杏树吐伦球坚蚧空间分布型及抽样技术研究

应用聚集度指标和回归分析,对杏园吐伦球坚蚧Rhodococcus turanicus Arch.空间分布型进行研究,结果表明:在中度受害杏园,吐伦球坚蚧越冬若虫和初孵若虫呈聚集分布,聚集度随虫口密度增大而减小;聚集原因与吐伦球坚蚧本身的生活习性有关;确定了不同种群密度下、不同允许误差下的最适抽样数.通过对不同方位虫口密度进行数据分析,结果表明,吐伦球坚蚧若虫在杏树各方位的聚集是随机的,各方位对整体抽样均无代表性.     

松突圆蚧数量、环境因子及马尾松受危害程度三者间的相关性分析

本文旨在找出重要的指标,从而揭示松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi的数量变化与环境因素变化、马尾松Pinus massoniana所受危害程度间相互存在的重要关系。于福建省松突圆蚧发生区选取了4块调查标准样地,对松突圆蚧的6个数量指标和6个环境因子及其对马尾松受危害程度进行了调查,并对调查结果进行了综合相关系数分析。结果表明,环境因子与松突圆蚧数量指标之间存在显著的综合负相关,全N、全P、温度、雌成虫虫口密度、雄成虫虫口密度、2龄若虫虫口密度都是重要指标。松突圆蚧数量指标与马尾松受危害程度之间存在显著的综合正向相关性,环境因子与马尾松受危害程度之间不存在显著的综合相关性。综合相关系数分析所得的各种结果之间非常协调一致,与实际也基本相符。结论认为:环境因子对松突圆蚧数量变化有重要影响,松突圆蚧数量变化对马尾松危害程度有重要影响,而环境因子对马尾松危害程度影响不大;综合相关系数分析法是科学合理的,有一定的创新性和实用性,值得推广研究。     

间伐修枝措施对松突圆蚧的控制效果

4 a的调查研究结果表明：不同强度的修枝间伐措施对松突圆蚧虫口密度和雌蚧死亡率均有一定的影响,从总体上看,松突圆蚧虫口密度减退率和雌蚧死亡率随着修枝间伐强度的增大而增大.从时间上看,间伐控制害虫危害作用限于2 a左右,间伐2 a后虫口密度和雌蚧死亡率均不存在显著差异;从间伐强度上看,对照与30%以上的间伐强度（C、D、E）之间、间伐强度25%（B）与40%（E）之间虫口密度有显著差异,其他两两之间没有显著差异;35%以上的间伐强度（D、E）与对照之间、间伐强度25%（B）与40%（E）之间雌蚧死亡率有显著差异,其他两两之间没有显著差异.     

4种杀虫剂防治松突圆蚧的野外试验

采用平均虫口数、有虫针束率和危害程度3个指标评价毒死蜱、杀扑磷、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉4种杀虫剂对松突圆蚧的种群及危害动态的影响和野外防治效果。结果表明：4种杀虫剂均可产生有效影响,表现为阶段性显降低松突圆蚧种群数量、有虫针束率和危害程度等指标;其中杀扑磷、毒死蜱和噻虫嗪的的显作用期长(60d以上),吡虫啉的显作用期短(60d以下);这种影响主要源于施药后0—60d内杀虫剂对松突圆蚧的有效控制。在毒死蜱、杀扑磷和噻虫嗪作用下,松突圆蚧平均虫口数的校正减退率60d后均高于60％,其余指标则低于50％,但相对较高,可以在生产上使用。     

松突圆蚧黑蚜小蜂的产卵分布

采用m*－m方法分析了黑蚜小蜂的产卵频数分布,在25种密度组合下,产卵平均拥挤度m*的值从0．09（1：80）增加到2．96（9：5）,并建立了m*与蜂蚧比、m*与平均密度m的回归模型。结果表明,松突圆蚧黑蚜小蜂产复寄生卵的程度与寄生蜂密度呈正相关,与寄主密度呈负相关,产卵呈随机分布。     

松突圆蚧及友恩蚜小蜂空间分布型和种群消长动态研究

通过对广东省试验林区内松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi及其本地种寄生蜂友恩蚜小蜂Encarsia amicula Viggiani et Ren林间空间分布型和种群消长动态的调查研究发现:两者空间分布型相吻合,都为均匀分布;两者在林间全年种群消长曲线均呈"S"型变化。松突圆蚧种群密度高峰期出现在3月下旬至4月下旬,友恩蚜小蜂种群密度高峰期则分别出现在2月下旬和4月下旬至5月中旬。另外友恩蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的寄生率全年共出现2个高峰期,分别是2月下旬和4月下旬至6月上旬。结果表明,友恩蚜小蜂和寄主松突圆蚧在林间时空发生规律具有高度一致性。     

扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫在大花马齿苋上的空间格局

本文对外来入侵害虫扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsisTinsley雌成虫在大花马齿苋(Portulaca grandiflora Hook)上的空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,在水平上的空间分布表现为聚集分布,个体间相互吸引,分布的基本成分为个体群;雌成虫密度m和平均拥挤度m*间的回归方程为:m*=12.4595+1.2649m;雌成虫在大花马齿苋枝条上、中层虫口数量均显著多于下层。确定了不同虫口密度及不同允许误差下的最适抽样数。     

碧桃朝鲜球坚蚧的出蛰若虫空间格局及应用

采用多种聚集度指标、Iwao法和Taylor幂函数法分析朝鲜球坚蚧出蛰若虫在碧桃上的空间格局。结果表明,出蛰若虫在碧桃上呈聚集分布,分布以个体群形式存在。碧桃不同段位上的聚集度指标和Iwao法均表明其为聚集分布,而Taylor幂函数法测定为上、中段均匀分布,下段聚集分布,综合分析其成因是各样地受害程度及垂直方向虫口密度差异显著所致。聚集均数λ值的测定结果表明,该虫的聚集原因主要由出蛰若虫自身的生物学习性和环境因素所引起。此外,利用空间格局参数确定了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型。     

花角蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的寄生功能反应

在实验室条件下,以松突圆蚧(Hemiberlesia pitysophilaTakagi)雌成蚧为寄主,研究了花角蚜小蜂(Coccobius azumaiTachikawa)的寄生功能反应.结果表明:寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,且功能反应受到温度、寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响.在同一温度下,寄生数量随寄主密度的增大而增加;在15℃~25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,被寄生的松突圆蚧雌成蚧数量增加,而在25℃~35℃之间呈相反趋势.花角蚜小蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,随自身密度的增加,寄生数量逐渐减少.Hassell(1969)模型E=QP-m和Bedding-ton(1975)模型E=aT/[1 btw(P-1)]均能较好地反映花角蚜小蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度之间的关系,模拟结果分别为E=0.1659P-0.5597和E=0.1437T/[1 0.2691(P-1)].     

松突圆蚧雄成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

松突圆蚧(Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi)是我国南方重要的外来林业害虫。本研究利用扫描电镜对该蚧雄成虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果表明:松突圆蚧雄成虫触角呈线状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,共10节。触角感器共有5种,分别为Bhm氏鬃毛、毛形感器、乳头形感器、锥形感器、火柴形感器,其中,火柴形感器为首次在松突圆蚧雄成虫触角上发现并描述。不同感器在触角各节的数量和分布各不相同,其中,毛形感器数量最多,分布最广,乳头形感器次之,火柴形感器最少。此外,根据感器的分布、形态特征,结合已有的文献描述,推测了感器可能的功能。     

武夷山木荷种群结构和动态的研究

 本文采用“空间序列代替时间变化”的方法,对武夷山区常绿阔叶林演替过程中木荷种群动态规律进行了研究,结果表明,在木荷种群侵入黄山松幼林向木荷林以及成熟木荷、甜槠、青冈林的发展过程中,种群结构由增长型→稳定型→成熟型→衰退型,空间分布格局由随机型趋于集群分布,种群密度呈现负增长;在成熟木荷、甜槠、青冈林中,由于种间和种内竞争的影响以及林窗效应,木荷种群结构和密度有一个波动性的变化过程,在这一变化过程中,木荷种群仍趋于集群分布。此外,对成熟木荷、甜槠、青冈林中木荷种群不同大小级的分布格局动态进行了研究,表明其幼苗、幼树和中树等级的个体均呈集群分布,而大树等级的个体呈随机分布。根据上述研究结果,对木荷种群动态机制作了探讨。     

Population Ecological Characteristics of the Rare and Endangered Plant Camellia rhytidophylla from Guizhou

Camellia rhytidophylla is endemic and endangered and with important economic species, from the ⅢD10d in eastern Asia, which distributed at 573-920m in evergreen broad leaved deciduous mixed forest in Luowang river valley of Kaiyang county. So, it is significant to study the population characteristics, conservation and utilization. We took general survey in suspected distribution area about 6 square kilometers, set up plots in dense area, and analyzed the population structure, development and spatial distribution pattern. The results showed that the structure of Crhytidophylla populations were increasing and the proportion of young tree in population was 4638%. The size of population density was young shrubs＞middle aged shrubs＞adult shrubs. The survival curve of population was Deevey Ⅲ model. There were 2 peaks in the Ⅰand Ⅳ age classes on the mortality rate curve and disappearance rate curve respectively, then there are 2 troughs in the Ⅲ and Ⅵ age classed at the same time. The spatial distribution pattern of Crhytidophylla significantly differentiated at different stages of development, the young individuals were aggregated at all spatial scales while the middle aged individuals were aggregated at small spatial scales and randomly distributed at larger scales. Differences in the distribution of adult individuals could be attributed to artificial disturbance and habitat heterogeneity. The spatial pattern was not close in different stages of development, which all showed negative or no correlation. The spatial distribution pattern of Crhytidophylla was the interaction of the factors, such as its biological characteristics,habitat heterogeneity, and artificial disturbance, etc.. The key factor limiting population development was low natural reproduction rate; the primary factors causing its endemic distribution mainly included habitat heterogeneity, topographical constraints on seed dispersal and artificial disturbance.     

天山中部天山云杉种群空间分布格局及其与地形因子的关系

采用点格局分析方法研究了天山云杉不同龄级个体的分布格局及其相互关系,以及地形变化对天山云杉分布的影响.结果表明:天山云杉种群随胸径的增加,各径级植株密度呈下降趋势.除老龄个体在较小尺度(0～12 m)下表现为随机分布外,幼树、小树、中树和大树在所有尺度下均表现为聚集分布,并随着树龄的增加,各种群出现最大聚集度的尺度逐渐增加,聚集强度不断降低.在小尺度(0～16 m)范围内,各龄级间均表现为负关联性,且树龄差别越大,负相关性越显著.海拔与中树、大树和老树的数量呈显著正相关,与幼树和小树个体数量间的相关性不显著;坡度与幼树、小树和中树数量呈显著正相关,与老树数量呈显著负相关,而与大树数量的负相关性不显著;凹凸度与幼树、小树和中树数量呈显著负相关,与老树和大树数量的相关性不显著.     

Density related plasticity in stand-level spatial distribution of the ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

We tested the hypothesis that the population density of ambrosia beetles at the stand level influences the spatial distribution of infested trees. We evaluated the spatial distribution of the ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) in three oak forest stands that varied in beetle population density using a multi-year trapping survey. We used these data to inform a clustering analysis based on aggregation indices using the SADIE software. Four important findings emerged: (1) the spatial distribution pattern of P. koryoensis at the stand level changed as the population density of the beetle varied; (2) at low population densities, beetle distribution was contagious at the stand level; (3) as beetle population densities increased, the spatial distribution of infested trees became random, potentially due to beetle avoidance of mass attacked trees; and (4) at high beetle population densities, the spatial distribution of infested trees became contagious, possibly due to temporal changes in location of the attack epicenter within the stand. Our results support the hypothesis that beetle population density has consequences for the spatial distribution of infested trees at the within-stand scale. We conclude that the spatial distribution of infested trees is flexible in response to beetle population density, suggesting that beetle attack behaviors are mediated by one or more density-dependent effects.     

沙地樟子松天然林南缘分布区林木竞争、空间格局及其更新特征

以呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松地理分布南缘天然林为研究对象,采用Hegyi竞争指数与点格局等分析方法,研究了沙地樟子松天然林的种群结构、种内竞争、空间格局及幼树更新等特征。结果表明:1)所调查区域天然沙地樟子松纯林处于中幼龄阶段,属增长型种群;2)其竞争指数与对象木胸径服从幂函数关系CI=242.24D~(-1.12)(R~2=0.91);3)幼树在小尺度上呈聚集分布,中树与大树在中大尺度上呈随机分布;幼树与中树在小尺度上呈正相关性,中树与大树在小尺度呈负相关性;4)竞争指数与更新幼树和存活更新幼树的密度均呈显著正相关性。在林分管理中需要充分考虑林木竞争、空间格局以及种群更新的关系,本研究可为沙地樟子松天然林的经营管理与保护提供重要的科学依据。     

森林立地指数的地统计学空间分析

森林生态系统立地质量的评估是森林生态系统经营管理和造林营林的重要理论基础与规划方法,也是研究森林生态系统生产力的重要内容。森林立地指数是一种已被普遍接受的评价森林立地质量的方法,然而由于技术所限,传统的森林立地指数调查方法因其耗时长、花费大,很难大面积的对森林立地指数进行估测和空间分析,地统计学结合地理信息系统技术为研究森林立地及空间格局提供了一条新的途径。以杉木人工林为研究对象,地统计学及地理信息系统技术为手段,根据江西省景德镇枫树山林场杉木立地指数空间分布特点,选取合适的变异函数理论模型,对其森林立地指数进行了估测和空间分析,并在精度验证的基础上对结果进行了评价。研究结果表明,江西省枫树山林场杉木人工林立地指数有中等程度的空间相关。通过模型模拟结果和实测结果对比,K-贝塞耳函数(K-Bessel)模型有较好的拟合效果和较高的精度,说明地统计学在森林立地指数的估测和空间分析中有一定的应用价值。     

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi Province, China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve,China.Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principisrupprechtii was made in this paper.Here,we employed the technique of point pattern analysis,which could analyze patterns under all scales along a gradient.It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution.The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order:age-class 3＞age-class 4＞age-class 5＞age-class 2＞age-class 1.Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do,the population was stable at present.However,it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view.The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space;however,their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale.This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments,but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals.The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age.The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other.These associations became more significant within the older age-classes.This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed,by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization.The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study.Its results are more closer to the reality,especially for community structure.     

Aggregated spatial distributions of species in a subtropical karst forest,southwestern China

Aims Spatial distribution patterns of species reflect not only the ecological processes but also the habitat features that are related to species distribution. In karst topography, species distribution patterns provide more specific information about their environments. The objectives of this study are as follows: (i) to analyse and explain the spatial distribution patterns of conspecific trees in an old-growth subtropical karst forest; (ii) to investigate pattern changes at different spatial scales; (iii) to test the spatial pattern similarity (or dissimilarity) between trees at different abundances, diameter at breast height classes, canopy layers and different functional groups (shade tolerance and seed dispersal mode); (iv) to examine whether habitat heterogeneity has an important effect on the species spatial distribution.Methods The spatial distributions of woody species with ≥20 individuals in a 1-ha subtropical karst forest plot at Maolan in southwestern China were quantified using the relative neighbourhood density Ω based on the average density of conspecific species in a circular neighbourhood around each species.Important findings Aggregated distribution is the dominant pattern in the karst forest, but the ratio of aggregated species in total species number decreases with an increase in spatial scale. Less abundant species are more aggregated than most abundant species. Aggregation is weaker in larger diameter classes, which is consistent with the prediction of self-thinning. Seed dispersal mode influences spatial patterns, with species dispersed by animals being less aggregated than those dispersed by wind and gravity. Other species functional traits (e.g. shade tolerance) also influence the species spatial distributions. Moreover, differences among species habitat associations, e.g. with rocky outcrops, play a significant role in species spatial distributions. These results indicate that habitat heterogeneity, seed dispersal limitation and self-thinning primarily contribute to the species spatial distributions in this subtropical karst forest.     

海南苏铁种群结构与森林群落郁闭度的关系

海南苏铁(Cycas hainanensis)是古老的苏铁属植物, 为国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物, 也是IUCN红色名录的濒危物种。为研究海南苏铁在海南昌江保梅岭省级自然保护区的种群结构与森林郁闭度的关系, 本文通过样方法对海南苏铁种群及其所在群落进行调查, 分析了其群落结构和物种多样性, 以及其种群密度、年龄结构、存活曲线、空间分布格局与森林郁闭度的关系。结果表明: 海南苏铁所在群落垂直结构分为乔木上下2层、灌木层和草本层。海南苏铁所在群落物种多样性指数偏高, 群落内物种组成丰富; 各样方内海南苏铁数量分布不均, 经常群生于海拔500 m左右的林下、林缘间。海南苏铁种群结构属于增长型, 种群更新力强, 种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-II型, 死亡率随着龄级增加而增加, 说明海南苏铁种群处于相对稳定的状态, 随着种群个体的生长发育, 其生存力逐渐下降; 海南苏铁种群空间分布格局呈聚集型, 聚集程度指标随着林分郁闭度变大而增加。曲线估计结果显示, 海南苏铁幼苗幼树在透光率36.11%-58.33%显著增加。综上所述, 昌江保梅岭地区的海南苏铁种群处于较为稳定的增长状态, 喜生长于海拔500 m左右、郁闭度为35%-60%的森林环境中。