半干旱黄土丘陵区纯林土壤腐殖质异化特征及与其他性质的关系

纯林长期生长或多代连栽必然会导致土壤腐殖质含量和构成发生异化,探究这种异化特征及其与土壤其他性质的关系可以为纯林管理或混交改造提供科学依据。通过对半干旱黄土丘陵区南泥湾林场8种典型纯林土壤腐殖质及其他性质进行系统检测,结果表明:(1)侧柏林土壤腐殖质含量最高(34.61 g/kg),腐殖化程度和稳定性一般;白榆和白桦林土壤的腐殖质含量中等(19.69—23.58 g/kg)、腐殖化程度和稳定性最佳;茶条槭和小叶杨林土壤的腐殖质含量(20.59—22.53 g/kg)和构成均为中等水平;油松、沙棘和刺槐林土壤的腐殖质质量较低(11.77—13.81 g/kg),且腐殖化程度较低,稳定性相对最差;(2)与胡敏酸含量存在显著相互促进作用(P0.05)的土壤性质为CEC、N、微生物量和蛋白酶活性(相关系数0.769—0.926,下同),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.793);与富啡酸存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性(0.836—0.955),存在显著相互抑制作用的为有效Cu(-0.822);与胡敏素存在显著相互促进作用的为N、CEC、微生物量、磷酸酶活性和有效Zn(0.766—0.951),存在显著相互抑制作用的为脱氢酶活性(-0.784)。(3)腐殖质构成与其他性质的相关性均不显著(P0.05),其中相对有利于提高胡敏酸/腐殖酸含量之比的土壤性质为蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性;相对有利于提高胡敏酸/富啡酸含量之比的为速效K、CEC和脲酶活性,而不利的是脱氢酶活性。(4)总体而言土壤腐殖质含量较之腐殖质构成与其他性质之间具有更大的相关性;向土壤增施N肥可以促进腐殖质的形成,增加K肥则有利于腐殖质构成的改善,而通过混交改造或增加林下植被是促进纯林土壤腐殖质化过程和解决土壤退化的根本措施。     

Accumulation of humic acid and fulvic acid during root humification of three diameters of two dominant subalpine trees in western Sichuan,China

Aims Plant roots store large amount of terrestrial carbon, but little is known about humus formation processes during the decomposing root litter. Compared with coarse roots, fine roots have greater nutrients, which may be favorable to humus formation. The objective of the study was to examine how root diameters affect their humus formation processes. Methods In this study, in order to examine the accumulation of humic acid and fulvic acid of three root diameter classes (0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm) of two subalpine tree species (Abies faxoniana and Picea asperata) on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China, a two-year field experiment was conducted using a litter-bag method. Air-dried roots of A. faxoniana and P. asperata were placed in litterbags and incubated at 10 cm of soil depth in October 11th, 2013. Duplicate litter bags were collected in May (late winter) and October (late in the growing season) of 2014 and 2015, respectively. Concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid were measured, and net accumulations were calculated for different periods. Important findings The concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid were significantly influenced by root diameter that humic acid and fulvic acid decreased with increase in root diameter. Root diameter had significant effects on the net accumulation of humic acid, but not for the accumulation of fulvic acid. However, there were no significant differences in both humic acid and fulvic acid between A. faxoniana and P. asperata roots. Regardless of tree species, humic acid degraded during the winter but accumulated during the growing season. After two years of decomposition, the net accumulations of humic acid in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm roots were 8.0, 10.8 and 7.6 g·kg^-1 for P. asperata and 15.2, 8.0 and 7.8 g·kg^-1 for A. faxoniana, respectively. Conversely, the degradation of fulvic acid in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm roots were 178.0, 166.0 and 118.0 g·kg^-1 for P. asperata and 170.0, 160.0 and 128.0 g·kg^-1 for A. faxoniana, respectively. Our results suggest that diameter-associated variations in substrate quality could be an important driver for root litter humification in this subalpine forest. Moreover, diameter effect is dependent on decomposition period in this specific area.     

A Simple Device for Assuring High Reproducibility in Fluorometric Measurement of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Yeast Cells

The heterogeneity and chemical composition were investigated in κ-casein from colostrum. The acid casein was obtained from four different Holstein cow colostra. The yield of acid casein from colostrum was higher than that from normal milk. κ-Casein from colostrum was prepared by the gel filtration method of Yaguchi et al. The gel filtration profiles differed among the four colostrum acid caseins.

Colostrum κ-casein was fractionated on a DEAE-cellulose column into one nonadsorbed and six adsorbed fractions with increasing salt concentration. Six adsorbed fractions had the same molecular weight and stabilizing ability for α_s1-casein in the presence of calcium ion. The amino acid composition and the phosphorus content of the adsorbed fractions were identical, but fractions eluted with high salt concentrations had more carbohydrates (galactose, sialic acid, glucosamine, galactosamine). Colostrum κ-casein was characterized by a higher content of carbohydrate moiety in comparison with normal κ-casein. Also glucosamine which has not been found in normal κ-casein was detected in colostrum κ-casein. The κ-casein component from colostrum contained at least one molecule of carbohydrate, though the carbo hydrate-free component was detected in normal κ-casein.     

长期施肥条件下水稻土腐殖质组成及稳定性碳同位素特性

利用太湖地区26年水稻土长期定位施肥试验,分析了长期不同施肥处理对土壤剖面有机碳分布和稳定性碳同位素自然丰度(δ¹³C)的影响,以及土壤中不同结合态腐殖质组成的变化.结果表明：长期施肥使水稻土表层土壤有机碳含量显著升高,不同处理土壤剖面有机碳含量与土层深度呈极显著指数负相关(P<0.01);施化肥处理10～30 cm土层和施有机肥处理20～40 cm土层有机碳含量变化相对稳定;随土层深度增加,土壤δ¹³C值逐渐升高,其变化范围在-24‰～-28‰,不同处理土壤剖面有机碳含量与δ¹³C值呈显著线性负相关(P<0.05);0～20 cm土层,仅施有机肥处理(M0)、有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)、有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)、有机肥+秸秆+氮处理(MRN)以及秸秆+氮处理(CRN)的δ¹³C值明显降低;30～50 cm土层,除CRN外,有机肥和化肥处理土壤的δ¹³C值均明显升高;不同处理土壤中结合态腐殖质均以紧结合态腐殖质(胡敏素)为主,其含量在50%以上,其余部分为松结合态和稳结合态腐殖质;长期施肥使土壤松结合态腐殖质含量及富啡酸(FA)与胡敏酸(HA)比值(HA/FA)升高.     

不同肥力条件下黑土及其有机无机复合体的腐殖质组成

采用Kumada法研究了不同肥力黑土及其复合体的腐殖质组成.结果表明,黑土培肥后,粉粒和细砂复合体含量增多;土壤及各级复合体游离态和结合态腐殖质含量得到不同程度提高,但游离态腐殖质的腐殖化度降低.这种作用在粉粒和细砂复合体中表现得更为明显.随复合体粒径增大,复合体有机碳含量、腐殖质提取率、游离态腐殖质含量及游离态胡敏酸的腐殖化度等均有降低趋势.胡敏酸分类结果表明,高肥土壤游离态胡敏酸均为R_p型,低肥则为R_p型和B型.随复合体粒径增大,游离态胡敏酸类型变化序列主要为:A型(粘粒)→B型(粉粒)→R_p型(细砂);无论粒径大小,结合态胡敏酸大多为A型.土壤培肥后,可使全土及各级复合体的游离态腐殖质的腐殖化度降低,进而会发生型变.在黑土中,游离态胡敏酸的型变主要体现在粉粒复合体中,结合态胡敏酸的型变主要体现在细砂复合体中.     

Further environmental factors affecting the antigenicity of Trichophyton rubrum

Biochemical determinations performed on ammonium sulfate soluble and insoluble fractions of crude mycelial extracts ofTrichophyton rubrum indicated that these antigens were either carbohydrates or carbohydrates with peptide side chains. The antigens contained considerable amounts of galactose and mannose.Gel filtration techniques proved to be effective in separating these antigens. One antigen had a molecular weight greater than or equal to 2.0 × 10⁶. A smaller, more reactive antigen was also found; however, the elution time of this antigen varied with the concentration of dextrose in the medium.Quantitative precipitation tests used to differentiate the serological reactivity of crude antigens, recovered from mycelia grown on media containing variable concentrations of dextrose, indicated that the serological reactivity of the crude antigen was inversely proportional to the concentration of the carbohydrate source, with an optimum reactivity occurring with antigens prepared from mycelia grown in low dextrose concentrations.Nitrogen and carbohydrate concentrations performed on whole mycelia and cell free extracts demonstrated that the total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, total carbohydrate and soluble carbohydrate concentrations were influenced by the concentration of the carbohydrate source. The optimum carbohydrate concentration necessary for the maximum ratio of protein and carbohydrates per gram of mycelium was 15.0 g/l. This is less than the amount used in most Sabouraud's dextrose media formulations. The effect of these environmental factors on the serological reactivity was discussed.Supported in part by NIH Environmental Health Tranining Grant ES00081-02. The help of Mrs. Gary Swecker is gratefully acknowledged for preparing the graphs.     

The influence of topography on the nature of humic substances in soil organic matter at a site in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina

The effect of topography on the nature of humic substances, isolated as water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), fulvic acid (FA), and humic acid (HA) was evaluated by comparing relative proportion and chemical characteristics of these fractions in upland and bottomland Coastal Plain soils in South Carolina. The fractions were characterized by elemental analysis and¹³C cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy. The majority of humic substances occur as humic acids, with bottomland soils having higher HA/FA ratios when compared to upland soils. We found no significant differences between upland and bottomland humic substances with respect to yields of WSOC and fulvic acids, and in the C and N content of humic and fulvic acids. Carbon-13 CPMAS NMR spectroscopy revealed that the WSOC and fulvic acid fractions were composed largely of O-alkyl-C structures with bottomland soils having higher amounts of these groups. Humic acid C distribution was similar between upland and bottomland soils and was largely composed of aromatic groups. Our results demonstrate that topography influences the formation of humic acid and the structural and chemical properties of the various humic fractions.requests for offprints     

亚热带地区阔叶林与杉木林土壤活性有机质比较

通过对亚热带3个地区地带性阔叶林和杉木林土壤活性有机质的比较,分析森林类型变化及杉木连栽对土壤有机碳和养分含量的影响.结果表明：地带性阔叶林转变为杉木林后,土壤总有机碳含量下降27.8%～52.1%、腐殖酸碳下降32.2%～52.8%、胡敏酸下降36.4%～59.0%、富里酸下降29.7%～50.0%;杉木连栽也使土壤总有机碳和腐殖质含量下降.森林类型改变和杉木连栽对土壤活性有机质的影响更明显.杉木林取代阔叶林后,土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量的最大降幅分别为61.8%、38.2%、43.3%和69.0%;与第1代杉木林相比,第2代杉木林土壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量的最大降幅分别为34.7%、29.3%、30.4%、18.4%.经相关性分析,除冷水浸提有机氮外,土壤活性有机质与养分含量之间具有密切的相关关系.     

Non-exchangeable binding of ammonium and amino nitrogen by Norway spruce raw humus

Summary The capacity of an originally acid Norway spruce raw humus to fix isotopically labelled ammonium and amino nitrogen in a form resistant to cold 1N HCl treatment was studied. The amount fixed was determined after a reaction period of 24 hours (the humus pretreated with propylene oxide), using the amount of labelled N in the HCl-leached humus residue as a basis for calculating the amount of added N fixed. The nitrogen sources used were ammonium chloride, glycine and cyanamide. It was found that the fixation of added ammonium and glycine N was exceedingly low in the H⁺-saturated raw humus (pH 3.3–3.4), but the fixation rate was rapidly increased by increasing the pH during the aerobic incubation. Maximum fixation was obtained at a final pH of 10–11. Within the acid range the fixation was constantly higher for added glycine-N than ammonium-N. On the alkaline side of the neutral point the amount of fixation tended to be similar for ammonium and glycine. In treatments with N¹⁵-labelled ammonium, it was shown that small but fully detectable amount of added N were present in the soluble organic N fraction of the HCl extract, the quantities increasing with increasing soil pH during the incubation. The fixation was increased by increasing temperature and decreased by oxidative pretreatment of the humus before the addition of N. In the nitrogen gas atmosphere the fixation figures were 40 to 50 per cent lower than for corresponding treatments in air atmosphere. When various N compounds were added in equimolar concentrations the highest fixation was recorded for cyanamide. In studying the stability of fixed N to acid hydrolysis, it was found that 54 per cent of the fixed N resisted eight hours' refluxing with 6N HCl, the corresponding figure for the native raw humus N being 19 per cent. About one third of the fixed N was liberated as ammonia during the acid hydrolysis.     

Quality evaluation of co-composted wheat straw, poultry droppings and oil seed cakes

Poultry droppings, neem cake, castor cake, jatropha cake and grass clippings were used separately as organic nitrogen additives to decrease the high C:N ratio of wheat straw. Composting was carried out aerobically in presence of fungal consortium developed by including Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma viride and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The degraded product was characterized to assess the technical viability of organic nitrogen supplements as well as fungal consortium in improving the quality of compost and hastening the process of decomposition of high lignocellulolytic waste. Evaluation of maturity showed that mixture of wheat straw, poultry dropping and jatropha cake had the lowest C:N ratio of 10:1, the highest humic acid fraction of 3.15%, the lowest dehydrogenase activity and a germination index exceeding 80% in 60 days of decomposition. Inoculated and grass clipping amended wheat straw–poultry dropping mixture resulted in compost with highest humus content of 11.8% and C:N ratio of 13.5, humic acid fraction of 2.84% and germination index of 59.66%. Fungal consortium was effective in improving the humus content of all the composted mixtures. In some treatments, germination index could not be correlated with C:N ratio. Non edible oil seed cake supplemented substrate mixtures did not respond to fungal inoculation as far as C:N ratio was concerned.     

The quantitative variability and monosaccharide composition of sediment carbohydrates associated with intertidal diatom assemblages

The extracellular secretions of epipelic diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) axe an important source of carbohydrates on intertidal sediments. For analytical purposes, sediment carbohydrates have been operationally separated into colloidal and bulk fractions that are often assumed to be similar in their chemical properties. However, there has been little investigation into the nature of the two fractions. In this study, carbohydrate fractions were sampledin situ, isolated, purified and biochemically characterised using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both carbohydrate fractions were found to contain similar sugars although in different proportions. Glucose represented more than 80% of the monosaccharides identified in the colloidal carbohydrate fraction while only 37% of monosaccharides present in the bulk carbohydrate fraction. Colloidal carbohydrate concentrations showed short-term variability and were correlated with diatom biomass (as chlorophylla) suggesting the colloidal fraction is labile and may be of recent origin, perhaps representing diatom activity. Concentrations of the bulk carbohydrate fraction did not show significant short-term variation and was therefore more refractory. This combination of biochemical and field data suggested that the bulk and colloidal carbohydrate fractions were chemically and physically different. These findings have relevance to studies of estuarine carbon cycling.Abbreviations LTSEM Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy - GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy - EPS Extracellular polymeric substances     

Distribution characteristics of soil humus fractions stable carbon isotope natural abundance (delta 13C) in paddy field under long-term ridge culture

A 16-year field experiment was conducted in a ridge culture paddy field in the hilly region of Sichuan Basin, aimed to investigate the distribution characteristics of stable carbon isotope natural abundance (delta 13C) in soil humus fractions. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content in the paddy field under different cultivation modes ranked in the order of wide ridge culture > ridge culture > paddy and upland rotation. In soil humus substances (HS), humin (HU) was the main composition, occupying 21% - 30% of the total SOC. In the extracted soil carbon, humic acid (HA) dominated, occupying 17% - 21% of SOC and 38% - 65% of HS. The delta 13C value of SOC ranged from -27.9 per thousand to -25.6 per thousand, and the difference of the delta 13C value between 0-5 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers was about 1.9 per thousand. The delta 13C value of HA under different cultivation modes was 1 per thousand - 2 per thousand lower than that of SOC, and more approached to the delta 13C value of rapeseed and rice residues. As for fulvic acid (FA), its delta 13C value was about 2 per thousand and 4 per thousand higher than that of SOC and HA, respectively. The delta 13C value of HU in plough layer (0-20 cm) and plow layer (20-40 cm) ranged from -23.7 per thousand - -24.9 per thousand and -22.6 per thousand - -24.2 per thousand, respectively, reflecting the admixture of young and old HS. The delta 13C value in various organic carbon fractions was HU>FA>SOC>rapeseed and rice residues>HA. Long-term rice planting benefited the increase of SOC content, and cultivation mode played an important role in affecting the distribution patterns of soil humus delta 13C in plough layer and plow layer.     

Changes in the composition of extracellular polymeric substances in activated sludge during anaerobic storage

Changes in the chemical composition of organic compounds in total activated sludge, activated sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and sludge bulk water during anaerobic storage (12 days) were studied. The background for the study was that anaerobic storage of activated sludge, which often takes place at wastewater treatment plants before dewatering, causes a deterioration of the dewaterability. The reasons are not known at present, but may be related to changes in exopolymer composition of the flocs. The results showed that a fast decrease in total sludge protein and carbohydrate took place within 3 days of anaerobic storage as a result of degradation processes, which accounted for approximately 20% of the organic fraction. The amount of uronic acids and humic compounds remained almost constant in the sludge. The EPS were extracted from the floc matrix using a cationexchange resin. In the EPS matrix a similar initial (2–3 days) degradation of proteins and carbohydrate took place, whereas the content of DNA and uronic acids showed minor changes. The extractability of humic compounds increased during the first 3 days of storage. No changes in extractability of the carbohydrate were observed. A fraction of the EPS protein was found to be difficult to extract but was observed to be degraded during the anaerobic storage. The EPS composition was further characterized by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis obtained by on-line UV detection and post-column detection of proteins, carbohydrates, humic compounds and DNA. Four fractions of polysaccharides were found, of which only one was responsible for the decrease in the carbohydrate content observed with storage time. The fraction was presumably of low molecular mass. Humic compounds and volatile fatty acids (acetate and propionate) were released to the bulk water from the flocs during the storage. A possible mechanism to explain the reduced dewaterability developed during anaerobic storage, partly because of the observed changes in EPS, is discussed.     

The effects of humic substances within the Ah horizon of a Calcic Luvisol on morphological changes related to invertase and peroxidase activities in wheat roots

The chemical and biological characteristics of humus within the Ah horizon (Calcic-Luvisol) have been studied. Attention was paid to variation in the NMR spectra of humic fractions and ¹³C values and to how these changes are related to different biological humic fraction activities.The chemical changes in particular involve the decrease of the aromatic component and the increase of the non-aromatic component within the horizon and the different ¹³C value not only within the horizon but also among the humic fractions distinctive of different molecular sizes.An attempt has been made to explain the vertical chemical changes in terms of processes affecting the biological characteristics of the high and low molecular size humic fractions. The main conclusions are that the low molecular size humic fractions, in the upper part of the horizon, are of greater importance with respect to the other humic fractions in influencing the enzyme activities linked to growth metabolism. The biological role of the high molecular size humic fractions characterised by a relevant content of peptidic- and carbohydratic-C is also presented.     

长期不同植被覆盖对黑土团聚体内有机碳组分的影响

为探究黑土团聚体内土壤有机碳(SOC)的“分馏”特征, 揭示不同植被覆盖下土壤团聚体的固碳机制, 该文以中国科学院海伦农业生态系统国家野外综合研究站内不同植被覆盖(草地、农田和裸地)长期定位实验的土样为研究对象, 利用团聚体湿筛分组、有机碳物理和化学分组相结合的方法, 研究了黑土团聚体及其内部的碳密度和腐殖质组分的碳分配特征。研究发现, 黑土经过不同植被覆盖31年后, 长期草地覆盖使土壤表层SOC、全氮(TN)含量显著增加, 农田和无植被覆盖的裸地SOC含量减少, 且在裸地显著降低。3种处理中, 2-0.25 mm (含2 mm, 下同)粒级团聚体均为优粒级。土壤团聚体的稳定性顺序为草地>农田>裸地。草地覆盖使土壤大团聚体的比例和有机碳库增加, 微团聚体和粉黏粒所占比例和碳库均减少, 说明草地覆盖促进了土壤大团聚体形成, 土壤固碳能力显著增强。而农田和裸地因外源碳投入少, 有机碳含量均是微团聚体>大团聚体>粉黏粒, SOC主要分布在微团聚体中。不同植被覆盖处理对土壤团聚体内密度组分和腐殖质各组分碳的富集“分馏”作用很明显, 与农田和裸地相比, 长期草地植被覆盖处理>2 mm和2-0.25 mm粒级团聚体中轻组碳含量富集的较多, 2-0.25 mm粒级团聚体中富里酸、胡敏酸和胡敏素的碳富集均最高, 而农田和裸地促进了微团聚体内腐殖质碳的富集。草地覆盖显著增加了大团聚体内活性有机碳组分, 来源于植物的碳首先进入到大粒径的团聚体中, 使土壤团聚结构显著改善, 农田和无植被覆盖的裸地土壤中轻组碳含量显著降低, 团聚体内有机碳以重组碳和胡敏素为主, 稳定化程度更高。     

辽宁章古台樟子松人工林的生物量与营养元素分布的初步研究

樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林是章古台沙地生物生产量较高的林分,其生长主要受沙丘部位和造林类型所影响。樟子松林乔木层与凋落物中贮存了大量营养元素,土壤上层的有机质与N、P元素含量较高,下层含量较低,出现一定的降低趋势。樟子松林混以小青杨可提高生物产量,增加土壤腐殖质,且改善土壤腐殖酸组成成分。     

Spatial patterns of benthic diatoms,carbohydrates and mud on a tidal flat in the Ems-Dollard estuary

The chlorophyll a content and two operational fractions of carbohydrate (water extractable and EDTA extractable) were measured every three months during one year along transects on a tidal flat in the Ems-Dollard estuary (The Netherlands). Chlorophyll a was used as an indicator of microphytobenthos biomass, which was composed predominantly of epipelic diatoms. Both carbohydrate fractions correlated significantly with chlorophyll a. EDTA extractable carbohydrates were more resistant towards degradation than the water extractable fraction. During most of the year, concentrations of chlorophyll a and carbohydrates were low, but in June, high concentrations of up to 90 g chlorophyll a/g sediment were found in a narrow zone running parallel to the channel. Maximum concentrations of water extractable carbohydrates and EDTA extractable carbohydrates ranged between 800–1200 and 600–800 g/g sediment, respectively. The mud content was high (± 90%) at the margin of the tidal flat. This was not limited to the growth season of the diatoms, but was observed throughout the year. This indicated that the high mud content at the mudflat margin was mainly caused by hydrodynamic factors, and not by biostabilization. In June, exceptionally high diatom densities were found in sediment with a high mud content. There was only minor evidence that biostabilization by epipelic diatoms lead to a further increase in the mud content of the sediment.     

长期垄作稻田腐殖质稳定碳同位素丰度(δ13C)分布特征

研究了四川盆地丘陵区连续16年垄（宽垄）作稻田土壤稳定碳库腐殖质组分的稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)分布特征.结果表明： 稻田土壤有机碳含量为宽垄作＞垄作＞水旱轮作.腐殖质碳以胡敏素为主,占土壤碳含量的21%～30%,提取碳以胡敏酸为主,分别占土壤有机碳和腐殖质的17%～21%和38%～65%.土壤有机碳的δ¹³C值介于-27.9‰～-25.6‰,20～40 cm和0～5 cm土壤有机碳δ¹³C值之差约为1.9‰.土壤胡敏酸δ¹³C值比土壤有机碳低1‰～2‰,更接近于油菜和水稻秸秆及根系的δ¹³C值.土壤富里酸δ¹³C值分别较土壤有机碳和胡敏酸高2‰和4‰.耕作层和犁底层胡敏素δ¹³C值分别介于-23.7‰～-24.9‰和-22.6‰～-24.2‰,δ¹³C值的变化反映了耕层中腐殖质的新老混合现象.各有机组分δ¹³C值递减顺序为：胡敏素＞富里酸＞土壤有机碳＞稻草（油菜）残体＞胡敏酸.长期水稻种植有利于增加土壤有机碳含量,同时,耕作方式影响土壤腐殖质δ¹³C在耕作层和犁底层中的分布格局.     

退化高寒草原土壤生物学性质的变化

对藏北退化高寒草原的土壤生物学性质研究表明:轻度退化草地2~10cm土层微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量与生物量(碳、氮)、土壤酶(纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶)活性和有机质总体上高于正常草地,中度、严重退化草地则均呈显著降低趋势.微生物生物量碳氮比(BC/BN)与土壤全碳、全氮比(TC/TN)呈极显著正相关(r=0.9088,P≤0.01;n=4);与正常草地相比,轻度、中度退化草地BC/TC、BN/TN值均呈上升趋势,而严重退化草地则呈明显下降趋势.土壤微生物生物量与土壤酶活性呈极显著或显著正相关,但二者均与土壤放线菌数量呈不同程度的负相关;2~10cm土层有机质与土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性均呈极显著或显著正相关;随草地退化的加剧,2~10cm和11~20cm土层腐殖质碳占土壤有机碳比重,以及胡敏酸碳占土壤腐殖质碳比重均较正常草地明显上升.     

Sugar repression of photosynthesis: the role of carbohydrates in signalling nitrogen deficiency through source:sink imbalance

The aim of this work was to examine whether carbohydrates are involved in signalling N deficiency through source:sink imbalance. Photosynthetic metabolism in tobacco was studied over 8 d during the withdrawal of N from previously N-sufficient plants in which the source:sink ratio was manipulated by shading leaves on some of the plants. In N-sufficient plants over this time-scale, there was a small decline in photosynthetic rate, Rubisco protein and amino acid content, with a larger decrease in carbohydrate content. Withdrawal of N from the growing medium induced a large decrease in the rate of photosynthesis (35% reduction after 8 d under the growing conditions, with a reduction also apparent at high and low measuring CO₂), which was caused by a large decrease in the amount of Rubisco protein (62% after 8 d) and Rubisco activity. Higher amounts; of hexoses preceded the loss of photosynthetic activity and sucrose and starch accumulation. Reduction of the sourcersink ratio by shading prevented the loss of photosynthetic activity and the increase in hexoses and other carbohydrates. These data indicate that the reduction of photosynthesis that accompanies N deficiency in intact plants has the characteristics of sugar repression of photosynthesis observed in model systems, but that the accumulation of hexose prior to the decline in photosynthesis is small. The possibility that sugar repression of photosynthesis under physiological conditions depends more crucially on the C:N status of leaves than the carbohydrate status alone is discussed.