Cd^2＋对家蝇生长发育的影响以及在家蝇变态过程中的代谢研究

研究重金属镉对家蝇生长发育的影响,以及镉在家蝇变态过程中的代谢。结果表明：低浓度的Cd^2 对家蝇的生长分育几乎没有什么影响,而高浓度的Cd^2 则影响家蝇卵孵化率,幼虫相对存活率,化蛹率,羽化率,百头幼虫理和百头蛹重。进入家蝇幼虫体内的Cd^2 主要分布在消化道,其次是体壁,脂肪体和血淋巴中含量很少。在家蝇变态过程中,Cd^2 的含量变化趋势十分明显：幼虫期Cd^2 逐渐累积,化蛹后Cd^2 含量大幅度下降,羽化后的第6天,成虫体内只剩下极微量的Cd^2 。这些结果表明家蝇对环境中重金属镉的反应是一种在自然选择过程中形成的高度的进化适应。     

辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯混剂对家蝇抗性发展的影响

以家蝇（ＭｕｓｃａｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａｖｉｃｉｎａＭａｃｑｕａｒｔ）为试虫,用辛硫磷溴氰菊酯单剂及不同配比的混剂进行汰选试验。所有混剂选育的家蝇抗性发展都很缓慢,而单剂抗性发展都很快。增效试验表明,辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯混配有明显增效作用,特别是对抗性品系。生化分析结果表明,对溴氰菊酯的抗性发展与酯酶的酶活升高有关。对辛硫磷抗性发展与多功能氧化酶的酶活升高和乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性降低有关。混剂选育的家蝇其对单剂的敏感性的变化及酶系的变化,随着混剂的配比而变化     

辛硫磷和溴氰菊酯混剂对家蝇抗性发展的影响

以家蝇(Musca domestica vicina Macquart)为试虫,用辛硫磷溴氰菊酯单剂及不同配比的混剂进行汰选试验。所有混剂选育的家蝇抗性发展都很缓慢,而单剂抗性发展都很快。增效试验表明,辛硫磷与溴氰菊酯混配有明显增效作用,特别是对抗性品系。生化分析结果表明,对澳氰菊酯的抗性发展与酯酶的酶活升高有关。对辛硫磷抗性发展与多功能氧化酶的酶活升高和乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性降低有关。混剂选育的家蝇其对单剂的敏感性的变化及酶系的变化,随着混剂的配比而变化。     

家蝇巨螯螨的侵袭行为及其对蝇类的影响

本文报道1983年4月至1984年9月对家蝇巨螯螨的某些行为的观察研究结果,包括对跗节1形态的扫描电镜观察,以及截肢前后侵袭家蝇的行为。见到跗节1有约10根毛状感受器,它们在感觉和寻找宿主上起重要作用。该螨对腐食性蝇类,如家蝇、厩腐蝇、夏厕蝇等具有较强的侵袭力。该螨在附着蝇体当螨量超过10只时,宿主卵巢滤泡发育受抑制,寿命缩短。每只雌螨每天平均消耗2个蝇卵,每4只雌螨每天平均消耗1条1龄蝇类幼虫。另外,也观察到家蝇成虫的日龄与性别对螨的诱引力没有明显差异,而卵的新鲜程度却有明显的差异。最后,对实验结果加以讨论,并对该螨的研究和利用提出一些建议。     

5-氟尿嘧啶对家蝇卵巢的影响及其诱变效应

5—氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)是家蝇的有效不育性药剂.采用饲食法用浓度0.5%处理家蝇成虫一天,能造成家蝇90%以上不育,连续处理4—5天,即可造成完全不育.但处理雄蝇×正常雌蝇表现无效.其次,处理后的卵巢形态及细胞学变化显示:处理后的卵巢第一天比对照体积有增加,以后则发育迟缓、卵巢的外形和颜色也有改变.处理后的卵原区首先发生破坏,第一卵室的变化最明显,第二、第三卵室畸形或不发育.滤泡细胞和营养细胞改变很大,卵母细胞相对地改变较小.处理家蝇的后代表现出突变和畸形现象.讨论了5—FU的作用机制.由药效测定和细胞病理改变提出了5—FU造成家蝇不育的可能作用方式.     

EFFECTS OF BENZAMIDE ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSEFLY

This paper deals with the effects of benzamide, a chromosomal RNA inhibitor, on embryonic development of the housefly Musca domestica nebulo. Eggs exposed to benzamide immediately after oviposition continued to develop until the blastema stage, but further development was arrested. Formation of cell boundaries and nucleoli failed to occur and the nuclei at the posterior pole did not differentiate into pole cells. This suggests that synthesis of new RNA is needed for development beyond the blastema stage. Treatment of eggs at different stages of development showed that as development progressed embryos became less sensitive to the drug. Introduction of benzamide into eggs during the pre-blastema period caused irreversible arrest of development, whereas, treatment during post-blastema stages resulted in reversible inhibition of development. The cortical cytoplasm thus appears to induce a significant change in the cleavage nuclei, which alters their sensitivity to the drug.     

STUDIES ON A CADMIUM-INDUCED METALLOTHIONEIN IN HOUSEFLY LARVAE, MUSCA DOMESTICA

Abstract  The induction of metallothionein (MT) was studied in the housefly larvae ( Musca domestica ). Upon dietary exposure to Cd, two Cd-binding proteins were isolated from the whole body homogenates, using gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Mass spectrometric measurement revealed that they have high purity and the molecular weight are 9045.9Da and 11560.2Da, respectively. Amino acid analysis showed that the content of cysteine is the highest, attaining to 18.2%. However, aromatic amino acid residues such as tyrosine (2.5%) and phenylalanine (3.1%) were also detected. In addition, MT from housefly larvae has strong heat stability. All these results suggest that the properties of MT isolated from housefly are very similar to that of mammalian MT, but some differences still exist.     

SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION AND PROPERTIES OF A CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR ISOLATED FROM HOUSEFLY HEADS

—Protein(s) possessing the ligand-binding properties expected of the insect cholinergic receptor were demonstrated in both aqueous and chloroform-methanol extracts of an 80,000 g supernatant obtained from frozen housefly heads. There is reasonable correlation in both the properties and concentration of the housefly head cholinergic receptor in these radically different extracts. Binding constants for decamethonium, acetylcholine, nicotine and atropine have been determined with aqueous housefly head extracts using an ultrafiltration assay. These observations are taken as further evidence that the cholinergic receptor in the insect central nervous system differs in specificity to the more widely studied nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors from vertebrates.     

家蝇幼虫抗菌物质组成及其理化性质

用抑菌圈、酸碱性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)等方法,对家蝇幼虫免疫血淋巴抗菌物质组成及其理化特性进行了研究。结果表明,家蝇抗菌物质是蛋白质,呈碱性和近中性,由5种成分组成。家蝇抗菌物质有较稳定的理化特性。如对热,对较高浓度盐溶液,较极端的pH溶液,室温放置6h及冻融12次等处理均有较高的稳定性。     

家蝇对DDT和拟除虫菊酯的重要抗性机制——中枢神经系统的不敏感性

本文以电生理技术研究了四个品系的家蝇Musca domestica vicina Macq.中枢神经系统(CNS)对DDT、二氯苯醚菊酯和澳氰菊酯的敏感性,结果表明:三种抗性家蝇,DDT高抗品系(DDT-R)、二氯苯醚菊酯高抗品系(2C1-R)和溴氰菊酯高抗品系(Dec-R)的中枢神经系统(CNS)对三种杀虫剂的敏感性与敏感家蝇相比均明显降低,而且,GNS的不敏感性随杀虫剂LD₅₀的升高有逐渐上升的趋势.我们认为,CNS不敏感性是家蝇对DDT相拟除虫菊酯产生抗性的一个重要机制,也是产生交互抗性的一个重要原因.     

抗溴氰菊酯家蝇在不同用药方式下的敏感性变化及其机制

以具有极高抗水平的抗溴氰菊酯家蝇Musca domestica vicina Macquart DR0品系为试虫,模拟田间几种常见的用药方式(混用、轮用、使用增效剂),在室内进行平行汰选,并以不用药和继续用原药汰选的为比较,研究试虫在这几种用药方式下的敏感性变化及其变化机制。抗性家蝇用辛溴混剂、辛硫磷以及溴氰菊酯＋SV₁汰选后,在F₁₆(F₁₇)代以前,对溴氰菊酯及汰选药剂的抗性发展相对都比较缓慢;F₁₆(F₁₇)代以后,用溴氰菊酯＋SV₁汰选的家蝇对溴氰菊酯的敏感性迅速下降,抗性发展很快。家蝇对溴氰菊酯的敏感性变化与药剂中溴氰菊酯的选择压有关。生化分析结果表明,在不同用药方式汰选下,家蝇体内酯酶、多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶活或特性发生了不同的变化。     

家蝇卵巢在体外培育中摄取卵黄蛋白

本文报道家蝇Musca domestica卵巢在体外培养条件下,摄取异硫氰萤光素标记的家蝇卵黄蛋白的特点。用Grace's培养液标记蛋白浓度为2mg/m1,在27℃条件下培养2小时,卵巢摄取量依赖于培养液中卵黄蛋白浓度和温度,摄取高峰在羽化后48小时,正值卵母细胞发育阶段进入6-8时期。培养液中加入JHIII,能促进摄取,JHIIl的浓度和摄取量无明显相关性。乌本苷、牛血清蛋白和叠氮钠显著抑制卵巢的摄取活动。     

DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECTICIDES BETWEEN ADULTS AND LARVAE OF HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA (L.)

Abstract  In this paper, we reported the differences in susceptibility to insecticides between adults and larvae of housefly, Musca domestica (L.), and the mechanisms for the differences. The larvae of housefly were much more tolerant to insecticides than the adults, and the tolerance ratio to cyhalothrin was as high as 205.5 for susceptible strain. Mechanism studies showed that higher GST activity was associated with higher insecticide tolerance in the larvae. The co-toxicity coefficient of the mixture of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate(4:1) on pyrehid-resistant houseflies was 188.     

家蝇对敌百虫的抗性及增效磷(SV_1)对表皮穿透作用的增效机制研究(英语)

增效磷(SV_1)对抗敌百虫家蝇有明显的增效作用,能够延缓家蝇对敌百虫抗性的发展.测定了敌百虫对一个敏感和两个抗性品系家蝇的表皮穿透作用,结果表明抗性品系家蝇对敌百虫的穿透速率比敏感品系低,说明表皮穿透作用的降低和体内解毒速率的增强在家蝇对敌百虫的抗性中起重要作用.SV_1与敌百虫混用后,穿透速率明显提高,敌百虫对家蝇表皮穿透速率的增强和体内代谢速度的降低是SV_1在抗性家蝇体内对敌百虫增效的机制之一.     

STUDIES ON THE KINETICS OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE RESISIANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS OF HOUSEFLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA)

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the susceptible (S) and the resistant (R) strains of housefly (Musca domestica) was investigated using kinetic analysis. The V_max values of AChE for hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and butyrylthiocholine (BTCh) were 4578.50 and 1716.08nmol/min/mg* protein in the R strain, and were 1884.75 and 864.72 nmol/min/mg. protein in the Sstrain, respectively. The V_max ratios of R to S enzyme were 2.43 for ATCh and 1.98 for BTCh. The K_m values of AChE for ATCh and BTCh were 0.069 and 0.034 mmol/L in the S strain, and 0.156, 0.059 mmol/L in the R strain, respectively. The K_m ratios of R to S enzyme were 2.26 for ATCh and 1.74 for BTCh. The k_i ratios of S to R enzyme for three insecticides propoxur, methomyl and paraoxon were 46.04, 4.17 and 2. 86, respectively. In addition, k_cat and k_cat/K_m for measuring turnover and catalytic efficiency of AChE were determined using eserine as titrant. The k_cat values of AChE from the R strain for both ATCh and BTCh were higher than those values from the S strain. But the values of k_cat/K_m were in contrary to the k_cat values with R enzyme compared to S enzyme. The AChE catalytic properties and sensitivity to the inhibition by three insecticides in the R and S strains of housefly were discussed based on contribution of V_max, K_m, k_i, k_cat and k_cat/K_m. All these data implied that AChE from the R strain might be qualitatively altered. We also observed an intriguing phenomenon that inhibitors could enhance the activity of AChE from the resistant strain. This “flight reaction” of the powerful enzyme might be correlated with the developing resistance of housefly to organophosphate or carbamate insecticides.     

早熟素II对家蝇卵黄发生的影响

本实验通过卵巢发育分级的解剖观察、可溶性蛋白质和核酸的定量测定、火箭免疫电泳定量测定卵黄原蛋白及激素处理等方法,研究了早熟素对家蝇(Muscadomestica vicina)卵黄发生的影响。试验结果表明用20ug早熟素处理每头刚羽化家蝇时,家蝇卵黄发生处于不完全抑制状态,其卵黄发生过程比对照组“延迟”约12小时。处理后48小时,血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白的滴度为lo.5ug/ul,接近对照组,而其卵巢鲜重和发育等级明显低于对照组,这种不完全抑制状态表明卵母细胞对卵黄原蛋白的吸收作用受到抑制。当用高剂量100ug早熟素11处理每头刚羽化家蝇时,血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白滴度、卵巢鲜重及其发育均受到明显的抑制,这种抑制效应能自然恢复。 当早熟素11和保幼激素(JH-III)、20-羟基蜕皮酮共同处理时,保幼激素具有明显的去抑制作用,可使血淋巴中卵黄蛋白浓度成倍增加,20-羟基蜕皮酮的去抑制效应不明显。本文还对早熟素作用于双翅目昆虫的方式作了讨论。     

DIPTEREX RESISTANCE IN THE HOUSEFLY AND THE SYNERGIC MECHANISM OF SV1 IN RELATION TO PENETRATION THROUGH CUTICLE

Abstract  SV₁ was observed to have obvious synergism and could delay housefly ( Musca domestica vicina ) resistance development to Dipterex. The penetration rates of Dipterex through housefly cuticle were determined in a susceptible and two resistant strains. The results indicated that the penetration in the resistant housefly strains was obviously slower than in the susceptible one. The penetrating rate of SV₁+ Dipterex (in mixture) was higher than that of Dipterex. The penetration reduction in resistant houseflies may be an important factor in bringing forth resistance. The increase of the penetrating rate of Dipterex and the decrease of its metabolic rate are regarded as the important mechanisms of SV₁ synergism to Dipterex.     

家蝇的卵黄发生及其激素调节

用5—15%SDS-PAGE分析表明,家蝇Musce domestica viaina卵黄蛋白由三个亚基组成,其亚基分子量分别为58KD、50KD、48KD.火箭免疫电泳的结果表明,脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢内卵黄原蛋白的变化具有密切的相关性,卵黄原蛋白在体内最早出现在羽化后30小时左右,然后迅速增加,在羽化后48小时,脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白含量达到最大值,卵巢开始沉积卵黄蛋白在羽化后30小时,到产卵前达到最大值,脂肪体在离体培养条件下,通过测定³H-亮氨酸掺入卵黄原蛋白的量,对不同发育时期家蝇脂肪体合成卵黄原蛋白的能力及激素的调节作用进行了研究,结果表明,羽化12小时后,合成能力迅速上升,48小时时形成高峰,60小时后迅速下跌直至产卵,其合成能力一直维持在低水平,产卵后合成能力又迅速回升,激素处理结果表明,保幼激素可以促进卵黄发生前期和后期家蝇脂肪体的卵黄原蛋白合成,20-羟基蜕皮酮可以大幅度促进卵黄发生期家蝇脂肪体的卵黄原蛋白合成.当二种激素共同处理时,对卵黄发生前期和卵黄发生期的家蝇脂肪体有协同促进作用,而对卵黄发生后期的脂肪体没有这种作用.本文还对家蝇卵黄发生过程中脂肪体、血淋巴和卵巢三者之间的关系及家蝇卵黄发生的激素调节进行了讨论.     

逆重复伪随机序列信号相关分析法在探测蝇复眼电反应中的应用

伪白噪声测试信号的相关分析法,对于黑箱辨识问题来说,是较为合适的实验手段。隨着这种方法应用的扩展,特别是应用于生理系统,提出了如何进一步选择合适的输入信号的问题。逆重复伪随机二进制序列是较为合适的。本文介绍了逆重复伪随机序列信号相关分析法在探测光引起的蝇复眼反应中的应用,描述了信号的产生,测量并计算了模拟输出,它和实测结果甚为符合,说明这种方法对预测反应具有较高的精确性     

用低G／C％含量引物通过PCR扩增家蝇细胞色素P—450 cDNA

根据昆虫细胞色素P-450基因的多型性和遗传多态性,以苯巴比妥钠诱导、室内饲养的杀虫剂敏感种群雌性家蝇Musca omestica vicina Macquart为材料,提取总RNA,以0ligo(dT)-纤维素亲和层析分离出总mRNA;以此为模板反转录合成总cDNA。再以总cDNA为模板,以P-450CYP6A1cDNA序列为参考设计一对低G/C%含量引物,进行PCR扩增,获得1.5kb左右的预期目的片段。