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1.
The present study was performed to investigate the effects of strenuous exercise and calcium supplementation on cortisol and
adrenocorticotropic hormone levels in athletes at rest and exhaustion. Thirty male athletes, ages 17–21 years, were enrolled
in the 4-week study. They were divided into three groups as follows: group 1 (n = 10): training without supplementation; group 2 (n = 10): training and calcium supplemented, and group 3 (n = 10): calcium supplemented without training. Venous blood samples were obtained for determination of the hormones. One-month
supplementation with calcium does not influence the cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone in athletes, but strenuous exercise
results in a significant increase in their levels with or without supplementation (p < 0.05). 相似文献
2.
The effects of magnesium supplementation on plasma magnesium, zinc, and copper levels were determined in young adult tae-kwon-do
athletes and sedentary controls at rest and exhaustion. After a 4-week supplementation period with 10 mg/day/kg Mg, the plasma
magnesium, copper, and zinc levels significantly increased in sedentary and training (90–120 min training 5 days a week) subjects
when compared to nonsupplemented controls (p < 0.05). 相似文献
3.
Vedat Cinar Rasim Mogulkoc Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci 《Biological trace element research》2010,134(2):130-135
In the present study, experiments were designed to investigate if supplementation with calcium during 4 weeks had an effect
on blood parameters in sedentary male athletes at rest and exhaustion. Thirty healthy subjects of ages ranging from 18 to
22 years were included in the study. The subjects were separated into three groups, as follows: Group 1 consisted sedentary
athletes receiving 35 mg/kg/day calcium gluconate. Group 2 included subjects equally supplemented with calcium training 90 min/day
for 5 days/week. Group 3 were subject to the same exercise regime but did not receive calcium supplements. Blood parameters
were determined in the experimental subjects at rest and after exhaustion. The leukocyte count (WBC) of athletes in groups
2 and 3 were significantly higher at exhaustion (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the WBC of the two supplemented groups. The erythrocyte count (RBC) was
increased in the supplemented athletes after training (p < 0.05), but hemoglobin, hematocrit, and trombocyte levels remained unchanged. The mean corpuscular volume increased in the
calcium-supplemented group at rest (p < 0.05). These results suggest that calcium supplementation only causes increases in white and red blood cell counts in athletes
after exhaustion while other hematological parameters remain unchanged. 相似文献
4.
Vedat Cinar Rasim Mogulkoc Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci Ozgur Bostanci 《Biological trace element research》2010,133(1):29-33
This study was performed to determine how the calcium supplementation for a 4-week period affects the glucose and insulin
levels at rest and at exhaustion in athletes. This is a 4-week study performed on 30 healthy subjects varying between 18 and
22 ages. Subjects were separated into three groups: first group (group supplemented with calcium, sedentary group), second
group (calcium supplementations + exercise group), and third group (training group). Glucose and insulin parameters of the
groups were measured four times, at rest and exhaustion in the beginning of the research and at rest and exhaustion after
the end of 4 weeks application period. Exhaustion measurements both before and after the supplementations significantly decreased
in compared to rest measurements in terms of insulin (p < 0.05). Significant difference was not determined in the glucose values of groups. In terms of glucose, values increased
in all of the three groups occurred with exercise both before and after the supplementation by exercise and exhaustion (p < 0.05). The results of our study indicate that calcium gluconate supplementations for 4 weeks in sedentary subjects and
athletes did not significantly affect plasma insulin levels at rest and exhaustion. However, glucose levels were affected
by calcium supplementation and exhausting exercise in athletes. 相似文献
5.
The effects of magnesium supplementation on blood parameters were studied during a period of 4 wk in adult tae-kwon-do athletes
at rest and exhaustion. Thirty healthy subjects of ages ranging in age from 18 to 22 yr were included in the study. The subjects
were separated into three groups, as follows: Group 1 consisted of subjects who did not train receiving 10 mg/kg/d magnesium.
Group 2 included subjects equally supplemented with magnesium and exercising 90–120 min/d for 5 d/wk. Group 3 were subject
to the same exercise regime but did not receive magnesium supplements. The leukocyte count (WBC) was significantly higher
in groups 1 and 2 than in the subjects who did not receive any supplements (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the WBC of the two groups under magnesium supplementation. The erythrocyte,
hemoglobin, and trombocyte levels were significantly increased in all groups (p < 0.05), but the hematocrit levels did not show any differences between the groups although they were increased after supplementation
and exercise. These results suggest that magnesium supplementation positively influences the performance of training athletes
by increasing erythrocyte and hemoglobin levels. 相似文献
6.
Vedat Cinar Yahya Polat Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci Rasim Mogulkoc 《Biological trace element research》2011,140(1):18-23
This study was performed to assess how 4 weeks of magnesium supplementation and exercise affect the free and total plasma
testosterone levels of sportsmen practicing tae kwon do and sedentary controls at rest and after exhaustion. The testosterone
levels were determined at four different periods: resting before supplementation, exhaustion before supplementation, resting
after supplementation, and exhaustion after supplementation in three study groups, which are as follows: Group 1—sedentary
controls supplemented with 10 mg magnesium per kilogram body weight. Group 2—tae kwon do athletes practicing 90–120 min/day
supplemented with 10 mg magnesium per kilogram body weight. Group 3—tae kwon do athletes practicing 90–120 min/day receiving
no magnesium supplements. The free plasma testosterone levels increased at exhaustion before and after supplementation compared
to resting levels. Exercise also increased testosterone levels relative to sedentary subjects. Similar increases were observed
for total testosterone. Our results show that supplementation with magnesium increases free and total testosterone values
in sedentary and in athletes. The increases are higher in those who exercise than in sedentary individuals. 相似文献
7.
Marcos Maynar Rafael Timon Alfredo González Guillermo Olcina Fermin Toribio Juan I. Maynar Maria J. Caballero 《Journal of physiology and biochemistry》2010,66(2):137-142
Previous studies with different results have suggested that total and bioavailable testosterone levels are modified by physical
exercise. Such changes may be related to modifications in cortisol levels and could be reflected in some urine androgens.
To determine how weight lifting training may affect serum and urinary androgens, we measured total serum testosterone (T),
cortisol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and urinary testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, and etiocholanolone,
in a group of 19 elite weight lifters after 20 weeks of training. SHBG increased (from 27.5 ± 9.5 to 34.7 ± 8.1 nM, p < 0.05) whereas T/SHBG decreased significantly (from 1.10 ± 0.4 to 0.85 ± 0.3, p < 0.05). Serum total testosterone and cortisol did not change significantly. In urine, androsterone and etiocholanolone decreased
significantly, whereas testosterone and epitestosterone remained unchanged. Changes in T/SHBG were related positively with
changes in urinary androgens (r = 0.680, p < 0.01), and changes in SHBG were negatively related with changes in urinary androgens (r = −0.578, p < 0.01). These results suggest that intense physical activity may have an influence on the elimination of androgenic hormones
due mainly to changes in their transporting protein SHBG. 相似文献
8.
Hasan Aydın Oğuzhan Deyneli Dilek Yavuz Hülya Gözü Nilgün Mutlu Işık Kaygusuz Sema Akalın 《Biological trace element research》2010,133(2):136-143
Magnesium has been shown to increase bone mineral density when used in the treatment of osteoporosis, yet its mechanism of
action is obscure. In this study, the effects of daily oral magnesium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone turnover
were investigated. Twenty postmenopausal women have been divided into two groups. Ten patients were given magnesium citrate
(1,830 mg/day) orally for 30 days. Ten postmenopausal women of matching age, menopause duration, and BMI were recruited as
the control group and followed without any medication. Fasting blood and first-void urine samples were collected on days 0,
1, 5, 10, 20, and 30, respectively. Total magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iPTH and osteocalcin were determined in blood samples.
Deoxypyridinoline levels adjusted for creatinine were measured in urine samples. Thirty consecutive days of oral magnesium
supplementation caused significantly decrease in serum iPTH levels in the Mg-supplemented group (p < 0.05). Serum osteocalcin levels were significantly increased (p < 0.001) and urinary deoxypyridinoline levels were decreased (p < 0.001) in the Mg-supplemented group. This study has demonstrated that oral magnesium supplementation in postmenopausal
osteoporotic women suppresses bone turnover. 相似文献
9.
Ersan Kara Mehmet Gunay İbrahim Cicioglu Mehmet Ozal Mehmet Kilic Rasim Mogulkoc Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci 《Biological trace element research》2010,134(1):55-63
This study aims to examine the effect of zinc supplementation on free-radical formation and antioxidant system in individuals
who are actively engaged in wrestling as a sport. The study registered a total of 40 male subjects, of whom 20 were wrestlers
and 20 were sedentary individuals. The subjects were equally allocated to four groups: group 1, zinc-supplemented sportsmen
group; group 2, sportsmen group without supplementation; group 3, zinc-supplemented sedentary group; group 4, sedentary group
without supplementation. Blood samples were collected from all subjects twice, once at the beginning of the study and once
again at the end of 8-week procedures. The blood samples collected were analyzed to determine the levels of malondialdehyde
(MDA), serum glutathione (GSH), serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (ELISA
colorimetric method) and zinc (colorimetric method). No difference was found between MDA levels of the study groups in the
beginning of the study. The highest MDA value at the end of the study was obtained in group 4 (p < 0.01). MDA levels in group 2 were established to be significantly higher than those in groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.01). GSH level, GPx, and SOD activities and zinc level measured in the beginning of the study were not different between
groups. Measurements performed at the end of the study showed that groups 1 and 3 (zinc-supplemented groups) had the highest
GSH level, GPx, and SOD activities and zinc level (p < 0.01). These parameters were not different in the groups without supplementation (groups 2 and 4). Results obtained at
the end of the study indicate that zinc supplementation prevents production of free radicals by activating the antioxidant
system. In conclusion, physiologic doses of zinc supplementation to athletes may beneficially contribute to their health and
performance. 相似文献
10.
Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci Hakki Gokbel Rasim Mogulkoc Nilsel Okudan Kagan Ucok Ihsan Halifeoglu 《Biological trace element research》2010,134(1):79-83
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of exercise and zinc deficiency on some elements in rats.
Forty adult male Sprague–Dawley species male rats were allocated to four groups as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: zinc-deficient,
Group 3: exercise in which exercise group fed with a normal diet, Group 4: zinc-deficient exercise, exercise group fed by
a zinc-deficient diet for 15 days. After the procedure ended, rats in groups 3 and 4 were exercised on the treadmill for 60 min
at a speed of 6 m/min until the exhaustion. The rats were decapitated 48 h after exercise together with their controls, and
blood samples were collected to determine copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) levels.
The highest Cu and Fe values in the serum were obtained in group 2 (p < 0.01). The levels of these elements in group 4 were lower than those in group 2 and higher than the levels in groups 1
and 3 (p < 0.01). Serum Mg levels did not differ significantly between groups. Group 4 had the lowest serum Ca and P levels (p < 0.01). These same parameters in Group 2 were higher than those in group 4 but significantly lower than those in groups
1 and 3 (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between Ca and P levels of groups 1 and 3. The results of the study indicate
that zinc deficiency adversely affects copper, iron, calcium, and phosphorus mechanisms and that these adverse effects much
more marked after an effort exercise. 相似文献
11.
Mine Gulaboglu Bunyamin Borekci Ilhan Delibas 《Biological trace element research》2010,136(3):249-257
The aim of this study was to investigate the urine iodine concentration in women with severe preeclampsia and in healthy women
in Erzurum, Turkey. Urine specimens were obtained from 40 severe preeclampsia and 18 healthy pregnant women. Urinary iodine
levels were determined by the Foss method based on the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction. The urinary iodine level for women with
severe preeclampsia was 4.25 ± 2.7 μg/dL, lower than 20.89 ± 6.4 μg/dL of urinary iodine for healthy pregnant women (p < 0.001). Blood magnesium concentration was found to be 1.63 ± 0.05 mg/dL for women with severe preeclampsia, which is lower
than that of healthy pregnant women (1.87 ± 0.05 mg/dL; p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between urinary iodine level and blood magnesium level in pregnant women with
preeclampsia (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.43; p < 0.01). However, there was no correlation between urinary iodine level and blood magnesium level in healthy pregnant women.
There was no difference in thyroid hormone levels (T4, TSH, FT4) between women with severe preeclampsia and healthy pregnant
women. However, there was a difference in T3 thyroid hormone levels between women with severe preeclampsia (1.86 ± 0.4 μg/dL)
and healthy pregnant women (1.45 ± 0.3 μg/dL; p < 0.001). There was also a difference in FT3 between women with severe preeclampsia (2.77 ± 0.4 pg/mL) and healthy pregnant
women (2.41 ± 0.5 μg/dL; p < 0.01). Urinary iodine excretion is currently the most convenient laboratory marker of iodine deficiency. The method is
useful for the rapid and low-cost assessment of iodine deficiency. Our results suggested that urinary iodine concentration
might be a useful marker for prediagnosing preeclamptic women. In addition, iodine supplementation may also be considered
for preeclamptic therapy. 相似文献
12.
A feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of montmorillonite superfine composite (MSC) on growth performance and tissue
lead levels in pigs. Sixty barrows were randomly divided into two groups. They were fed the same basal diet supplemented with
0 or 0.5% MSC, respectively, for 100 days. Serum samples were collected and analyzed to study growth hormone secretion pattern.
The mean lead concentration in selected tissues was analyzed. The results showed that average daily gain, average daily feed
intake, and feed conversion ratio of pigs were improved by 8.97% (p < 0.05), 3.90% (p < 0.05), and 4.76% (p < 0.05), respectively, with the supplementation of MSC compared to the control group. Serum sample analysis indicated that
peak amplitude, base-line level, and mean level of growth hormone were increased by 117.14% (p < 0.01), 42.78% (p < 0.01), and 51.75% (p < 0.01), respectively. Supplementation of MSC in the diet was found to significantly reduce lead concentration of tissues
in blood, brain, liver, bone, kidney and hair. 相似文献
13.
The combined effects of vitamin E and selenium were studied in native Anatolian horses subject to strenuous exercise. The
concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium were determined in serum by atomic absorption spectrometry
in two study groups (n = 25 each), one of which served as untreated controls. After exercising the horses by running 1,500 m in about 7 min, only
the copper level and the copper/zinc ratio significantly increased (p < 0.05), but the concentrations of calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium remained unchanged. In horses treated with vitamin
E and selenium, the calcium and potassium levels decreased to levels lower than those of untreated controls before and after
exercise. The iron levels were not changed by exercise or treatment alone but increased when the horses had been supplemented
and exercised. The copper level and the copper/zinc ration increased as a result of exercise in both treated and untreated
horses. These changes suggest that supplementation with vitamin E and selenium had an important effect on the serum concentrations
of calcium, potassium, copper, iron, and the copper/zinc ratio. 相似文献
14.
Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary. To evaluate the protective effects of taurine supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and exercise performance, eleven men aged 18–20 years were selected to participate in two identical bicycle ergometer exercises until exhaustion. Single cell gel assay (SCG assay) was used to study DNA damage in white blood cells (WBC). Pre-supplementation of taurine, a significant negative correlation was found between plasma taurine concentration before exercise and plasma thiobaribituric-acid reactive substance (TBARS) 6hr after exercise (r=–0.642, p<0.05). WBC showed a significant increase in DNA strand breakage 6hr and 24hr after exercise. Seven-day taurine supplementation reduced serum TBARS before exercise (p<0.05) and resulted in a significantly reduced DNA migration 24hr after exercise (p<0.01). Significant increases were also found in VO2max, exercise time to exhaustion and maximal workload in test with taurine supplementation (p<0.05). After supplementation, the change in taurine concentration showed positive correlations with the changes in exercise time to exhaustion and maximal workload. The results suggest that taurine may attenuate exercise-induced DNA damage and enhance the capacity of exercise due to its cellular protective properties. 相似文献
15.
Alfredo Cordova Francisco José Navas Jesús Fernando Escanero 《Biological trace element research》1993,39(1):13-20
This study evaluates the consequences of a session of intensive short-duration exercise and Zn supplementation on different
hematological variables. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=10): the first nonsupplemented, maintained at rest (R); the second nonsupplemented, undergoing exercise (E); the third supplemented
with Zn, kept at rest (ZnR); and the fourth supplemented with Zn, undergoing exercise (ZnE). Zinc supplements (200 ppm) were
given in drinking water. The exercise consisted of a single session of swimming until exhaustion. At rest, RBC, Hb, and Hto
fell (p<0.05), whereas red cell indices, MCV, and MCH rose (p<0.05) in +ZnR compared with R; MCHC remained unchanged (ZnR vs R). After exercise, RBC, Hb, and Hto increased significantly
in E and in ZnE compared with R and ZnR, respectively. In addition, RBC and Hb were lower (p<0.01) in ZnE compared with E; however, MCV and MCH were higher (p<0.05) in the group ZnE vs E. With respect to white blood cells—leukocytes (WBC), limphocytes (LYMPH), and neutrophiles (NEUT)—no
significant differences were observed between groups at rest (ZnR vs R). WBC and LYMPH increased significantly in E with respect
to the rest situation (E vs R), but this did not happen in supplemented animals (ZnE vs ZnR). Level of pH decreased after
exercise both in E and in ZnE, but the fall was lower in the latter. We believe that a single session of swimming until exhaustion
leads to an increase in RBC, Hb, and Hto without causing changes in MCV, MCH, and MCHC. On the other hand, Zn supplementation
leads to an increase of MCV and MCH, although they remain within normal levels. Furthermore, this supplementation produces
lower metabolic acidoses after exercise that leads to leukocyte stability. 相似文献
16.
Suleyman Patlar Ekrem Boyali Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci Rasim Mogulkoc 《Biological trace element research》2011,139(3):296-300
The present study aims to examine the effects of both physical activity and vitamin A supplementation on trace element metabolism
in individuals engaged in taekwondo. The study registered seven healthy male national taekwondo players whose mean age was
21.86 ± 0.34 years and mean weight was 64.86 ± 2.72 kg. The subjects were supplemented with oral administration of 100 mg
vitamin A (retinol) for 6 weeks, and concurrently, they were subjected to taekwondo training 5 days a week. Before starting
the vitamin A supplementation, blood samples were taken from the subjects twice, once at rest and once after exhaustion. Similarly,
at the end of the 6-week vitamin A supplementation, two blood samples were taken from the subjects, once at rest and once
after exhaustion, in order to determine (by atomic emission) and compare serum cobalt, molybdenum, calcium, cadmium, chromium,
copper, manganese, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, boron, and zinc (mg/L) levels. Values of boron and nickel dropped
significantly after 6-week vitamin A supplementation (p < 0.001). Reduced levels of boron and nickel we obtained in the present study are believed to result from the antioxidant
effect of long-term vitamin A supplementation. 相似文献
17.
Mustafa Akil Mursel Bicer Mehmet Kilic Mustafa Cihat Avunduk Rasim Mogulkoc Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci 《Biological trace element research》2011,139(3):341-346
There are a few of studies examining how selenium, which is known to reduce oxidative damage in exercise, influences glucose
metabolism and exhaustion in physical activity. The present study aims to examine how selenium administration affects liver
glycogen levels in rats subjected to acute swimming exercise. The study included 32 Sprague–Dawley type male rats, which were
equally allocated to four groups: Group 1, general control; Group 2; selenium-supplemented control (6 mg/kg/day sodium selenite);
Group 3, swimming control; Group 4, selenium-supplemented swimming (6 mg/kg/day sodium selenite). Liver tissue samples collected
from the animals at the end of the study were fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol. From the tissue samples buried into paraffin, 5-μm
cross-sections were obtained using a microtome, put on a microscope slide, and stained with PAS. Stained preparations were
assessed using a Nikon Eclipse E400 light microscope. All images obtained with the light microscope were transferred to a
PC and evaluated using Clemex PE 3.5 image analysis software. The highest liver glycogen levels were found in groups 1 and
2 (p < 0.05). The levels in group 4 were lower than those in groups 1 and 2 but higher than the levels in group 3 (p < 0.05). The lowest liver glycogen levels were obtained in group 3 (p < 0.05). Results of the study indicate that liver glycogen levels that decrease in acute swimming exercise can be restored
by selenium administration. It can be argued that physiological doses of selenium administration can contribute to performance. 相似文献
18.
In this study, copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and iron of urine and hair were measured in the patients with
tuberculous (TB) pleurisy (n = 24) and in the control group (n = 20). Selenium, magnesium, and zinc of hair were found to be significantly lower in TB pleurisy cases than those in the
control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, and p < 0.01, respectively). On the contrary, selenium and magnesium of urine were found to be significantly elevated in TB pleurisy
cases than those in the control group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the value of manganese and iron between TB pleurisy and the
control group (p > 0.05). Copper level were significantly increased in hair and decreased in urine of the patients (p < 0.01). The occurrence of these abnormalities constitutes new information regarding trace elements in TB pleurisy patients.
These results may provide an additional disease correlate for assessing TB pleurisy risk. 相似文献
19.
K. H?kkinen A. Pakarinen R. U. Newton W. J. Kraemer 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1998,77(4):312-319
Acute hormone responses of growth hormone (GH), total and free testosterone (TT and FT) and cortisol (C) to heavy resistance
isometric exercise were examined in ten young men [YM 26.5 (SD 4.8) years] and ten old men [OM 70.0 (SD 3.7) years]. Loading
conditions of the same relative intensity were created for the lower and upper extremity actions separately as well as for
both of them together – lower extremity exercise (LE; knee extension), upper extremity exercise (UE; bench press extension),
and lower and upper extremity exercise (LUE) performed simultaneously in a seated position. Single voluntary maximal isometric
actions lasting for 5 s were performed repeatedly for ten repetitions (with a recovery of 5 s) for a total of four sets. The
recovery time between the sets was 1 min. Each exercise led to large acute decreases in maximal isometric force in both YM
(P < 0.001) and OM (P < 0.001) ranging from 41% to 26% with no significant differences between the groups. Serum GH concentrations increased in
both YM (P < 0.05–0.01) and OM (P < 0.05) but the postexercise value in YM during LE was greater (P < 0.05) than for OM. The TT increased (P < 0.01–0.001) in YM in all three exercises, while in OM the increase occurred only during LE (P < 0.01). The exercises led to increases in FT in YM (P < 0.05 for LE and LUE), while in OM the increase occurred only during LUE (P < 0.05). The pre and postexercise FT were greater in YM (P < 0.001) than in OM. No significant changes occurred in C either in YM or in OM. The blood lactate concentrations increased
during the exercises in both YM (P < 0.001) and OM (P < 0.05–0.001) but the postexercise values during LE and LUE in YM were greater (P < 0.05) than in OM. The present data would indicate that the responses of GH, TT and FT to heavy resistance isometric exercise
are lowered with increasing age. The reduced acute hormone response together with the lowered basal values in FT in the older
men compared to the young men may indicate decreased anabolic effects on muscles and may explain in part the loss of muscle
mass and strength associated with aging.
Accepted: 18 August 1997 相似文献
20.
J. I. Anetor O. A. Ajose F. N. Adeleke G. O. Olaniyan-Taylor F. A. Fasola 《Biological trace element research》2010,136(2):157-170
Iron (Fe) remains a commonly prescribed supplement in pregnancy. Its possible pathologic potential is either uncommonly considered
or ignored. We determined the antioxidant status in pregnant women with and without Fe supplements. Fifty-eight apparently
healthy pregnant women on Fe supplements were selected for the study from the antenatal clinic of the University College Hospital,
Ibadan, Nigeria. Fifty-five aged matched pregnant women who were not on Fe from various parishes of the Christ Apostolic Church,
Ibadan (non-drug using Christian sect) were randomly selected as controls. Both groups were classified according to the trimesters
of pregnancy. The gestational age in both pregnant women on Fe supplements and non-supplement pregnant women was similar.
Fruit and vegetables consumption was higher in the supplement than in the non-supplement group (57.2% vs. 37.3%). Anthropometric
indices, weight, height, and BMI, were also similar. But while the weight of the Fe supplement group decreased by nearly 3%
in the third trimester, it increased by over 10% (p < 0.00) in the non-supplement group in the same period. Serum Fe level was significantly higher in the supplement than the
non-supplement group (p < 0.001). In contrast, the levels of the antioxidants, ascorbic acid, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and bilirubin were all significantly
decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). Uric acid level though also lower in the supplement group did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05), while vitamin E was similar in both groups. There was relative stability of all antioxidants except uric acid, which
declined from the first to the last trimester in the non-supplement group. The significantly higher Fe level in the second
trimester was sustained in the third trimester though to a lesser degree (p < 0.05) and associated with significant decreases in the following antioxidant levels in the supplement group, ascorbic acid,
bilirubin, Cu, and Zn (p < 0.02, p < 0.02, p < 0.02, and p < 0.001, respectively). Uric acid and vitamin E though lower in the supplement group were not significantly different. Remarkably,
percentage changes between the first and third trimesters revealed that serum Fe increased by over 116% in the Fe supplement
group, while it only increased by over 50% in the non-supplement group. This was associated with 23.50% decrease in ascorbate
level (p < 0.003) in the supplement group, while it decreased by only 3.70% in the non-supplement group (p > 0.05). Again vitamin E decreased by 17.22% in the supplement group, while it decreased by only 7.30% in the non-supplement
group during the period. Uric acid and bilirubin levels decreased by similar proportions during the period, while Zn decreased
by 18.55% in the supplement group and by 14.86% in the non-supplement group. In contrast Cu increased by 7.20% in the supplement
group, while it increased by only 2.96 in the non-supplement group. Additionally, all the antioxidants in the supplement group
except vitamin E, viz, ascorbic acid, bilirubin, Cu, uric acid, and Zn, were significantly inversely correlated with serum
Fe level (r − 0.299, p < 0.05, r − 0.278, p < 0.05, r − 0.383, p < 0.05, and r − 0.0369, p < 0.05). These data imply markedly depressed antioxidant status in the Fe supplement pregnant group with attendant oxidative
stress (most probably pro-oxidant Fe-induced). This is associated with molecular and cellular damage as well as a number of
pathologic and clinical correlates that underlie the exacerbation of morbidity and mortality in maternal and child populations,
particularly in the developing countries. This appears to call for serious caution and prior evaluation of antioxidant and
Fe status and during the use of Fe supplements in pregnancy for monitoring and prognostic purposes and to avert or ameliorate
oxidative stress-induced pathologies in maternal and fetal systems. 相似文献