Trimedlure affects mating success and mate attraction in male Mediterranean fruit flies

Male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are attracted to the synthetic compound trimedlure. Despite the common use of trimedlure in control programs, the underlying basis of male attraction remains unknown. In a series of laboratory trials, we compared the mating success of (treated) males exposed to trimedlure and (control) males not given access to trimedlure. When tested immediately after exposure, treated males mated more frequently than control males. This mating advantage was short-lived, however, and males tested as little as 24 h after exposure had no advantage over control males. When tested immediately after exposure, treated males exhibited higher levels of pheromone calling than control males. Consequently, more females were attracted to treated males than to control males in field tests.     

Host-plant variables influencing the spatial distribution of a frugivorous fly, Rhagoletis indifferens

Previous foraging studies of individual Rhagoletis flies predict a positive relationship between the density of host fruits and probability of fruit infestation. This study examines how fruit density and other traits influence the distribution of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran larvae in an abandoned orchard. In 1986, when the level of fruit infestation was high, both the number of larvae/fruit and the percentage of fruits attacked were independent of fruit density at all spatial scales examined (among trees, within trees, or among fruit clusters). In 1987, when the level of fruit infestation was low and fruits were sampled throughout the season, the number of larvae/fruit was either independent of fruit density or, contrary to prediction, was inversely dependent on fruit density and tree size. In fruit-parasitic insects, as in many parasitoids, population-level responses to spatial variation in host density may be difficult to predict from analyses of individual behavior.

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Résumé Des études précédentes sur Rhagoletis avaient suggéré que différentes caractéristiques de la plant-hôte,-densité des fruits, taille de la plante, présence de phéromones de marquage, etc.-, influençaient la prospection par les femelles gravides. Ce travail examine si ces caractéristiques sont utilisables pour prévoir la distribution des larves de R. indifferens dans un verger abandonné; par exemple, si une prospection concentrée dans les zones de forte densité de fruits entraîne une relation positive entre densité des hôtes et intensité des contaminations.En 1986, le niveau d'attaque était élevé: 89% des fruits examinés contenaient au moins une larve. Tant le nombre de larves par fruit que le pourcentage des fruits attaqués étaient indépendants de la densité des fruits et de l'échelle spatiale utilisée: entre les arbres, dans l'arbre, parmi le paquet de fruits. L'abondance de larves n'était pas plus liée à la taille de l'arbre, qu'à son aspect ou à sa position dans le verger. En 1987, quand l'attaque a été faible (<60% des fruits attaqués), l'échantillonnage des fruits pendant toute la saison a donné un nombre de larves par fruit, soit indépendant de la densité de fruits, soit, à l'opposé de nos prévisions, inversement dépendant de la taille de l'arbre et de sa densité en fruits. Bien que des infections multiples de fruits aient été fréquentes (17% des fruits contenaient de une à cinq larves), les larves étaient clairement distribuées uniformément parmi les fruits de l'arbre, probablement par suite de la présence de phéromones de marquage déposées après la ponte. Les mouches peuvent déceler lors de leur ponte la présence de larves d'autres espèces dans le fruit; la distribution des asticots est en relation négative avec celles des chenilles qui entrent plus tôt dans les fruits.Chez les insectes des fruits, comme chez de nombreux parasitoïdes, les réponses des populations aux variations spatiales de la densité de l'hôte peuvent difficilement être déduites de l'analyse du comportement individuel.

     

The effects of host race, gender, and host plant distribution on alighting behavior, mating, and oviposition in Eurosta solidaginis

Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) has formed host races on Solidago altissima L. and Solidago gigantea Ait. (Asteraceae), and reproductive isolation between these host races is brought about in part by host‐associated assortative mating. Any non‐assortative mating creates the potential for gene flow between the populations, and we investigated the conditions that favored non‐assortative mating. We hypothesized that the frequency of non‐assortative mating would be influenced by differences in the behaviors of the host races and sexes and by the presence and pattern of distribution of the two host species. To test these hypotheses, we caged flies on four combinations of 32 potted host plants: all S. altissima, all S. gigantea, and cages with both host species arranged in either two pure species blocks or randomly dispersed. We recorded the number of flies of each host race that alighted on each host species and the frequency of mating within and between the host races. Males of both host races were observed on plants more frequently than females. Flies of the host race from S. gigantea (gig flies) were observed on plants in greater absolute numbers, and they mated more frequently than flies of the host race from S. altissima (alt flies). In all treatments, gig flies of both sexes were found on non‐natal host plants significantly more frequently than alt flies, and gig females showed a weaker preference for their host species than did gig males or alt flies of either gender for their respective natal hosts. Assortative mating predominated in all treatments, and flies from each host race mated more frequently in cages containing their own host plant. The frequency of non‐assortative mating varied among treatments, with the matings between alt ♀ × gig ♂ being more common in the pure S. altissima treatment and the gig ♀ × alt ♂ being more frequent in the pure S. gigantea and random treatments. Matings between gig ♂ × alt ♀ were more common overall than the reciprocal mating, because gig males were more active in pursuing matings and in alighting on the non‐natal host plant than alt flies. Non‐assortative matings were more frequent in the random than in the block treatments, but this difference was not significant. Because of strong selection against oviposition into the alternate host, we hypothesized that host plant distribution would not affect oviposition preference. We tested this hypothesis by examining the oviposition behavior of naïve, mated females in two treatments in which both host species were present: either arranged in blocks or randomly dispersed. Females oviposited only into their natal host, regardless of host plant distribution.     

The adaptation process of Ceratitis capitata to the laboratory analysis of life-history traits

Colonizing species are believed to have genetic plasticity that permits their adaptation to new habitats. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, is known for this ability, reflected in its present world-wide geographical distribution. To investigate the genetic components of the colonizing capacity of this species, we studied the life-table parameters in (a) a recently-collected wild population, (b) a laboratory strain maintained for 6 years, and (c) a hybrid population resulting from crosses between the wild females and long-term laboratory maintained males. All the strain were collected in the same host and place. Within a few generations, both the hybrid and the wild strains showed life table parameters (egg, larval, pupal and adult mortalities, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of population growth, and generation time) similar to those of the laboratory strain. A difference in the speed of adaptation to the laboratory conditions was remarkable, with the hybrid population reaching the values of the long-term laboratory strain much faster than the wild population. An incipient reproductive isolation between the laboratory and the wild population was also observed.The genetic plasticity that allows fast adaptation to new conditions such as those in the laboratory is high in C. capitata, although the genetical variability measured by enzyme electrophoresis in Brazilian populations is low. This suggests that the isozyme variation observed is not related to this kind of adaptation.

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Zusammenfassung Wahrscheinlich besitzen kolonisierende Insektenarten eine genetische Plastizität, die es ihnen ermöglicht, sich an neue Habitats anzupassen. Die Mittlemeerfruchtfliege, Ceratitis capitata, ist wegen dieser Fähigkeit allgemein bekannt. sie spiegelt sich in ihrer gegenwärtigen geographischen Verbreitung in aller Welt wieder. Um die genetischen Anteile an der Kolonisationsfähigkeit dieser Fliegenart zu untersuchen, schätzten wir die Lebensdaten-parameter bei folgenden Populationen: (a) bei einem frisch gesammelten Muster der Wildpopulation; (b) bei einem 6 Jahre lang gezüchteten Laboratoriumsstamm; (c) bei einer Kreuzungspopulation, die aus der Kombination wilde Weibchen und Laboratoriumsmännchen erhalten wurde. Alle Stämme wurden am selben Wirt und Ort gesammelt. Nach wenigen Generationen zeigten sowohl die Kreuzungs- wie auch die wilden Stämme Lebensdatenparameter (Eier, Sterblichkeit der Larven, Puppen and Adulten, Nettofortpflanzungsrate, spezifische Populationsvermehrungsrate, Generationszeit), die denen des Laboratoriumsstammes ähnlich waren.Dennoch zeigte sich ein merkwürdiger Unterschied in der Geschwindigkeit der Anpassung an die Laboratoriumsbedingungen: Die Fliegen der Kreuzungspopulation erreichten die Werte des Laboratoriumsstammes viel schneller als die Fliegen der Wildpopulation. Ferner wurde eine anfängliche Fortpflanzungsisolierung zwischen der Laboratoriums- und der Wildpopulation beobachtet.Daraus wird geschlossen, dass die genetische Plastizität, die eine schnelle Anpassung an neue Bedingungen (z.B. des Laboratoriums) zulässt, in dieser Fliegenart hoch ist, obwohl die mit Enzymelektrophorese gemessene Veränderlichkeit bei brasilianischen Populationen von C. capitata niedrig ist. Dies lässt vermuten, dass die beobachtete Isozymveränderlichkeit zu dieser Art Anpassung nicht in Beziehung steht.

     

Geographic variation in fruit volatiles emitted by the hawthorn Crataegus mollis and its consequences for host race formation in the apple maggot fly,Rhagoletis pomonella

The shift of the apple (AP) maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), from its ancestral host downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis (DH) (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele, to introduced domesticated AP, Malus domestica Borkh. (both Rosaceae), is a model for ecological divergence and incipient sympatric speciation with gene flow. However, a portion of the variation contributing to the sympatric host shift from DH to AP appears to have a different biogeographic history, pre‐dating the shift. One potential source of standing variation may trace to a number of different native hawthorn species infested by R. pomonella in the southern USA, where the AP‐attacking race is absent. Herein, we investigate this possibility for the southern red hawthorn (SR) endemic to Texas, Crataegus mollis var. texana (Buckl.), which has been described as a member of the Molles series that includes the more northern distributed DH. We report results from chemical analyses of host fruit volatiles, fly behavioural responses to synthetic fruit blends, and microsatellite surveys of fly populations, implying that R. pomonella infesting SR may behaviourally and genetically represent a native host race differing from the DH‐infesting fly. No fly reared from SR responded to AP fruit volatiles in flight tunnel assays. However, coupled gas chromatographic‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) profiles for SR fruit contain all five of the component esters that comprise the standard AP volatile blend inducing behavioural orientation for AP‐infesting flies, compounds that appear to be largely missing from volatile profiles for DH fruit. Thus, SR‐infesting flies do not represent a source for a preassembled AP‐accepting phenotype. However, they may help explain why the ancestral DH race that shifted to AP in the northeastern USA had the ability to recognize AP fruit esters, potentially enabling the shift to AP. Our results highlight how categorizing speciation into different geographic modes may not adequately describe the evolutionary origins of important genetic variation fuelling adaptive radiation and the genesis of new biodiversity.     

Effect of constant temperatures on development of the walnut husk fly,Rhagoletis completa

The developmental rates of various life stages ofRhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) were determined in the laboratory at seven different constant temperatures: 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32±1°C, RH 80±10%, photoperiod L 16∶D8. Preoviposition developmental rate was fastest at 28°C (10±1 days, mean±SD) and slowest at 12°C (26±1 days). About 83% of the females deposited eggs at 20 and 24°C and only 25% oviposited at 32°C. Females laid the highest number of eggs at 24°C and the lowest at 8°C. Egg development increased with increasing temperatures up to 28°C, then declined. The fastest egg development was noticed at 28°C (55±1 h) and slowest at 8°C (389±2 h). Over 90% egg hatch was observed at temperatures between 12 and 32°C, but decreased to 73% at 8°C. Larval development was fastest also at 28°C (20±0.2 days). Over 65% pupation was recorded at 20 and 24°C, but decreased to 15% at 32°C and 12% at 8°C. Pupal development was most rapid at 24°C (53±1 days) and slowest at 8°C (162±2 days). More than 70% of adult emergence was noticed in treatments between 16 and 24°C but decreased to 20% at 8°C. Based on a linear regression model of temperature-development rate relationship, the lower developmental thresholds were determined to be 6.6, 5.3, 2.9, and 5°C for preoviposition, egg, larval, and pupal stages, respectively. Based on a non-linear developmental rate model, the upper developmental thresholds were 34°C for preoviposition, egg, and larval stages and 30°C for pupal stage.     

Effect of physiological state of young Ceratitis capitata females, on resource foraging behavior

We investigated the influence of the physiological state of young female Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on resource foraging behavior and mating propensity in field cage studies. Three kinds of diets were supplied prior to release on host plants: (1) 2% sucrose, (2) 20% sucrose, and (3) protein hydrolysate. Laboratory-cultured C. capitata females of different ages, ranging between 3–9 days old, were released in field cages containing two potted citrus tree seedlings, each consisting of either proteinacous or carbohydrate sources. Flies 3–7 days old, exposed to 2% sucrose, showed no preference for either source, while other groups, at the same age, displayed a significant influence of diet. Conversely, the behavior of flies within the age 8–9 days old was governed only by their reproductive needs, all three groups being significantly attracted to protein. In additional field-cage studies, mating propensity of similar groups was observed. Copulation was significantly higher among immature flies fed on proteinacous diet than those exposed to carbohydrate sources prior to their release.     

Estimating female reproductive success of a threatened butterfly: influence of emergence time and hostplant phenology

We estimated lifetime reproductive success of Euphydryas editha bayensis (Nymphalidae), a federally listed threatened butterfly, based on age-specific fecundity and both adult and offspring survival. Our results indicate that the relative timing of adult emergence and larval hosplant senescence strongly influenced reproductive success of females. For 1992, we estimated that only 8–21% of the eggs laid by females emerging on the 1st day of the 4-week flight season would produce larvae that reach diapause. This figure dropped to 1–5% for females emerging 7 days into the flight season. Within our entire sample, we estimated that 64–88% of the females produced offspring with less than a 2% probability of reaching diapause. These estimates are particularly striking given that they are based on only one source of larval mortality — prediapause starvation due to hostplant senescence. This dependence of reproductive success on the relative timing of female emergence and hostplant senescence may reduce effective population size and render E. editha bayensis especially vulnerable to local extinction events.     

Thermal responses in the citrus fruit fly,Dacus tsuneonis: evidence for a pupal diapause

Thermal responses controlling pupariation and adult eclosion in a citrus fruit fly,Dacus tsuneonis (Miyake), were studied to understand the winter biology of this species. When mature larvae were exposed to various temperature conditions, the highest percentage of pupariation was obtained at 15 °C, although the variance at this temperature was greater than at 20 °C or 25 °C. Pupariation occurred most rapidly at 20 °C and an alternating temperature with a mean of 15 °C. At constant 15 °C, pupae failed to emerge as adults. Pupae were characterized by a reduced respiration rate, which is typical of a diapausing pupa. When insects were stored at different temperatures for 45 days after pupariation, and then transferred to 25 °C, adult eclosion occurred earlier when the initial temperature was 10 °C than when it was 5 °C or 15 °C. Adult eclosion occurred most synchronously and pupal mortality was lowest when insects were stored at 15 °C for 90 days before incubation at 25 °C. These results strongly suggest thatD. tsuneonis enters a pupal diapause.     

(Z)-3-nonenol, (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol and (S,S)-(-)-epianastrephin: male produced pheromones of the Mexican fruit fly

(Z)-3-nonenol, (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol and (S,S)-(-)-epianastrephin proved active as male-produced pheromones which elicited behavioral responses from virgin female Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in laboratory bioassays. All three chemicals elicited attraction and/or locomotor arrest when tested individually. When tested together, (Z)-3-nonenol inhibited the behavioral effect of (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol but either of the alcohols synergized the effect of (S,S)-(-)-epianastrephin. Quantities of the pheromones per male abdomen were: (Z)-3-nonenol-100 ng; (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol-40 ng; and total epianastrephin (R,R and S,S enantiomers)-700 ng. Relative to the quantities in abdominal extract, males released these chemicals during sexual display in a blend containing a higher proportion of the alcohols.

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Résumé Le (Z)-3-nonènol, le (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol et le (S,S)-(-)-épianastréphine produits par les mâles de la mouche mexicaine du fruit (Anastrepha ludens) (Diptera: Tephritidae) ont attirés les femelles lors de tests conduits en laboratoire. Le pouvoir attractif du (Z)-3-nonènol est faible comparé à celui des deux autres phéromones. Evalués ensemble, le (Z)-3-nonènol inhibe l'attractivité du (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol mais chacun des deux alcools synergise l'effet attractif de la (S,S)-(-)-épianastréphine. Les quantités recouvrées par mâle dans un extrait abdominal étaient respectivement de 100, 40 et 700 ng pour le (Z)-3-nonènol, le (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol, et l'épianastréphine totale (R,R et S,S) énantiomères. Comparées à ces valeurs, le mélange élange émis par les mâles lors de leur cour sexuelle est plus riche in alcools. Le rapport (Z)-3-nonènol (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadiènol est cependant identique dans l'extrait abdominal et dans le mélange émis par les mâles.

     

中国及老挝果实蝇属一新种及一新记录种（双翅目：实蝇科）

记述果实蝇属Bactrocera Macquart 1新种:甘肃果实蝇Bactrocera(Zeugodacus)gansuica Chen,Han et Zhousp.nov.及老挝果实蝇属1新记录种:黑颜果实蝇B(Z.)vultus(Hardy,1973),并附形态特征图。新种和盾条果实蝇B.(Z.)adusta(Wang & Zhao)及塔帕果实蝇Bactrocera(B.)tappanus(Shiraki)相似,均仅具1对小盾鬃,中胸盾片除2侧纵条及1中纵条外,余均黑色,以及小盾片具1黑色宽纵条。主要区别在于:1)前足股节端半深棕色,而非几乎全黑;2)中、后足股节端部约1/3深棕色;3)翅前缘带与端斑明显相连,而非与端斑明显分离。     

Life history phenology differences between southern and northern populations of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella

The textbook version of sympatric host race formation in Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) features an ancestral hawthorn-infesting race and a derived apple race differing in life-history timing and response to host fruit odor. However, previous research has focused largely on northeastern North America. To investigate life-history timing in poorly studied southeastern North American populations with very diverse hosts, we performed common garden experiments on emergence time on six southern R. pomonella populations and four other R. pomonella species-group populations. Findings were: (1) the diverse adult emergence times of southern populations resulted largely from genetic differences; (2) some southern populations had bimodal emergence curves; (3) correlations of allozyme markers and emergence times were uncommon in southern populations; and (4) mean emergence times from common garden rearings and dates of field collection of the populations were strongly correlated.     

Morphometrics of the pink-footed shearwater ( Puffinus creatopus): influence of sex and breeding site

We present morphometric data for the pink-footed shearwater (Puffinus creatopus) from both Chilean breeding colonies on Isla Mocha and Juan Fernández: weight, total length, wing length, tail length, head length, three bill and three tarsus size measurements and length of middle toe. Significant differences were found for most measurements between males and females as well as between birds from the two different breeding localities. In general, males were bigger than females, and birds from Juan Fernández were bigger than those from Isla Mocha. Geographic differences most likely reflect some kind of ecomorphological adaptation. Some variables, especially the total length of head, seem to be useful for sex determination in the field.     

Role of host fruit color in the behavior of the walnut fly Rhagoletis juglandis

Observations and sticky-trap tests were used to assess the effect of fruit color on the behavior of adult male and female Rhagoletis juglandis Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae), a tephritid that infests husks of Arizona walnut in southeastern Arizona. In the first experiment, during which flies were observed foraging among walnut models suspended from small walnut trees, models were painted green to appear ripe and uninfested or yellow with brown patches to appear ripe and infested. Flies used for this first experiment were also of two types: prior to observations, one group of flies had access to real walnuts for 1.5 days (prior experience) while the other group of flies was held without real walnut fruits (no prior experience). Regardless of prior experience with real walnut fruits, female flies landed on green models more than yellow/brown models. Experienced males also were more likely to land on green models than on yellow/brown models. More interactions also occurred on green models, because there were more landings.In the field behavioral assay, flies from a natural population given a choice of green, yellow, and yellow/brown models landed most often on green models, and all interactions and oviposition attempts occurred on green models. Flies also distinguished models by color in field sticky trap assays.These results suggest that female response to ripeness cues is innate, while males develop a preference for green based on their encounter rate with females.     

Behavioral differences between hawthorn-origin and apple-originRhagoletis pomonella flies in patches of host trees

We compared patterns of patch residence and oviposition ofRhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) females that originated as larvae from hawthorn or apple trees and were released into patches of host trees containing hawthorn or apple fruit in an open field. There were no detectable differences between hawthorn-origin females in patches of hawthorns and apple-origin females in patches of apples in numbers of females observed on food, fruit or foliage or in numbers of eggs laid in fruit during the course of the 7-h experimental period. Apple-origin females in patches of hawthorns behaved similarly to hawthorn-origin females in patches of hawthorns. In contrast, hawthorn-origin females in patches of apples differed significantly from apple-origin females in patches of apples. The former were observed on fruit only 40% as often and laid only 20% as many eggs before departing a patch. Our findings support the hypothesis of G. L. Bush thatR. pomonella flies of hawthorn and apple origin represent distinct host races.     

Oviposition deterring pheromone in Rhagoletis cerasi: Behavioral laboratory test to measure pheromone activity

Current investigations concerning the identification of the chemical nature of the oviposition deterring pheromone of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L., are conducted in an interdisciplinary research program by combining chemistry with behavioral evaluation. The methods used to collect and evaluate the pheromone by an improved semi-quantitative behavior test are described.

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Zusammenfassung Nach einer einleitenden Übersicht über den heutigen Stand der Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der eiablage-hemmenden Pheromone (ODP) bei Fruchtfliegen und insbesondere der Kirschenfliege wird der verbesserte Verhaltenstest beschrieben, welcher für den halb-quantitativen Nachweis von ODP-Aktivität entwickelt worden ist. Im laufenden interdisziplinären Forschungsprogramm an der Eidg. Forschungsanstalt Wädenswil wird versucht, durch enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Biologe, Chemiker und Elektrophysiologe das ODP der Kirschenfliege möglichst mit geringem Anteil an Verunreinigung einzusammeln, zu reinigen und einer chemischen Identifikation der ODP Komponenten zugänglich zu machen.Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Verhaltenstests werden diskutiert und die Empfindlichkeit des Verfahrens mittels einer Konzentrationsreihe von Pheromonextrakt aufgezeigt.

     

Fecundity and oviposition ofEucelatoria bryani, a gregarious parasitoid ofHelicoverpa zea andHeliothis virescens

We examined longevity, fecundity, and oviposition strategies ofEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae), a gregarious endoparasitoid ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) andHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Longevity of adult femaleE. bryani was not related to body size. In contrast to longevity, largerE. bryani females had greater potential fecundity than smaller females, as determined by the number of embryonated eggs present in the common oviduct. However, female parasitoid size did not affect primary clutch size (number of eggs deposited in a host). Because embryos in eggs located in the ovisac were larger than those located elsewhere in the common oviduct, maximum primary clutch size may be physiologically limited by the number of fully mature eggs a female has available at one time.E. bryani females adjusted primary clutch size in response to host size, for bothH. zea andH. virescens. This adjustment appears to be adaptive because females did not overexploit hosts by depositing more larvae than a host could support. Adult emergence was not related to host size. Although host weight positively influencedE. bryani progeny weight, increases in progeny size with host size were counterbalanced by increases in primary clutch size with host size.     

构树果实对南亚实蝇雌虫的引诱效果及主要引诱成分分析

【目的】南亚实蝇被多个国家列为检疫性害虫,其雌虫在野外被发现取食构树果实。本研究拟初步明确构树果实对南亚实蝇雌虫的引诱效果及其主要引诱成分。【方法】通过室内诱捕试验,测试构树果实对南亚实蝇雌虫的引诱效果;采用气质联用仪(GC-MS)与Y型嗅觉仪,测定构树果实中引起南亚实蝇雌虫行为反应的成分。【结果】构树果实对南亚实蝇雌虫的诱捕率高达81.11%;从构树果实气味中测定出29种挥发性成分,其中,0.500 mg·mL^-1的2-正戊基呋喃、0.005 mg·mL^-1的反-2-己烯醛和0.050 mg·mL^-1的正庚醛能显著引起南亚实蝇雌虫的趋向行为。【结论】构树果实具有作为南亚实蝇雌虫食诱剂的潜力,构树果实中的2-正戊基呋喃、反-2-己烯醛和正庚醛可能是引诱南亚实蝇雌虫的主要成分。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.