Genome shuffling在酿酒酵母菌种选育中的应用

Genome shuffling(基因组改组)作为一种新型的菌种选育方法,与常见的育种方法相比,具有快速有效、简单易行和实用性强等特点,近年来不断应用于各种工业微生物菌种的改良研究中。论述了Genome shuf-fling的产生与原理、技术过程及其在酿酒酵母中的应用和发展前景。     

基因组重排技术在酵母菌育种中的应用

基因组重排(genome shuffling)技术是在传统诱变育种的基础上与细胞原生质体融合技术相结合一种新兴微生物菌种改良手段,由于该技术高效的正向突变效率和频率,近年来被广泛应用于酵母菌种的选育和改良。本文主要对基因组重排技术在酵母菌育种中的应用进行了综述。     

后基因组时代基因组重排在微生物菌种选育中的应用及展望

基因组重排作为一种实用高效的育种技术,在缺乏遗传背景认知和可操作遗传体系等条件下,可以突破微生物种属间的限制,经过多轮递推的原生质体融合来加速其人工定向进化,在微生物菌种改良及代谢产物开发和产业化等研究领域得到了广泛应用。步入后基因组时代,快速发展的组学和生物信息学使基因组重排成为连接各种微生物育种方法的重要纽带,为我们深入探索微生物复杂的代谢网络和全局调控机制,更为精准地实施对微生物的人工调控和定向进化提供了契机。本文系统性地回顾了近年来基因组重排在微生物菌种选育中的应用研究,尤其针对围绕其开展的组学研究进行了详细阐述,并对基因组重排与组学、生物信息学和合成生物学等新兴技术的联合应用进行了展望。     

基因组重排技术应用及进展

基因组重排技术结合了传统诱变技术和细胞融合技术,是一项对整个微生物基因组重排的新型育种技术。基因组重排技术通过多亲本原生质体递归融合,可以使工程菌快速获得多样复杂优良表型,并且无须了解其基因组学、代谢组学等具体背景。介绍了基因组重排技术的过程及应用,展现了基因组重排技术的优点,并给出了基因组重排技术的发展在未来的应用情景。     

微生物酶DNA shuffling的改进及应用

介绍了DNA shuffling技术的基本原理以及技术改进,对此技术在提高微生物酶的活性、稳定性、抗性以及改变底物专一性等方面的应用进行了综述,并展望了应用前景。     

微生物基因组研究

人基因组计划(Human Genome Project HGP)是一项国际性的研究计划,其目标是要把人基因组大约10万个基因、30亿对核苷酸定位和序列分析,是一项可与“人类登月计划”相比拟的空前浩大的工程,它的实施对医学和人类认识自身有着划时代的意义,它的完成对人类疾病的控制有极其重要的作用。要完成这样的项目,如果用传统的方法来进行,几乎是不可思议的,而各种自动化的大规模基因分析技术和计算机为基础的信息处理技术不断出现,大大加快了基因组分析的进程。对微生物基因组进行分析,在人基因组计划中仅是作为一种“模式生物”(model organism),用它们来试验方法,验证     

组学技术在重离子辐射微生物诱变育种中的应用

重离子辐射诱变具有诱变率高、诱变谱宽、突变体易稳定等优势,在微生物育种实践中已得到广泛应用。随着测序技术的发展,对重离子辐射诱变效应的研究可以实现较为全面地了解突变体在基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组等多个层面的生物学信息。本文综述了利用重离子辐射诱变技术进行微生物育种的研究进展,以及联合高通量测序技术探究重离子诱变产生的生物学效应机理。在此基础上,进一步探讨利用组学方法研究重离子诱变微生物的新思路,旨为重离子诱变微生物育种技术提供参考和建议。     

微生物菌种选育中的基因组改组技术及其应用进展

该文论述了基因组改组技术的产生和原理、方法和特点,以及该技术的应用、意义及其发展前景.基因组改组技术是首先对微生物菌株进行诱变,筛选出正向突变的菌株,然后通过原生质体"递推式融合"使这些正向突变的若干个菌株进行基因组重组,从中筛选出符合育种要求的重组子,从而在短时间内获得性状得到大幅度提高的菌株.     

2017基因组编辑专刊序言

基因组编辑技术,作为一项生物医学领域的革新技术,已经在动物、植物和微生物基因组改造中得到了广泛的应用。以CRISPR/Cas9为主导的基因组编辑技术掀起了基因组编辑的浪潮,在功能基因组学、遗传改良育种、遗传病治疗等研究中展示出其极大的价值与潜力。本专刊报道了基因组编辑技术的总体状况、在相关领域的基础与应用研究、该技术当前存在的优缺点以及未来展望等。     

基因组编辑育种技术及国内外发展态势分析

正基因组编辑技术自诞生以来,以其精确性和高效性迅速在作物和畜禽育种领域得到开发与应用,并展现出广阔的应用前景。随着技术壁垒降低,基因组编辑育种产业发展潜力初显,并已经开始进入基因组编辑育种时代。但是,在基因组编辑技术掀起动植物育种革命的同时,其安全隐患也成为公众关注的焦点,文章简析了基因组编辑育种技术的发展现状以及国内外发展态势,并对我国基因编辑育种技术的发展提出了一系列建议。     

Xylose‐fermenting Pichia stipitis by genome shuffling for improved ethanol production

Xylose fermentation is necessary for the bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol as fuel, but wild‐type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains cannot fully metabolize xylose. Several efforts have been made to obtain microbial strains with enhanced xylose fermentation. However, xylose fermentation remains a serious challenge because of the complexity of lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates. Genome shuffling has been widely used for the rapid improvement of industrially important microbial strains. After two rounds of genome shuffling, a genetically stable, high‐ethanol‐producing strain was obtained. Designated as TJ2‐3, this strain could ferment xylose and produce 1.5 times more ethanol than wild‐type Pichia stipitis after fermentation for 96 h. The acridine orange and propidium iodide uptake assays showed that the maintenance of yeast cell membrane integrity is important for ethanol fermentation. This study highlights the importance of genome shuffling in P. stipitis as an effective method for enhancing the productivity of industrial strains.     

基因组改组技术快速提高扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶产量

应用基因组改组技术快速提高扩展青霉碱性脂肪酶的产量。采用经过多代诱变的碱性脂肪酶产生菌扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)FS8486以及分离自新疆火焰山口土样的溜曲霉(Aspergillus tamarii)FS-132作为出发菌株,经过两轮基因组改组,得到数株优良子代。其中一株酶活较出发菌株FS8486提高317%。对亲本与子代菌株的形态型、RAPD(随机扩增多态性DNA)多态性和脂肪酸组成分析初步确定筛选获得的菌株为亲本的改组子代。首次将基因组改组技术成功应用于真核微生物基因组改造,短期内使目标代谢产物获得提高,这对于在真核微生物育种中进一步推广该技术具有重要意义。     

Directed evolution improves the fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase from Bacillus natto

Nattokinase (subtilisin NAT, NK) is a relatively effective microbial fibrinolytic enzyme that has been identified and characterized from Bacillus natto. In the current report, DNA family shuffling was used to improve the fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase. Three homologous genes from B. natto AS 1.107, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CICC 20164 and Bacillus licheniformis CICC 10092 were shuffled to generate a mutant library. A plate-based method was used to screen the mutant libraries for improved activity. After three rounds of DNA shuffling, one desirable mutant with 16 amino acid substitutions was obtained. The mutant enzyme was purified and characterized. The kinetic measurements showed that the catalytic efficiency of the mutant NK was approximately 2.3 times higher than that of the wild-type nattokinase. In addition, the molecular modeling analysis suggested that the mutations affect the enzymatic function by changing the surface conformation of the substrate-binding pocket. The current study shows that the evolution of nattokinase with improved fibrinolytic activity by DNA family shuffling is feasible and provides useful references to facilitate the application of nattokinase in thrombolytic therapy.     

Genome shuffling of Lactobacillus plantarum C88 improves adhesion

Genome shuffling is an important method for rapid improvement in microbial strains for desired phenotypes. In this study, ultraviolet irradiation and nitrosoguanidine were used as mutagens to enhance the adhesion of the wild-type Lactobacillus plantarum C88. Four strains with better property were screened after mutagenesis to develop a library of parent strains for three rounds of genome shuffling. Fusants F3-1, F3-2, F3-3, and F3-4 were screened as the improved strains. The in vivo and in vitro tests results indicated that the population after three rounds of genome shuffling exhibited improved adhesive property. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA results showed significant differences between the parent strain and recombinant strains at DNA level. These results suggest that the adhesive property of L. plantarum C88 can be significantly improved by genome shuffling. Improvement in the adhesive property of bacterial cells by genome shuffling enhances the colonization of probiotic strains which further benefits to exist probiotic function.     

Genome Shuffling of Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8012 for Improved Production of Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE)

Genome shuffling was applied to increase ABE production of the strict anaerobe C. acetobutylicum CICC 8012. By using physical and chemical mutagenesis, strains with superior streptomycin sulfate, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and butanol tolerance levels were isolated. These strains were used for genome shuffling. The best performing strain F2-GA was screened after two rounds of genome shuffling. With 55 g glucose/l as carbon source, F2-GA produced 22.21 g ABE/l in 72 h and ABE yield reached 0.42 g/g which was about 34.53 % improvement compared to the wild type. Fermentation parameters and gene expression of several key enzymes in ABE metabolic pathways were varied significantly between F2-GA and the wild type. These results demonstrated the potential use of genome shuffling to microbial breeding which were difficult to deal with traditional methods.     

分段DNA shuffling: 一种大分子海藻糖合酶有效的定向进化方法

[目的]红色亚栖热菌(Meiothermus ruber)海藻糖合酶(Trehalose synthase,M-TreS)将麦芽糖转化生成海藻糖只需一步反应,且具有很好的热稳定性及pH耐受性,是潜在的工业生产海藻糖的酶源.为了提高该酶的性能,有必要对其进行定向进化.[方法]M-TreS基因(M-treS)大小为2 889bp.该蛋白质分子本身具有很大的进化空间,但是却不宜进行全长基因Shuffling.分段DNA shuffling是为大分子蛋白质(基因≥2 000 bp)的进化而设计的一种方法.该方法分为三步:(1)用两对引物分别扩增目的基因的上游片段和下游片段;(2)上下游片段各自进行Shuffling; (3)利用重叠延伸PCR连接上下游突变群,建立完整基因的突变文库.[结果]结合易错PCR,通过该方法经一轮进化获得一株酶活力是野生型1.6倍、催化效率是野生型2倍的突变株.序列分析表明,该突变株共有6个位点发生了氨基酸的替代,其中一个来自易错突变,2个来自同源重组,3个为随机突变.[结论]分段DNA shuffling是进化大分子蛋白质的有效方法.     

Genome-shuffling improved acid tolerance and L-lactic acid volumetric productivity in Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Genome shuffling is an efficient approach for the rapid improvement of industrially important microbial phenotypes. Here we improved the acid tolerance and volumetric productivity of an industrial strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 11443 by genome shuffling. Five strains with subtle improvements in pH tolerance and volumetric productivity were obtained from the populations generated by ultraviolet irradiation and nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, and then they were subjected for recursive protoplast fusion. A library that was more likely to yield positive colonies was created by fusing the lethal protoplasts obtained from both ultraviolet irradiation and heat treatments. After three rounds of genome shuffling, four strains that could grow at pH 3.6 were obtained. We observed 3.1- and 2.6-fold increases in lactic acid production and cell growth of the best performing at pH 3.8, respectively. The maximum volumetric productivity was 5.77+/-0.05 g/lh when fermented with 10% glucose under neutralizing condition with CaCO(3), which was 26.5+/-1.5% higher than the wild type.