白蜡虫质量检验研究

白蜡虫质量优劣直接影响白蜡的产量,白蜡虫质量检验应包括感官指标和生物学指标。根据指标将白蜡虫划分为5个等级,它能反映白蜡虫的质量与产蜡能力。     

陕西白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)泌蜡量的研究

陕西省南部是我国白蜡虫老产区之一,其产量仅次于云南、贵州、四川三省,但是陕西产的白蜡虫质量较差,产蜡量低。作者于1974年开始对陕西白蜡虫泌蜡量进行系统的实验观察,到1980年基本上研究清楚了影响陕西白蜡虫泌蜡量少的原因。现将实验结果整理成文,供有关方面参考。     

白蜡虫在南亚热带的云南景东引种实验成功

白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes是温带重要的林业资源昆虫。1980—82年,我们分别从云南的昭通,贵州的威宁引白蜡虫在北纬24°28′的南亚热带景东进行实验。实验结果表明,白蜡虫对不同气候条件和生态环境适应性很强,可塑性很大。它不但在温带能生存发展,而且,在南亚热带也能生存发展,从而突破了王辅(1963,1978)提出的白蜡虫在北纬26°以南地区不适其生存的界线。白蜡虫在景东世代稳定,发育正常,产蜡也好。实验证明,王辅教授提出的白蜡虫在北纬26°以南地区不适其生存,以及引证几百年来,在白蜡生产中,存在的“虫区不产蜡,蜡区不产虫”的结论是值得商榷的。 本实验为扩大我国白蜡生产和种虫生产的区域,以及在南亚热带地区发展白蜡生产与进一步地研究,提供了科学依据。     

四川南充地区白蜡虫生态环境

南充地区处于四川盆地中部,嘉陵江中下游,属中亚热带湿润气候区,是我国著名的产蜡区。过去只广安县有少量白蜡虫繁育,1962年扩大引种成功,逐步在全区推广,到1973年全区12个县都能产白蜡虫种虫,产虫33万斤,产蜡30多万斤,分别占全省虫、蜡产量的50%以上,1979年全区产虫达45万斤,名列全国第一,从而改变了“蜡区不产虫,虫区不产蜡”的局面。生产实践证明,南充地区白蜡虫世代稳定,雌雄虫生长发育正常,都是优质良种。(表1)表1不同地区白蜡虫主要生物学指标对比中囊大小(毫米)怀卵量(粒)性比(♂:♀)虫源测定人长宽高平均最多最少平均最高最低南充昭…     

在北纬24°以南的云南永德县发现白蜡虫自然种群

白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes是我国温带重要的林业资源昆虫,其雄虫所产的蜡是轻、重工业,医药等不可缺少的原料,它又是我国传统的出口物资。 关于中国白蜡虫的分布,王辅(1963,1978)认为:在北纬26°以南地区白蜡虫不适其生存。我们于1982年12月—1983年9月,对云南省永德县进行了考察,其结果如下。     

不同产地白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)产卵期天敌的种类及其群落结构研究

白蜡虫雌虫产卵期是白蜡种虫生产的关键时期,在我国白蜡主产地区,选择有代表性的4个种虫产地,2个白蜡产地和4个虫蜡混产地,调查群落中白蜡虫天敌的物种组成和数量变化,并进行聚类分析和排序,在10个白蜡主产地内,共收集到各种天敌15种,分属于6科11属,各群落的物种组成变化较小,优势种为白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterys ericeri Ishii、中华花翅跳小蜂M.sinicus Jiang、白蜡虫啮小蜂Tetrastichus kodaikanalensis Saraswat、白蜡蚧长角象Anthribus la-jievorus Chao和黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidus Hope。群落的优势集中指数较小,多样性指数和均匀性指数较高,群落相似性系数最高达97.46%,最低为75.92%。影响群落相似性的主要因子为白蜡产区不同、生态环境差异和优势种天敌的数量变化,根据聚类分析和排序,将10个不同产地白蜡虫天敌群落分为3类;第1类为种虫产地,优势种天敌发生和危害较轻;第2类为白蜡产地,白蜡虫天敌发生和危害极为严重,其种群数量为第1类的3.36倍,第3类虫蜡皆产,其天敌数量介于第1、2类之间,中华花翅跳小蜂种群数量在第1、3类群落中大致相等,第2类发生较较重,白蜡虫天敌的严重危害是造成蜡区不产种虫的主要原因之一。     

基于代谢组和转录组的白蜡虫吊糖成分及其作用分析

【目的】白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes在育卵期会大量分泌吊糖(蜜露),前期研究发现吊糖容易受到真菌的侵染,但是白蜡虫吊糖的生物学意义并不清楚。本研究旨在了解白蜡虫吊糖的成分以及该时期雌成虫基因表达特点,为更深入的了解白蜡虫分泌吊糖对于白蜡虫发育的意义奠定基础。【方法】对吊糖分泌期的白蜡虫雌虫进行转录组测序分析,对吊糖组分进行代谢组学分析,并对转录组与代谢组进行联合分析。【结果】在白蜡虫吊糖组分中,麦芽糖醇含量最高,其次为半乳糖醇,之后为海藻糖、水苏糖等其他种类糖物质,此外,还含有多种少量氨基酸、脂肪、维生素等代谢物质或次生代谢物质;关联分析表明,代谢途径(Metabolic pathways)、碳代谢(Carbon metabolism)和氨基酸合成(Biosynthesis of amino acids)占主要部分;与N-聚糖生物合成(Various types of N-glycan biosynthesis)相关通路的基因家族在白蜡虫发生了收缩;与代谢产物关联的基因Q96JB1家族也发生了收缩,该基因与吊糖中的L-谷氨酸、乳清酸盐以及柠檬酸盐相关。【结论】白蜡虫吊糖主要成分不利于天敌寄生或者与其它昆虫形成互利共生,一些与吊糖成分相关的基因家族在白蜡虫中发生了收缩,说明白蜡虫吊糖可能是其分泌的不利的或多余的代谢物。     

我国古代繁育白蜡虫的记载

白蜡虫在720多年以前,我国劳动人民就作了详细观察研究,进行饲养、繁殖和利用了。 古籍中关于白蜡虫的记载,包括形态、生物学、生态学、饲养技术、制蜡方法等五个方面,这些记载,一般具有较强的科学性,现摘要记述如下。 一、关于白蜡虫的产地 近百年来,白蜡虫的出产,不论产量或品质,均以西南三省最为丰富与优良,湖南次之,浙江最差,其他地区几乎没有。其中产种虫最好的是西南三省相接连的云贯高原与横断山脉谷地一带,产白蜡最好的是四川岷江下流一带和湖南沅江流域一带。从古文献中可以看出,现在这些优良产区并不是白蜡虫的原产区,它的原产区或过去的盛产区现在反而出产不好或没有出产了。     

广西白蜡虫考察初报

广西气候温和,雨量充沛,寄主植物丰富,但白蜡虫生产一直发展不起来。研究表明:其主要原因是白蜡虫寄生蜂为害严重所致。白蜡虫在柳州市除以受精雌成虫越冬外,还有1～2％以卵越冬,而南宁市则达8.6％。在南亚热带培育的种虫,不宜在当地连续使用,应与北亚热带互换种虫。否则,世代紊乱。这两种现象均属首次报道。我们解决了寄生蜂的防治问题,挂虫挂蜡均获成功。广西发展白蜡生产是有基础的,可以逐步发展成为一个虫、蜡新产区。1     

白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的研究

本文报据1974—1979年在峨眉县对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的形态,生物学等进行研究观察的结果。发现此蜂有二种色型。认为在苏联远东地区海参威附近,从白蜡虫雄虫中羽化出并定名的Microteryy eve linae Trapitizen,1966及M.tachikawai Sugonjaeb,1976二种是本种的同物异名。 在蛾眉,白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂每年发生6—7代。成虫在4月到11月出现,其数量最高峰在8月底到9月中旬。成熟雌蜂怀卵量为6—30枚。平均每天产卵4枚,卵为跳小蜂型。 幼虫共5龄,在6—7月发育历期约40—45天,幼虫尾端有呼吸圆锥。当幼虫发育到4龄时,宿主死亡。成虫性比为57.3比42.7,雌蜂稍多。 文中还报据药物试验的结果,提出了对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的几点防治措施和意见。     

CHANGE IN THE GLYCOGEN CONTENT OF SEA URCHIN EGGS DURING EARLY DEVELOPMENT

During development of eggs of the sea urchins, Pseudocenrotus depressus and Anthocidaris crassispina , the glycogen level is maintained from the time of fertilization to the swimming blastula stage and then decreases rapidly in the early gastrula stage. During development of eggs of Clypeaster japonicus. Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Mespilia globulus the glycogen content decreases slowly from the time of fertilization to the mesenchyme blastula stage, and then more rapidly during gastrulation. The amounts of glycogen mobilized in the embryos from the time of fertilization to the morula stage correspond to 67% of the amount of O₂ consumed in Mespilia eggs, 62% in Clypeaster eggs, 30% in Hemicentrotus eggs and 0–4% in Anthocidaris and Pseudocentrotus eggs. The main energy source in early development seems to differ in different species. When eggs and embryos were incubated with [¹⁴C]glucose for 10min, considarable ¹⁴C-radioactivity accumulated in the glycogen fraction. The rate of [¹⁴C]glucose incorporation into glycogen increased gradually during the first 6 hr after fertilization (up to the morula stage), decreases during the next 4 hr (up to the early blastula stage), and then increased again.     

SPECIES-SPECIFIC ADHESION OF SPERMATOZOA TO THE SURFACE OF FIXED EGGS IN SEA URCHINS

When the spermatozoa of sea urchins are added to eggs which have been fixed with glutaraldehyde and washed thoroughly, the spermatozoa swarm around the eggs and adhere to the egg surface. The mode of sperm adhesion to the fixed egg is assumed, on the evidence of electron-microscopical studies, to be the same as that of adhesion to the intact egg at the initial stage of normal fertilization. The spermatozoa and fixed eggs of five species of sea urchins were combined and heterologous crosses were studied. Species-specific adhesion of sperm to fixed eggs was clearly demonstrated. There is a direct relationship between the cross-fertilization of living gametes and the binding capacity of spermatozoa and fixed eggs in so far as the employed five species are concerned.     

INITIATION OF CLEAVAGE IN FISH EGGS BY INJECTION OF FLAGELLA OR MICROTUBULES OF SEA URCHIN SPERMATOZOA

Flagella and their microtubules obtained from sea urchin ( Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus ) spermatozoa were injected into unfertilized eggs of the medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) with a micropipette. Upon activation, some of the eggs began the first cleavage with three or more irregular blastomeres, and developed to the morula stage. It is suggested that sperm flagellar microstubule material is one of the cleavage initiation substances.     

拟赤梢鱼的胚胎发育和仔稚鱼生长特性观察

为阐明拟赤梢鱼(Pseudaspius leptocephalus)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育特点,采用人工催产的方式获得受精卵,观察分析了拟赤梢鱼胚胎发育和仔稚发育的时序特征.结果表明:拟赤梢鱼成熟卵粒为黄色圆球形,平均卵径为(1.77±0.20)mm,遇水具微黏性;在水温23℃条件下,胚胎发育经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、...     

EFFECTS OF BENZAMIDE ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSEFLY

This paper deals with the effects of benzamide, a chromosomal RNA inhibitor, on embryonic development of the housefly Musca domestica nebulo. Eggs exposed to benzamide immediately after oviposition continued to develop until the blastema stage, but further development was arrested. Formation of cell boundaries and nucleoli failed to occur and the nuclei at the posterior pole did not differentiate into pole cells. This suggests that synthesis of new RNA is needed for development beyond the blastema stage. Treatment of eggs at different stages of development showed that as development progressed embryos became less sensitive to the drug. Introduction of benzamide into eggs during the pre-blastema period caused irreversible arrest of development, whereas, treatment during post-blastema stages resulted in reversible inhibition of development. The cortical cytoplasm thus appears to induce a significant change in the cleavage nuclei, which alters their sensitivity to the drug.     

体外培养日本血吸虫成虫生殖器官超微结构的观察

将日本血吸虫成虫于851培养基中培养23天后,对其生殖器官进行透射电镜观察。观察结果显示,雌虫卵巢内卵母细胞出现不同程度的变性、坏死;成熟卵黄细胞的卵黄小滴融合,脂质小滴数量增多、体积增大;培养后期卵壳形成发生障碍,最终导致无活性、无卵壳的畸形卵形成。超微结构观察首次显示,体外初产期虫卵卵壳中有条带状低电子密度区和高电子密度区相间排列。     

壮体沙鳅早期发育及红水河来宾江段资源补充量评估

2017年4月中旬至8月底于红水河来宾江段进行鱼卵、鱼苗监测, 发现壮体沙鳅Botia robusta (Wu, 1939)为所采集鱼卵中的主要优势种。研究对壮体沙鳅卵进行培育、观察并详细记录了14个重要发育期的形态特征。卵膜无黏性, 卵膜径平均为6.8 mm; 鳔一室期, 鱼苗体长为7.1 mm, 身体肌节数为33对。孵出后第20日, 鳍条完全形成、体表色素整体形成, 进入稚鱼阶段。该江段壮体沙鳅的产卵繁殖主要集中在5—6月, 当年补充群体总量估计达2.23×108颗, 然而伴随下游大藤峡水利枢纽的建成其年际补充量将受到严重威胁; 将壮体沙鰍卵的单位捕捞努力量与主要环境因子进行相关性分析, 发现仅水温变动与其产卵动态呈显著性相关（P<0.05）, 现场水温记录表明:水温达到20℃时开始产卵, 水温超过28℃时产卵量明显减少, 且最适产卵温度为22℃。     

THE PYRUVATE METABOLISM OF SEA URCHIN EGGS DURING THE PROCESS OF CELL DIVISION

The eggs of Arbacia and starfish contained about 70 and 25 micrograms of pyruvate per gm. of dry cells respectively. Arbacia eggs utilized added pyruvate, although the O₂ uptake did not increase. On fertilization the utilization of pyruvate increased sevenfold. This pyruvate seems to be metabolized, as in other cells, with diphosphothiamine as coenzyme. The diphosphothiamine content of fertilized and non-fertilized eggs was about 16 micrograms; that of sperm, 30 micrograms. Penetration of sperm into the egg and fertilization with cell division to the pluteus stage did not bring forth appearance of succino-dehydrogenase. The possible mechanism of fertilization and cell division is discussed.     

CHANGES IN ACTIVITIES OF THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE AND DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE IN SEA URCHIN EGGS AFTER FERTILIZATION

Thymidylate synthase activity in sea urchin eggs increases just after fertilization and decreases 30 min later. Then, cyclic variation in the activity occurs in association with the cleavage cycle. Dihydrofolate reductase activity in fertilized eggs is almost the same as in unfertilized eggs and shows no marked change within 3 hr after fertilization. Aminopterin, an analogue of dihydrofolate, inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, and arrests cleavage. On incubation in sea water containing aminopterin (20-100μM) from the time of fertilization, the development of Clypeaster and Pseudocentrotus eggs was arrested at the 32–64 cell stage, and that of Anthocidaris eggs was arrested at the morula stage. Dihydrofolate (100μM) counteracts the inhibitory effect of aminopterin on egg cleavage. Thymidine at concentrations above 10μM also prevents inhibition by aminopterin. Other deoxyribonucleosides at concentrations of 10μM to 100μM do not affect inhibition of egg cleavage by aminopterin. Deoxyadenosine at concentrations above 5 mM inhibits egg cleavage, but other deoxyribonucleosides have no effect.     

稻螟赤眼蜂田间自然繁殖利用研究

多年调查表明,稻螟赤眼蜂是我省多择性卵寄生天敌的优势种．同时发现．稻螟蛉卵可认为是水稻上几种主要害虫天敌的天然优良寄主．由于它的被寄生率高．天敌繁殖量大．控制后继害虫的功效显,所以在水稻生产上稻螟蛉实是益大于害的．在早稻害虫防治实践中．应该减少农药使用,或避开天敌活动期和早稻前期用药．以使世代短的天敌,在近期内迅速形成庞大的种群数量。控制相继发生的二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻苞虫的为害．可减少早稻用药1-2次．上述方案．无须人工生产天敌,即以田间自然繁殖保护天敌的新技术,所能达到稻田以虫治虫的功效．不亚于以往工业生产天敌的举措．实具有经济、生态和社会三方面的效益．