enhanced metabolism.