环酰亚胺水解酶C末端区为该酶活性所必需

 为了研究一个新环酰亚胺水解酶（CIH）C端区残基对酶分子构象及酶活性的影响,设计了C末端缺失1～4个氨基酸残基以及C 末端2个Lys替代为2个Glu或2个Leu的突变酶,以野生型酶基因重组质粒pE-cih₂₉₃为模板,在相应引物存在下,通过PCR扩增获得突变的CIH基因片段.经克隆、表达与纯化,得到不同的突变酶蛋白.酶活性测定、荧光光谱与CD谱分析表明,随着C 末端缺失残基的增多,酶活性丧失也越来越多,但酶分子的聚合状态未发生变化;当CIH的C末端2个Lys替代为2个Glu时,酶活性及分子结构变化均不明显,但当替代为2个Leu时,酶活性丧失殆尽,分子结构变得松散而不再保持寡聚态.pH及热稳定性实验也表明,酶的稳定性与其分子的完整性密切相关.结果证实,CIH的C末端电荷残基对该酶活性与分子状态具有重要作用.     

突变型环酰亚胺水解酶的底物专一性

摘要 目的：研究环酰亚胺水解酶（CIH293）C-末端区残基对其底物专一性的影响。方法：通过缺失或替代获得了环酰亚胺水解酶C-末端剔除2个或3个氨基酸残基及C-末端两个Lys替代为两个Glu的突变型酶CIH291、CIH290以及KK292,293EE,用比色法与高效液相色谱法分析了重组野生型酶与突变型酶的底物专一性和动力学参数。结果：突变型酶与野生型酶相比,底物专一性未发生显著改变,最适底物仍为琥珀酰亚胺,然突变型酶对最适底物的亲和力略有降低,导致反应速度减小。结论：环酰亚胺水解酶（CIH293）C-末端区残基的改变对其底物专一性的影响不大,但影响了酶对底物的亲和力。     

大肠杆菌CMP-唾液酸合成酶最小活性域的研究

比较大肠杆菌与脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌的CMP-唾液酸合成酶的氨基酸序列,发现大肠杆菌CMP-唾液酸合成酶的保守区域主要位于N-端,其C-末端似乎对其催化活性没有作用。通过PCR方法,对大肠杆菌CMP唾液酸合成酶的C-末端进行了一系列截短,将得到的产物连接至表达载体pET-15b中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中表达。经IPTG诱导,发现从C-末端截去189个氨基酸酶仍有催化活性,说明大肠杆菌CMP唾液酸合成酶的最小活性域主要集中在N-末端的229个氨基酸。有催化活性的C-端缺失突变合成酶的比活、最适pH及热稳定性发生变化,提示被截去的C-端氨基酸残基虽不直接参与构成酶的催化活性中心,但可影响催化活性域的构象,从而对酶的催化活性与稳定性产生影响。      

酶的定向固定化方法及其对酶生物活性的影响

固定化酶可以提高酶的稳定性,但通常酶通过酶分子上的多个赖氨酸残基随意固定在载体上,这样会使酶的活性显著下降,采用定向固定化酶不仅可以提高酶的稳定性,而且可以保存它的活性。综述了定向固定化酶的几种方法,比较了定向固定化和随意固定化对酶活性的影响。另外,还叙述了酶的活性位点结构变化的自旋共振波谱(EPR)检测。     

构建重组枯草芽孢杆菌催化制备D-对羟基苯甘氨酸

目的: 在Bacillus subtilis中表达异源D-海因酶基因(hyd)和D-氨甲酰水解酶基因(adc),构建重组细胞作为催化剂,用于生产D-对羟基苯甘氨酸(D-HPG)。方法: 构建hyd表达质粒,考察培养基中二价金属离子对D-海因酶活性的影响。过表达acoR基因,考察AcoR蛋白胞内水平与P_acoA-hyd基因拷贝数的关系。筛选表达adc基因的启动子,构建hyd和adc基因共表达质粒,考察双酶活性菌株的催化特性。结果: 成功构建了海因酶表达质粒pHPS和pUBS,培养基中添加0.8mmol/L的MnCl₂·4H₂O,使168N/pUBS菌株的D-海因酶活性达到956U/gDCW。整合表达P_cdd-acoR基因,使LSL02/pUBS菌株的D-海因酶活性达到1 470U/gDCW。单拷贝P_AE-adc基因的表达水平相对最高。双酶共表达质粒pUBSC被成功构建,菌株LSL02/pUBSC的最适催化温度为40℃45℃,催化活性能够持续12h,当底物起始浓度为20g/L时,反应12h生成的D-HPG达到14.32g/L,转化率达到95%,收率超过80%。结论: 构建具有D-海因酶和D-氨甲酰水解酶双酶活性的重组Bacillus subtilis作为全细胞催化剂,用于海因酶法生产D-HPG,具有技术上的可行性和优势。     

聚苯乙烯树脂固定化D-海因酶的初步研究

D-海因酶广泛用于D-氨基酸的制备研究和生产中,目前已有许多固定化D-海因酶及含D-海因酶细胞的研究报道。尝试了不同功能基团的聚苯乙烯树脂进行D-海因酶的固定化,结果表明功能基为伯氨基和仲氨基效果较好,并选取聚苯乙烯树脂D92进行了固定化D-海因酶的研究。采用该树脂制备固定化酶的最优条件是：酶质量浓度6mg／mL、温度25℃、固化时间12h。所得固定化酶的最适作用温度45℃,最适作用pH为8.5,且作用温度及适宜pH较广,Km为游离酶的1,8倍,且储存稳定性、操作稳定性较好。45℃下半衰期为11d。     

Eupergit C250L固定化D-海因酶及其催化性质

D-海因酶是海因酶法制备D-氨基酸的关键酶。利用Burkholderic cepecia1003菌发酵产酶,所得海因酶纯化后,以Eupergit C250L为载体进行共价固定化。分别考察了酶液蛋白浓度、固定化时间对蛋白固定量和酶活回收率的影响以及固定化前后海因酶催化性质的变化。结果表明:较高的酶液蛋白浓度和较长的固定化时间均有助于改善海因酶的固定化效果;固定化可显著提高海因酶的最适作用温度,但对其最适作用pH影响不大;固定化后海因酶对D,L-BH和MH的米氏常数均有较大幅度的降低。固定化酶反应器的实验表明:40℃下,底物(D,L-BH)1.0 g.L-1,体积流速1.0 mL.min-1,经21 h转化,产物N-Phe质量浓度可达0.47 g.L-1,转化率达43.21%。     

海因酶研究新进展

海因酶在生产手性药物中间体D-氨基酸上具有广泛的应用价值。全面综述了海因酶的研究历史、分类、进化和酶学性质;总结了产海因酶的茵种筛选和产酶条件、D-海因酶的纯化、微生物海因酶基因的克隆及其在大肠杆茵中的表达等技术;阐述了酶法合成D-(-)-对羟基苯甘氨酸的工艺条件。     

异源D-海因酶和N-氨甲酰水解酶共表达重组枯草芽孢杆菌的构建

【目的】构建异源D-海因酶和N-氨甲酰水解酶共表达的重组枯草芽孢杆菌,探讨其作为全细胞催化剂合成D-对羟基苯甘氨酸的可行性。【方法】采用P_(aco)表达盒表达D-海因酶基因hyd或sd1,采用P_(AE)表达盒表达N-氨甲酰水解酶基因adc。分别以质粒pHP13和pUB110为载体,构建D-海因酶和N-氨甲酰水解酶共表达质粒pHCS、pHCY和pUCS。在受体菌中整合表达了acoR和sigL基因,敲除了skf和sdp基因。将共表达质粒分别转化不同的受体菌,通过测定全细胞催化活性,表征D-海因酶和N-氨甲酰水解酶共表达的效果。【结果】带有质粒pHCY和pHCS的重组菌,全细胞催化活性分别为0.21 U/mL和0.31 U/mL。整合表达acoR和sigL基因以及高拷贝质粒pUCS,使全细胞催化活性达到1.0 U/mL。【结论】异源D-海因酶和N-氨甲酰水解酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中能够正确表达。基因拷贝数、acoR和sigL基因表达水平,及skf和sdp基因缺失对重组菌的催化活性具有显著影响。     

Q20L及G247D定点突变对葡萄糖异构酶酶活和最适pH的改善

用双引物法对GI基因进行体外定点突变,构建了突变体Q20L和G247D。含突变基因的重组表达质粒pTKD-GIQ20L及pTKDGIG247D在E.coli K38菌株中表达。纯化的突变酶与野生型酶相比：(1) GIQ20L的最适反应温度下降5℃,热稳定性为野生型酶的78%,对底物的亲和性增强;(2) GIG247D的酶活提高约33%,最适pH下降0.6个单位,但热稳定性降低。初步分析认为,Gln 20位于α0～α1螺旋之间,其亲水侧链被Leu的疏水侧链取代后,分子表面增强的疏水作用,反而不利于蛋白质的稳定,使GIQ20L的热稳定性降低。Gly247是酶活性中心β折叠(242～247aa)的最后一个残基。引入电负性极强的Asp后,可能改变分子的静电场分布,影响了活性部位的电荷传递过程,使GIG247D酶活提高。引入的电荷,可能改变活性中心可解离基团的pKa,使其最适pH下降。另外Asp247的侧链在周围空间结构中显得过于拥挤,易与其他侧链产生排斥,由此影响到β-折叠的稳定性,接近亚基结合面的Asp247,可能进一步影响到亚基间相互作用的稳定性,最终导致酶热稳定性的降低。GI酶活和最适pH的改善更利于工业生产。     

假单胞菌海因酶基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达(英文)

为实现利用生物酶转化法进行D 对羟基苯甘氨酸的工业化生产 ,构建了 3株海因酶基因工程菌 .利用PCR技术从恶臭假单胞菌 (Pseudomonasputida)CPU 980 1染色体DNA中扩增得到长约1.8kb的含编码区和自身启动子的海因酶全基因 .通过将海因酶全基因插入pMD18 T质粒、海因酶基因的编码区与pET 17 b质粒重组、海因酶基因编码区和T7强启动子一起插入pMD18 T质粒分别得到重组质粒pMD dht、pET dht和pMD T7 dht.将上述重组质粒分别转化大肠杆菌 (Escherichiacoli) ,通过地高辛标记菌落原位杂交和海因酶活力测定两种方法 ,筛选出具有海因酶活力的阳性转化子 .结果表明 ,大肠杆菌的RNA聚合酶能够识别和结合来自恶臭假单胞菌海因酶基因的自身启动子 ,该启动子在大肠杆菌中能够工作 .基因工程菌E .coliBL2 1 pMD dht、E .coliBL2 1 pET dht和E .coliBL2 1 pMD T7 dht的海因酶活力分别为 170 0U L、190 0U L和 2 5 0 0U L ,比野生菌P .putidaCPU 980 1的海因酶活力分别提高了 8倍、9倍和 12倍 .薄层扫描结果显示 ,这些工程菌的海因酶表达量分别约占菌体总可溶性蛋白质的 2 0 %、31%和 5 7%.SDS PAGE显示 ,海因酶的单体分子量约为 5 0kD .经工程菌E .coliBL2 1 pMD T7 dht催化 ,底物对羟基苯海因的转化率在 13h内可达到 9     

Functional regulation of L-type calcium channels via protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of the beta(2) subunit

Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) through the beta-adrenergic receptor pathway is crucial for the positive regulation of cardiac L-type currents; however it is still unclear which phosphorylation events cause the robust regulation of channel function. In order to study whether or not the recently identified PKA phosphorylation sites on the beta(2) subunit are of functional significance, we coexpressed wild-type (WT) or mutant beta(2) subunits in tsA-201 cells together with an alpha(1C) subunit, alpha(1C)Delta1905, that lacked the C-terminal 265 amino acids, including the only identified PKA site at Ser-1928. This truncated alpha(1C) subunit was similar to the truncated alpha(1C) subunit isolated from cardiac tissue not only in size ( approximately 190 kDa), but also with respect to its failure to serve as a PKA substrate. In cells transfected with the WT beta(2) subunit, voltage-activated Ba(2+) currents were significantly increased when purified PKA was included in the patch pipette. Furthermore, mutations of Ser-478 and Ser-479 to Ala, but not Ser-459 to Ala, on the beta(2) subunit, completely abolished the PKA-induced increase of currents. The data indicate that the PKA-mediated stimulation of cardiac L-type Ca(2+) currents may be at least partially caused by phosphorylation of the beta(2) subunit at Ser-478 and Ser-479.     

The conformational flexibility of the carboxy terminal residues 105-114 is a key modulator of the catalytic activity and stability of macrophage migration inhibitory factor

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional protein and a major mediator of innate immunity. Although X-ray crystallography revealed that MIF exists as a homotrimer, its oligomerization state in vivo and the factors governing its oligomerization and stability remain poorly understood. The C-terminal region of MIF is highly conserved and participates in several intramolecular interactions that suggest a role in modulating the stability and biochemical activity of MIF. To determine the importance of these interactions, point mutations (A48P, L46A), insertions (P107) at the monomer-monomer interfaces, and C-terminal deletion (Delta 110-114NSTFA and Delta 105-114NVGWNNSTFA) variants were designed and their structural properties, thermodynamic stability, oligomerization state, catalytic activity and receptor binding were characterized using a battery of biophysical methods. The C-terminal deletion mutants DeltaC5 huMIF 1-109 and DeltaC10 huMIF 1-104 were enzymatically inactive and thermodynamically less stable than wild type MIF. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies demonstrate that both C-terminal mutants sediment as trimers and exhibit similar binding to CD74 as the wild type protein. Disrupting the conformation of the C-terminal region 105-114 and increasing its conformational flexibility through the insertion of a proline residue at position 107 was sufficient to reproduce the structural, biochemical and thermodynamic properties of the deletion mutants. P107 MIF forms an enzymatically inactive trimer and exhibits reduced thermodynamic stability relative to the wild type protein. To provide a rationale for the changes induced by these mutations at the molecular level, we also performed molecular dynamics simulations on these mutants in comparison to the wild type MIF. Together, our studies demonstrate that intersubunit interactions involving the C-terminal region 105-114, including a salt-bridge interaction between Arg73 of one monomer and the carboxy terminus of a neighboring monomer, play critical roles in modulating tertiary structure stabilization, enzymatic activity, and thermodynamic stability of MIF, but not its oligomerization state and receptor binding properties. Our results suggest that targeting the C-terminal region could provide new strategies for allosteric modulation of MIF enzymatic activity and the development of novel inhibitors of MIF tautomerase activity.     

Enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. In vitro intragenic complementation: the roles of Arg126 in phosphoryl transfer and the C-terminal domain in dimerization

Enzyme I mutants of the Salmonella typhimurium phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS), which show in vitro intragenic complementation, have been identified as Arg126Cys (strain SB1690 ptsI34), Gly356Ser (strain SB1681 ptsI16), and Arg375Cys (strain SB1476 ptsI17). The mutation Arg126Cys is in the N-terminal HPr-binding domain, and complements Gly356Ser and Arg375Cys enzyme I mutations located in the C-terminal phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)-binding domain. Complementation results in the formation of unstable heterodimers. None of the mutations alters the K(m) for HPr, which is phosphorylated by enzyme I. Arg126 is a conserved residue; the Arg126Cys mutation gives a V(max) of 0.04% wild-type, establishing a role in phosphoryl transfer. The Gly356Ser and Arg375Cys mutations reduce enzyme I V(max) to 4 and 2%, respectively, and for both, the PEP K(m) is increased from 0.1 to 3 mM. It is concluded that this activity was from the monomer, rather than the dimer normally found in assays of wild-type. In the presence of Arg126Cys enzyme, V(max) for Gly356Ser and Arg375Cys enzymes I increased 6- and 2-fold, respectively; the K(m) for PEP decreased to <10 microM, but the K(m) became dependent upon the stability of the heterodimer in the assay. Gly356 is conserved in enzyme I and pyruvate phosphate dikinase, which is a homologue of enzyme I, and this residue is part of a conserved sequence in the subunit interaction site. Gly356Ser mutation impairs enzyme I dimerization. The mutation Arg375Cys also impairs dimerization, but the equivalent residue in pyruvate phosphate dikinase is not associated with the subunit interaction site. A 37 000 Da, C-terminal domain of enzyme I has been expressed and purified; it dimerizes and complements Gly356Ser and Arg375Cys enzymes I proving that the association/dissociation properties of enzyme I are a function of the C-terminal domain.     

Structural aspects of aldehyde dehydrogenase that influence dimer-tetramer formation

Aldehyde dehydrogenases are isolated as dimers or tetramers but have essentially identical structures. The homotetramer (ALDH1 or ALDH2) is a dimer of dimers (A-B + C-D). In the tetrameric enzyme, Ser500 from subunit "D" interacts with Arg84, a conserved residue, from subunit "A". In the dimeric ALDH3 form, the interaction cannot exist. It has been proposed that the formation of the tetramer is prevented by the presence of a C-terminal tail in ALDH3 that is not present in ALDH1 or 2. To understand the forces that maintain the tetramer, deletion of the tail in ALDH3, addition of different tails in ALDH1, and mutations of different residues located in the dimer-dimer interface were made. Gel filtration of the recombinantly expressed enzymes demonstrated that no change in their oligomerization occurred. Urea denaturation showed a diminution to the stability of the ALDH1 mutants. The K(m) for propionaldehyde was similar to that of the wild-type enzyme, but the K(m) for NAD was altered. A double mutant of D80G and S82A produced an enzyme with the ability to form dimers and tetramers in a protein-concentration-dependent manner. Though stable, this dimeric form was inactive. The tetramer exhibited 10% activity compared with the wild type. Sequence alignment demonstrated that the hydrophobic surface area is increased in the tetrameric enzymes. The hydrophobic surface seems to be the main force that drives the formation of tetramers. The results indicated that residues 80 and 82 are involved in maintaining the tetramer after its assembly but the C-terminal extension contributes to the overall stability of the assembled protein.     

The L3 loop and C-terminal phosphorylation jointly define Smad protein trimerization

Smad proteins mediate the transforming growth factor beta responses. C-terminal phosphorylation of R-Smads leads to the recruitment of Smad4 and the formation of active signaling complexes. We investigated the mechanism of phosphorylation-induced Smad complex formation with an activating pseudo-phosphorylated Smad3. Pseudo-phosphorylated Smad3 has a greater propensity to homotrimerize, and recruits Smad4 to form a heterotrimer containing two Smad3 and one Smad4. The trimeric interaction is mediated through conserved interfaces to which tumorigenic mutations map. Furthermore, a conserved Arg residue within the L3 loop, located near the C-terminal phosphorylation sites of the neighboring subunit, is essential for trimerization. We propose that the phosphorylated C-terminal residues interact with the L3 loop of the neighboring subunit to stabilize the trimer interaction.     

Coupling between NMDA receptor and acid-sensing ion channel contributes to ischemic neuronal death

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) composed of ASIC1a subunit exhibit a high Ca(2+) permeability and play important roles in synaptic plasticity and acid-induced cell death. Here, we show that ischemia enhances ASIC currents through the phosphorylation at Ser478 and Ser479 of ASIC1a, leading to exacerbated ischemic cell death. The phosphorylation is catalyzed by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity, as a result of activation of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) during ischemia. Furthermore, NR2B-specific antagonist, CaMKII inhibitor, or overexpression of mutated form of ASIC1a with Ser478 or Ser479 replaced by alanine (ASIC1a-S478A, ASIC1a-S479A) in cultured hippocampal neurons prevented ischemia-induced enhancement of ASIC currents, cytoplasmic Ca(2+) elevation, as well as neuronal death. Thus, NMDAR-CaMKII cascade is functionally coupled to ASICs and contributes to acidotoxicity during ischemia. Specific blockade of NMDAR/CaMKII-ASIC coupling may reduce neuronal death after ischemia and other pathological conditions involving excessive glutamate release and acidosis.     

Studies on the regulatory domain of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II by expression of mutated cDNAs in Escherichia coli.

The cDNAs encoding the alpha and beta subunits of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) were ligated into the bacterial expression vector pET and expressed in Escherichia coli. The bacterially expressed alpha and beta subunits exhibited Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent activity and were easily purified to apparent homogeneity from cell extracts. To determine the minimum size required for catalytic activity and the properties of the calmodulin-binding domain, mutated CaM kinase II cDNAs were expressed in E. coli and the enzymatic property of expressed proteins was examined. The replacement of Thr-286 of the alpha subunit with the negatively charged amino acid Asp or that of Arg-283 with the neutral amino acid Gly induced the partially Ca2+ independent activity. The mutant enzymes alpha-I(delta 283-478) and alpha-II(delta 359-478), which truncated the C-terminal region of the alpha subunit, exhibited CaM kinase II activity and the activities of alpha-I(delta 283-478) and alpha-II(delta 359-478) were completely independent of and partially dependent on Ca2+ and calmodulin, respectively. However, the truncated protein alpha(delta 250-478), which was only 33 amino acids shorter than the alpha-I(delta 283-478) protein had no enzymatic activity, indicating that alpha-I(delta 283-478) was close to the minimum size of the active form. The mutant enzyme alpha(delta 291-315), which lacked the calmodulin-binding domain exhibited Ca2+ independent activity. The molecular mass was, however, smaller than that expected from the amino acid sequence. The mutant enzyme alpha(delta 304-315), which lacked the C-terminal half of the calmodulin-binding domain of the alpha subunit, however, exhibited Ca(2+)-independent activity without a reduction in molecular size, indicating that residues 304-315 of the alpha subunit constituted the core calmodulin-binding domain.     

Differential proteolytic processing leads to multiple forms of the CA protein in avian sarcoma and leukemia viruses.

The CA (capsid) protein of avian sarcoma and leukemia viruses occurs in multiple species. Only one form has been previously characterized biochemically. We have now determined that the mature CA protein of avian sarcoma and leukemia viruses exists as three species with different C termini, ending in amino acid residues A-476, A-478, and M-479 of the Gag precursor, respectively. These structures were deduced from a combination of cyanogen bromide peptide mapping, sequence analysis of tryptic peptides, and electrospray mass spectrometry. The three forms of CA were detected in the same ratios in Rous sarcoma virus and avian myeloblastosis virus and therefore are likely to represent a common feature of members of this genus of avian retroviruses. The only previously reported CA species, CAM-479, accounts for only about 36% of the total CA protein, while CAA-476 and CAA-478 account for 55 and 9%, respectively. From the analysis of peptides cleaved in vitro by PR, the viral protease, we infer that the cleavage site between A-476 and A-477 not only is recognized by PR but is the preferred site. We were unable to determine if A-478/A-479 is a cleavage site for PR or alternatively if CAA-478 results from further processing of CAM-479 by a carboxypeptidase. To study the biological significance of residues A-477 to M-479, we constructed genetically altered viruses in which deletions removed either residues 477 to 479 or 477 to 488. The resulting virus particles appeared to assembly with normal efficiencies, but the latter mutant showed slowed proteolytic processing. Neither of the mutants was infectious.