腺苷及其类似物对猪血小板肌动蛋白聚合的抑制作用及可能机理

凝血酶和ADP刺激血小板肌动蛋白的聚合,腺苷、5′-氯-5′-脱氧腺苷及2′-脱氧腺苷抑制凝血酶和(或)ADP诱导的肌动蛋白聚合;腺苷和5′-氯-5′-脱氧腺苷对磷脂酰肌醇的磷酸化有抑制作用,且呈剂量效应关系;腺苷对凝血酶刺激的血小板中肌醇二磷酸的生成有抑制作用。本实验提示腺苷及其类似物对肌动蛋白聚合的抑制作用可能与它们对肌醇磷脂转换的抑制有关。     

腺苷对大鼠心肌钙蛋白Ⅰ及磷脂酰基醇磷酸化的抑制作用

 用差速离心及等密度梯度离心法从大白鼠心肌细胞分离收缩蛋白质及质膜,分别与[γ-~(32)P]ATP保温以观察细胞成分的磷酸化,以及腺苷和腺苷类似物对磷酸化的影响。结果表明,在收缩蛋白质组分,~(32)P主要参入肌钙蛋白I(Troponin I,29000Da);在质膜组分,~(32)P主要参入磷脂酰肌醇-4-一磷酸(PtdIns4P),亦即ATP使磷脂酰肌醇(Ptd Ins)磷酸化。腺苷对此两种磷酸化都有抑制作用,尤以对PtdIns磷酸化的抑制最强烈。cAMP对肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的磷酸化有刺激作用,这与文献报道相符。作者认为,腺苷和cAMP对肌钙蛋白Ⅰ磷酸化的拮抗作用与腺苷和肾上腺素对心肌调节的拮抗作用有明显的相关性。鉴于近年发现,肌醇磷脂转换在调节细胞活动中起重要作用,腺苷对磷脂酰肌醇磷酸化的抑制作用可能有重要的生物学意义。     

腺苷及其类似物对猪血小板肌动蛋白聚合的抑制作用及可能机理

凝血酶和ＡＤＰ刺激血小板肌动蛋白的聚合;腺苷、５’－氯－５’－脱氧腺苷及２’－脱氧腺苷抑制凝血酶和（或）ＡＤＰ诱导的面动蛋白聚合;腺苷和５’－氯５’－脱氧腺苷对脂酰肌醇的磷酸化有抑制作用,且呈剂量效应关系;腺苷对凝血酶刺激的血小板中肌醇二磷酸的生成有抑制作用。本实验提示腺苷及其类似物对肌动蛋白聚合的抑制作用可能与它们对肌醇磷脂转换的抑制有关。     

SHIP蛋白质的生物学特性及其与白血病的关系

含SH2结构域的肌醇磷酸酶(SHIP)属于5’磷酸酯酶家族成员。SHIP能将磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸(PI-3,4,5-P3,PIP3)水解为磷脂酰肌醇-3,4-二磷酸(PI-3,4-P2),是主要表达于造血细胞的磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)信号抑制分子,通过参与调节PI3K途径而影响细胞增殖、存活及信号转导等诸多细胞活动,与白血病的发生发展密切相关。     

黄芩苷介导PI3K/AKT通路减轻脂多糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡及炎症反应

为探讨黄芩苷对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的大鼠心肌细胞凋亡、炎症及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)信号通路的调控作用,该研究体外培养大鼠心肌H9C2细胞,将其分为对照组(不做干预)、LPS组(10μg/m L LPS)、实验组(10μg/m L LPS+10、20、40、80μmol/L黄芩苷)、黄芩苷+Y组(10μg/m L LPS+10μmol/L黄芩苷+5μmol/L PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂LY294002)、抑制剂组(10μg/m L LPS+5μmol/L LY294002)和黄芩苷+A组[10μg/m L LPS+10μmol/L黄芩苷+100 ng/mL PI3K/AKT通路激活剂胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)]。用细胞计数试剂盒-8测定细胞活力;酶联免疫吸附试验检测炎症因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和IL-10的含量; Hoechst33258染色法测定细胞凋亡率; 5-乙炔基-2’脱氧尿嘧啶核苷测定细胞增殖率;蛋白免疫印迹法测定PI3K/AKT相关蛋白、细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspas...     

肌醇磷脂激酶(PI4-K)单克隆抗体的制备及其对细胞生长的抑制

制备了抗肌醇磷脂激酶 ( PI4- K)单克隆抗体 ( A6D)并测定了抗原 -抗体反应基本特性及功能 .结果表明 ,单克隆抗体与固相及溶液中肌醇磷脂激酶的亲和常数分别为 7.5× 1 0 6和 6× 1 0 8( mol/L) -1.单抗 1 .9× 1 0 -7mol/L可以抑制从细胞提取液的 PI4- K酶活力 50 % .用 FITC标记单抗在蛋白微球引导下进入细胞内 ,主要富集在细胞质膜区 ,并对 He La细胞和小鼠小脑细胞生长有明显抑制作用 .     

肌醇磷脂激酶(PI4-K)单克隆抗体的制备及其对细胞生长的抑制

制备了抗肌醇磷脂激酶 ( PI4- K)单克隆抗体 ( A6D)并测定了抗原 -抗体反应基本特性及功能 .结果表明 ,单克隆抗体与固相及溶液中肌醇磷脂激酶的亲和常数分别为 7.5× 1 0 6和 6× 1 0 8( mol/L) -1.单抗 1 .9× 1 0 -7mol/L可以抑制从细胞提取液的 PI4- K酶活力 50 % .用 FITC标记单抗在蛋白微球引导下进入细胞内 ,主要富集在细胞质膜区 ,并对 He La细胞和小鼠小脑细胞生长有明显抑制作用 .     

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶γ/δ与炎症相关疾病

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)是一类脂质与蛋白激酶家族,其主要通过在磷脂酰肌醇的肌醇环三位进行磷酸化产生胞内重要的第二信使——磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸(phosphatidyl inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate,PIP3)而发挥作用.磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶γ/δ(PI3Kγ/δ)是I类PI3K家族中的成员,其主要表达于免疫相关细胞中,这2种PI3K亚型参与先天性与获得性免疫应答.因此,PI3Kγ/PI3Kδ被视为因免疫反应调控异常导致的炎症疾病的治疗药物靶点.目前,利用特异性抑制剂靶向干预PI3Kγ和/或PI3Kδ,成为炎症相关疾病治疗的新策略.本文简介了PI3Kγ与PI3Kδ在不同类型免疫细胞中的功能;并就采用小分子特异性抑制剂,靶向抑制PI3Kγ和/或PI3Kδ在各类炎症相关疾病中的治疗作用和效果进行综述.     

Wortmannin对凝血酶诱导的人血小板聚集和磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸累积的影响

 Ｗ ｏｒｔｍ ａｎｎｉｎ 是肌醇磷脂 ３ 激酶的不可逆抑制剂．用比浊法分析血小板聚集;肌醇磷脂用３２ Ｐ 磷酸钠标记,用氯仿和甲醇抽提,用 Ｔ Ｌ Ｃ和放射自显影分析,研究了 Ｗ ｏｒｔｍ ａｎｎｉｎ 对凝血酶诱导的人血小板聚集和磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸（ Ｐ Ｉ Ｐ３）累积的影响．结果显示, Ｗ ｏｒｔｍ ａｎｎｉｎ 对凝血酶（５００ Ｕ／ Ｌ）诱导的人血小板聚集有抑制作用,这种抑制作用在一定范围内呈剂量依赖关系（２０～８０μｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ）．凝血酶（５００ Ｕ／ Ｌ）诱导人血小板 Ｐ Ｉ Ｐ３ 的累积, Ｗ ｏｒｔｍ ａｎｎｉｎ 对此累积有抑制作用,这种抑制作用在一定范围内呈剂量依赖关系（４０～１６０ μｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ）．结果提示： Ｗ ｏｒｔｍ ａｎｎｉｎ 可能是潜在的抗血小板药物,抑制凝血酶诱导的人血小板聚集主要与其抑制 Ｐ Ｉ Ｐ３ 的累积有关．结果也提示,肌醇磷脂 ３ 激酶在血小板活化中起重要作用．     

磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白

磷脂酰肌醇转移蛋白(phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer proteins,PITP)普遍存在于真核生物细胞中,PITP能够结合并交换一分子的磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol,PI)或磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine,PC),并促进这两类脂分子在细胞内膜组分间的转移。PITP对细胞内膜组分间脂类的运输和代谢、分泌囊泡的形成和运输、磷脂酶C(phospholipase,PLC)调节的信号传导以及神经退化等生理生化过程具有重要的影响。综述了近年来PITP的研究进展,并对目前研究中存在的一些问题进行探讨。     

Selective phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins by the solubilized membrane protein kinases.

This report describes the substrate and phosphoryl donor specificities of solubilized erythrocyte membrane cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-independent protein kinases toward human and rabbit erythrocyte membrane proteins. Three types of substrate preparations have been utilized: heat-inactivated ghosts, isolated spectrin, and 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (DMMA)-extracted membranes. A 30 000-dalton protein kinase, extracted from either human or rabbit erythrocyte membranes, catalyzes the phosphorylation of heat-inactivated membranes in the presence of ATP. The resulting phosphorylation profile is analogous to that of the autophosphorylation of membranes with ATP (in the absence of cAMP). These kinases also phosphorylate band 2 of isolated spectrin and band 3, but not glycophorin, in the DMMA-extracted ghosts. The ability of the 30 000-dalton kinases to use GTP as a phosphoryl donor appears to be related to the substrate or some other membrane factor. A second kinase, which is 100 000 daltons and derived from rabbit erythrocyte membranes, uses ATP or GTP to phosphorylate membrane proteins 2, 2.1, 2.9-3 in heat-inactivated ghosts, band 2 in isolated spectrin, glycophorin, and to a lesser extent, band 3 in the DMMA-extracted ghosts.     

Endogenous Adenosine Regulates the Apparent Efficacy of 1-Aminocyclopentyl-1S,3R-Dicarboxylate Inhibition of Forskolin-Stimulated Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Rat Cerebral Cortical Slices

Abstract: In rat cerebral cortical slices, the 1-aminocyclopentyl-1 S ,3 R -dicarboxylate (1 S ,3 R -ACPD) isomer of the selective metabotropic excitatory amino acid agonist ACPD inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner with a maximal inhibition of 51 ± 3% and a half-maximally effective concentration of 8.8 ± 3.4 μ M . Similarly, 1 R ,3 S -ACPD inhibited the forskolin response in a concentration-dependent manner, but with an inhibition of 80 ± 5% at 3 μ M . In addition to inhibiting forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels, 1 S ,3 R -ACPD, but not 1 R ,3 S -ACPD, enhanced the cAMP response to A_2b adenosine receptor activation. In the presence of 1.2 U/ml of adenosine deaminase (included to reduce the contribution of endogenous adenosine), the efficacy of 1 S ,3 R -ACPD was increased (88 ± 3% inhibition), but the potency was unchanged. The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine also increased the inhibitory effect of 100 μ M 1 S ,3 R -ACPD, from 57 ± 1 to 78 ± 5%. These results indicate that endogenous adenosine plays an important role in regulating the apparent efficacy of 1 S ,3 R -ACPD inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in rat cerebral cortical slices and that previous studies in rat hippocampus and hypothalamus in the absence of added adenosine deaminase may have underestimated the efficacy of this compound.     

Forskolin Stimulation of Cyclic AMP Accumulation in Rat Brain Cortex Slices Is Markedly Enhanced by Endogenous Adenosine

Stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in rat cortex slices by 1 microM forskolin (F) was markedly reduced (96%) by treatment with adenosine deaminase (ADA). The effect of ADA was progressively less at higher concentrations of F, but still inhibited the response by 50% at 100 microM F. ADA-mediated inhibition of the cAMP response to 1 microM F was completely reversed by 5 microM 2-chloroadenosine (CA), an ADA-resistant analogue. Stimulation by F (controls) and F plus CA (ADA treated) in cortex slices was significantly inhibited by 200 microM caffeine (CAF) and by 10 microM 8-phenyltheophylline. cAMP accumulation in ADA-treated cortex slices stimulated with CA at concentrations from 5 to 100 microM was markedly enhanced by 1 microM F. Neither ADA treatment nor 200 microM CAF significantly affected cAMP accumulation in slices stimulated by 1 microM vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or adenylate cyclase in membranes stimulated by 1 microM F. CAF (1 mM) did not significantly increase basal cAMP levels in cortex slices, whereas 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine caused a significant 80% increase and 100 microM rolipram enhanced cAMP levels by 4.5-fold. F-stimulated cAMP accumulation (1 microM) in cortex slices was inhibited 98% by 1 mM CAF and 49% by 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and was enhanced 2.5-fold by 100 microM rolipram. These data have been interpreted to indicate that the stimulation of cAMP accumulation in rat cortex slices by 1 microM F is predominantly due to synergistic interaction with endogenous adenosine and that the inhibition of this response by CAF is largely due to blockade of adenosine receptors.     

Regulation of platelet adenylate cyclase by adenosine

The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of adenosien of the adenylate cyclases of human and pig platelets were studied. Stimulation occurred at lower concentrations than did inhibition, and stimulatory effect was prevented by methylxanthines. Stimulation by adenosine was immediate in onset and was reversible, under conditions when cyclic AMP formation was linear with respect to time and protein concentration.The stimulatory and inhibitory effects could be distinguished further by the use of various analogues of adenosine and could be prevented by adenosine deaminase. The data suggest that both stimulation and inhibition were due to adenosine itself and not one of its degradation products and that in the platelet preparation, neither formation nor degradation of adenosine during the adenylate cyclase incubation appreciably influenced measured activity.Stimulation by adenosine was additive with the effects of GMP-P(NH)P, and α- or β-adrenergic stimulation, but was abolished by prostaglandin E₁ or by NaF. Prostaglandin E₁ and NaF increased the sensitivity of adenylate cyclase to inhibition by adenosine. The data suggests that guanly-5′-yl(β-γ imino)diphosphate and/or adrenergic stimulation and adenosine exert their effects on adenylate cyclase by distinct mechanisms, but that prostaglandin E₁ or F^? and adenosine increase enzyme activity by mechanisms which may involve common intermediates in the coupling to adenylate cyclase.     

腺苷抗豚鼠室性心律失常的电生理研究

实验用全细胞膜片钳技术在单个豚鼠心室肌细胞上研究了腺苷 (Ado)对正常及异丙肾上腺素 (Iso)致豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位、迟后除极 (DAD)、L 型钙电流 (ICa.L)和短暂内向电流 (Iti)的作用。结果表明 :(1)Ado在2 0～ 10 0 μmol/L时对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa .L无明显直接作用 ,但却可明显降低Iso所致的动作电位时程(APD)延长和ICa .L峰值增大 ,Iso (10nmol/L)使细胞APD50 从 3 40± 2 1ms延长到 486± 2 8ms (P <0 0 1) ,APD90从 3 61± 17ms延长至 5 0 1± 2 9ms (P <0 0 1) ;ICa .L峰值从 - 6 5 3± 1 4pA/pF增大到 - 18 2 8± 2 4pA/pF (P <0 0 1) ,电流电压曲线明显左移和下移 ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)使APD50 和APD90 降至 40 3± 19ms和 419± 2 6ms ,但并不影响动作电位其它参数 ,使ICa.L峰值降低至 - 10 2± 1 5pA/pF (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )Iso (3 0nmol/L)可诱发心室肌细胞产生DADs,其发生率为 10 0 % ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)可完全抑制Iso引发DADs;细胞经 - 40～ +2 0mV、时程 2s的除极电压 ,Iso (3 0nmol/L)诱导出Iti,其发生率为 10 0 % ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)可明显抑制Iso致Iti的发生 ,其发生率降为 14 3 %。研究结果提示 ,Ado对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa.L无明显直接作用 ,但却可显著降低Is     

On the water and proton permeabilities across membranes from erythrocyte ghosts

The diffusional permeability of water across membranes from bovine and human erythrocyte ghosts was measured by a recently developed method which is based on the different indices of refraction of H2O and 2H2O. Resealed erythrocyte ghosts were prepared by a gel-filtration technique. Pd (2H2O/H2O) values of 1.2 X 10(-3) cm/s (human) and 1.7 X 10(-3) cm/s (bovine) were calculated at 20 degrees C. The activation energies of the water exchange were 23.5 kJ/mol (human) and 25.4 kJ/mol (bovine). Treatment of the ghosts with p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS) led to a 60-70% inhibition of the diffusional water exchange. The pH equilibration across membranes of erythrocyte ghosts was measured by intracellular carboxyfluorescein. The rates of proton flux after pH-jumps (pH 7.3 to pH 6.1) were about 100-fold lower than those of the water exchange and dependent on the kind of anions present (Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4). The activation energies of proton flux were 60-70 kJ/mol. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibited the exchange by 97-98% and lowered the activation energy. The inhibitor of water exchange, PCMBS, increased the proton-permeation rate by a factor of 4-5. It is assumed that the rate-limiting step for the proton permeation is determined by the anion exchange. Under this condition our results are not in accord with one channel as a common pathway for both the passive water and anion transport.     

蝙蝠葛碱拮抗缓激肽引起的钙稳态改变 及细胞骨架蛋白的异常磷酸

为研究蝙蝠葛碱 (dauricine , Dau) 拮抗缓激肽 (bradykinin , BK) 诱导的 Alzheimer 样钙稳态失衡及细胞骨架蛋白异常磷酸化的作用,采用双波长荧光分光光度计测定细胞内钙离子浓度 ([Ca2+] i) ,用 MTT 法检测细胞代谢水平,用免疫组织化学方法观察 tau 蛋白表达和磷酸化 . 结果表明,Dau (3 μmol/L , 6 μmol/L) 可抑制 BK 诱导的 [Ca2+]i 升高,保护 BK 引起的神经元代谢降低,拮抗 BK 引起的 tau 蛋白异常磷酸化和聚集 . 结果提示： Dau 可拮抗 BK 诱导的 Alzheimer 样钙稳态失衡及细胞骨架蛋白异常磷酸化的作用 .     

Adenosine A2B receptor stimulates angiogenesis by inducing VEGF and eNOS in human microvascular endothelial cells

Angiogenesis is critical to wound repair due to its role in providing oxygen and nutrients that are required to support the growth and function of reparative cells in damaged tissues. Adenosine receptors are claimed to be of paramount importance in driving wound angiogenesis by inducing VEGF. However, the underlying mechanisms for the regulation of adenosine receptors in VEGF as well as eNOS remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that adenosine and the non-selective adenosine receptor agonists (NECA) induced tube formation in HMEC-1 in a dose-dependent manner. Adenosine or NECA (10 µmol/L) significantly augmented the number and length of the segments in comparison with the control. Simultaneously, VEGF and eNOS were significantly upregulated following the administration of 10 µmol/L NECA, while they were suppressed after A_2B AR genetic silencing and pharmacological inhibition by MRS1754. In addition, VEGF expression and eNOS bioavailability elimination significantly reduced the formation of capillary-like structures. Furthermore, the activation of A_2B AR by NECA significantly increased the intracellular cAMP levels and concomitant CREB phosphorylation, eventually leading to the production of VEGF in HMEC-1. However, the activated PKA-CREB pathway seemed to be invalidated in the induction of eNOS. Moreover, we found that the elicited PI3K/AKT signaling in response to the induction of NECA assisted in regulating eNOS but failed to impact on VEGF generation. In conclusion, the A_2B AR activation-driven angiogenesis via cAMP-PKA-CREB mediated VEGF production and PI3K/AKT-dependent upregulation of eNOS in HMEC-1.     

Cooperation of adenosine and prostaglandin E<Subscript>2</Subscript> (PGE<Subscript>2</Subscript>) in amplification of cAMP–PKA signaling and immunosuppression

INTRODUCTION: We hypothesize that adenosine and PGE(2) could have a complementary immunosuppressive effect that is mediated via common cAMP-PKA signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To test this hypothesis, the effect of adenosine and PGE(2) on the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells was investigated. RESULTS: PGE(2) and adenosine inhibited LAK cells cytotoxic activity and production of INF-gamma, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. In combination they showed substantially higher inhibition than each modality used alone. Using agonists and antagonists specific for PGE(2) and adenosine receptors we found that cooperation of PGE(2) and adenosine in their inhibitory effects are mediated via EP(2) and A(2A) receptors, respectively. LAK cells have 35-fold higher expression of EP(2) than A(2A). Combined PGE(2) and adenosine treatment resulted in augmentation of cAMP production, PKA activity, CREB phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Wortmannin and LY294002 enhanced the suppressive effects of adenosine and PGE(2). In contrast, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS, an inhibitor of PKA type I blocked their immunosuppressive effects, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of PGE(2) and adenosine are mediated via common pathway with activation of cAMP-PKA and inhibition of Akt. CONCLUSION: In comparison to other immunosuppressive molecules (TGF-beta and IL-10), adenosine and PGE(2) are unique in their ability to inhibit the executive function of highly cytotoxic cells. High intratumor levels of adenosine and PGE(2) could protect tumor from immune-mediated destruction by inactivation of the tumor infiltrating functionally active immune cells.     

腺嘌呤核苷脱氨酶及核苷运转系统对精子运动的调节作用

 腺嘌呤核苷(ADO)和它的类似物2-Cl-ADO对牛附睾尾部精子的运动有刺激作用,为了探讨ADO及其类似物对精子运动调节作用的机理,我们从ADO受体,核苷运转系统(NTS)及腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)三个方面对牛附睾尾部的精子进行了研究。我们发现腺苷受体不存在于牛精子膜上,但ADA和NTS以膜蛋白的形式结合在精子膜上,并对精子体内的ADO浓度起调节作用。我们的结论是ADO及其类似物对牛精子运动的调节作用是首先通过精子膜上的ADA和NTS影响精子体内的ADO浓度,进而ADO又通过调节钙离子浓度刺激牛精子运动。