共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
研究了西双版纳热带森林的 3种人为干扰破坏 (择伐、皆伐和轮歇 )后形成的次生群落在物种和群落水平上植物多样性各个方面的变化规律 ,研究结果表明 :( 1 )择伐群落和皆伐群落乔木层物种数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数在科、属、种 3个水平上无显著差异 ,但较轮歇群落物种更为丰富 ,多样指数更高。( 2 )轮歇群落林下灌草层的物种数在科、属、种 3个水平上高于择伐群落和皆伐群落 ,但 Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数则分别在各个水平上低于择伐群落和皆伐群落。 ( 3)轮歇群落先锋种类占较大比重 ,达76 % ,其它二类群落比例约为 5 0 %。( 4 )择伐和皆伐群落乔木层都由几种植物形成共同优势 ,轮歇群落则形成单优群落。 ( 5 )在生活型构成上 ,皆伐群落乔木树种种类相对较多 ,轮歇群落藤本植物较多 ,草本植物种类较为丰富 ,尤其一年生草本植物种类远多于其它群落类型 相似文献
2.
以自然林为对照,研究了云南省西双版纳热带地区耕火种农业(旱稻)和林下种植砂仁(Amomum villosum)2种不同土地利用方式对土壤弹尾、螨和线虫3类土壤动物个体数量的影响。通过24个月的取样分离,获得土壤动物个体49.912个。结果表明:不同土地利用方式导致了土壤理化性质不同程度的改变,例如土壤容重的增加、肥力下降、土壤水分蒸发加快等,这些土壤指标的变化是影响土壤动物个体数量的决定性因素。动物的个体数量在3个样地中以自然林最多,砂仁地次之,刀耕火种地最少;在季节分布上以雾冷季最多,干热季最少。各样地的动物个体数量以刀耕火种与自然林之间的差异最显著,刀耕火种样地与砂仁样地或砂仁样地与自然林样地之间的差异有时达到显著水平,但在不同季节中各类型样地间的差异有所不同。土壤动物的季节变化不但受气候条件变化的影响,同时受到人类土地利用活动的影响,在人为干扰样地中高峰与低谷之间的变化幅度较大。某些土地利用的行为不但杀死了动物本身,而且破坏了动物的营养源,因此土壤动物个体数量随着土地利用强度的增加而下降。 相似文献
3.
根据6块样地的调查资料,分析了西双版纳热带山地雨林植物多样性特征。结果表明:在2 500 m2的样地上,西双版纳热带山地雨林群落共有植物物种99~181种。其中乔木层的物种丰富度(S)为54~113,Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)为1.648 7~4.049 1,Simpson指数(λ)为0.503 5~0.969 5,Pielou 均匀度指数(Jsw)为0.413 3~0.854 9。灌木层的S为35~89,H′为2.413 2~3.716 2,λ为0.762 7~0.958 2,Jsw为0.678 8~0.859 3。草本层的各指数值:S为31~65,H′ 为2.792 1~3.499 2,λ为0.902 0~0.938 2,Jsw为0.729 3~0.838 2。低海拔带上的山地雨林(Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号样地)的各指数值(H′、λ、Jsw)在群落不同层次中均表现为草本层 > 灌木层 > 乔木层,而物种丰富度在不同层次中无一定变化规律;高海拔带上山地雨林(Ⅲ号、Ⅳ号、Ⅴ号、Ⅵ号样地)的物种丰富度和多样性指数(H′、λ)表现为乔木层 > 灌木层 > 草本层,而均匀度指数(Jsw)在不同层次中则无一定变化趋势。高海拔带上的山地雨林乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均明显高于低海拔带上的山地雨林,这是由于前者所处生境较为优越。沿着海拔梯度,群落乔木层的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均在中等海拔高度地带(约1 200~1 220 m)达到最高值,这是由于中等海拔高度的山地雨林位于生境条件最为优越的沟谷地带,而且与低地季节雨林毗邻,热带雨林植物成分丰富。 相似文献
4.
通过对各种不同状况的林下种植砂仁的热带雨林片断与同样类型的原始热带雨林的比较研究 ,探讨了砂仁种植对热带雨林植物多样性各个方面的影响。砂仁种植必须大量清除小树、林下幼树、灌木层植物 ,致使种植了砂仁的热带雨林片断的乔木下层及几乎整个的幼树、灌木层遭严重破坏 ,物种和个体大量流失 ,群落结构变得非常不稳定。由于热带雨林的更新主要依赖于其林下层的幼苗库 ,林下层的幼树、苗库被清除或破坏 ,热带雨林就难以自我更新 ,故林下种植砂仁的更大的潜在危害是使得热带雨林不能自我更新。种植了砂仁的热带雨林片断 ,物种和个体数的减少或流失 ,主要是直接的人为清除的结果 ,清除强度大 ,种类和个体减少就多。热带雨林下砂仁种植后 ,那些在原乔木层中占多数的只有 1~ 2个个体的脆弱种类 (种群 )将首先消失 相似文献
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西双版纳傣族贝叶文化与植物多样性保护 总被引:18,自引:4,他引:18
生物多样性保护的一个重要的策略是必须提高公众意识,支持社区、青年及妇女积极参与保护行动。所以,近年来,传统知识与生物多样性管理已成为国际社会关注的一个热点。本文以西双版纳的傣族为例,探讨了贝叶文化与植物多样性保护以及持续利用的关系,包括佛主与植物、佛经的文字载体植物、佛寺的用材树种、赕佛活动的植物和佛寺庭园的植物等。 相似文献
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探讨不同的途径来保护日益减少的生物多样性已成为国际社会关注的一个热点。研究证明依靠西双版纳傣族传统信仰文化而建立的龙山林与寺庙庭园 ,就象一些小保护区和小植物园一样在植物多样性的保护中发挥了重要作用。在此基础上 ,探讨了在人口增加、森林减少和生活方式发生一定改变的今天通过成立宗教植物保护协会来运用信仰的力量参与生物多样性的管理、通过多层次培训教育提高公众的保护意识与技能 ,通过示范来鼓励土著民族参与等多种方法来保护该地区生物多样性的途径 ,受到了良好的效果。 相似文献
7.
不同土地利用方式对河北坝上步甲物种多样性的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了探讨土地利用方式对步甲物种多样性的影响及其与环境因子的关系, 于2009年5-10月利用巴氏罐法, 对河北坝上塞北管理区内的灌草丛、马铃薯地、苜蓿地、围封草地、中度放牧草地和重度放牧草地6种生境的步甲进行了系统调查。结果表明: (1)共捕获步甲标本10 804号, 计10属18种, 其中强足通缘步甲Pterostichus fortipes、侧步甲Carabus latreillei和双斑猛步甲Cymindis binotata占优势, 个体数分别占总数的67.5%, 7.53%和7.06%。(2)苜蓿地中的步甲密度、物种丰富度、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高, 其他样地较低。(3)聚类分析结果显示, 不同生境的步甲群落相似性与受干扰强度和土地利用方式一致。(4)步甲主要在6-9月活动, 高峰期为7-8月。各物种在不同土地利用方式生境内的季节变化趋势与不同生境植被生长季节相关, 步甲个体数量随着植物生物量的增加而增加。强足通缘步甲Pterostichus fortipes高峰期大多出现在植物生长旺盛的7月, 仅围封草地内的高峰出现在8月; 双斑猛步甲Cymindis binotata的高峰期出现在8-9月。(5)典范对应分析表明, 土壤含水量、土壤温度、植物盖度、植物生物量及植株高度是影响步甲群落组成的重要环境因子。结论认为, 不同土地利用方式对环境的干扰影响了步甲赖以生存的生境, 进而影响了其物种的组成和数量分布格局。 相似文献
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该文针对“西双版纳热带山地雨林的植物多样性研究”论文中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。原文所依据的6个调查样地, 从其分布海拔、生境、群落的生态外貌特征、植物区系组成及单位面积植物种数的统计上反映出它们并非都属于同样的植被类型,即原文所称的热带山地雨林,而可能分别属于《云南植被》中所应用的热带季节雨林的次生林群落(样地I和II)、季风常绿阔叶林群落(样地V和VI)及类似于苔藓常绿阔叶林(样地III和IV)的群落类型。由于这些样地代表了不同的植被类型, 导致在对这些样地的植物多样性特征的比较上出现较大差异。对原文在资料分析和与其它森林群落植物多样性的比较上存在的一些问题也作了讨论。原文的研究结果显示了西双版纳不同海拔高度上森林植物群落的物种多样性特征,但并不能全部运用于该地区的热带山地雨林这一特定植被类型。 相似文献
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本文选择了西双版纳地区6个傣族“龙山”片断热带雨林和一个同样植被类型的自然保护区原始林为研究样地,在各样地中均设置一个2500m2面积的样方,采用植物群落学与植物种类编目相结合的方法,比较研究了各“龙山”片断雨林的群落结构(层次和覆盖度),植物丰富度(单位面积上的植物个体数)和物种多样性指数的变化情况,得出结论:随着隔离(孤立)时间的增加和人为干扰的加剧,“龙山”片断热带雨林的群落结构和植物丰富度将越趋偏离原始热带雨林,亦即群落结构变得不完整,植物丰富度降低,以及物种多样性指数显著下降,片断热带雨林中的雨林成分也将在一定程度上被先锋成分等其它植被类型成分替换。本文也对导致这些变化的原因作了探讨。 相似文献
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旨在为三峡消落带选择适合的生态恢复方式提供参考依据。以三峡库区重庆忠县汝溪河流域典型消落带为研究区域,于2015年6月进行原位取样,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,对消落带的耕地、林地、弃耕地土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性进行研究。研究发现:(1)除容重和密度外,不同用地类型对土壤各理化特性均产生显著影响,林地的含水量、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、速效磷(AP)的含量显著高于耕地和弃耕地(P0.05)。(2)在三峡库区消落带不同土地利用方式下细菌和真菌多样性均有显著性差异。(3)耕地和林地的细菌多样性无显著性差异,均显著高于弃耕地;不同用地方式中,土壤全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)显著影响细菌群落结构(P0.05)。(4)真菌群落的Shannon-Weiner指数和辛普森指数在耕地中均为最低,但均匀度指数在3种用地类型之间没有显著性差异;在不同用地方式的土壤中,土壤有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)含量和p H显著影响真菌群落结构(P0.05)。结论:与弃耕地和耕地相比,林地可固持、滞留和保有更多的土壤养分,有较高的细菌多样性和真菌多样性。在三峡消落带165—175 m海拔高程,林地为最适宜的用地方式,建议限制耕作,推广人工生态修复林地建设。 相似文献
11.
Yuan Jiang Muyi Kang Qingzhu Gao Lihuan He Min Xiong Zhibin Jia Zhengping Jin 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2003,12(10):2121-2133
The Loess Plateau is a special natural–cultural unit in northern China. Intensive land use in the past has had, and forestation and grass planting at present will have inevitable impacts on plant biodiversity in the Loess Plateau. Based on the analysis of floristic features within three sampling sites with different land use practices and analysis of species richness among different land use types, we discuss impacts of land use on species richness and floristic features in the Northern Loess Plateau. The results drawn from this case study are as follows: (1) It appears that forestation and grass planting have had a positive influence on the local species diversity, but they have contributed little to the native vegetation in terms of conserving its floristic features. (2) Caragana intermedia shrubland, Pinus tabulaeformis forestland, and natural grassland have made important contributions to supporting indigenous species and maintaining local plant biodiversity. (3) There is a significant positive correlation between land use diversity and species richness. These results imply that practicing biodiversity conservation in situ is feasible and the suitable choice for the Loess Plateau. Concrete measures for biodiversity conservation in the area can include setting up small nature reserves and diversifying land use patterns to maintain as much habitat as possible for native vegetation. The artificial Hippophae rhamnoides shrubland should not be further promoted, considering its negative influence on biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
12.
西双版纳地区土地利用的空间分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
利用西双版纳地区2003年TM数据,对土地利用结构及土地利用与海拔、坡度、水系等自然地理要素相互关系的空间进行分析.结果表明,耕地、林地和草地是该地区土地利用的主体,其中林地面积13 420 km2,占研究区总面积的74%;草地面积3 251 km2,耕地面积2 332 km2,分别占13%和18%.林地、耕地和草地面积随海拔高度具有单峰变化的曲线特征,在海拔1 000~1 200 m处林地分布最多,耕地和草地面积达到峰值时的海拔约为900 m.受人为活动影响强的用地类型坡度指数较低,城乡建筑用地和耕地的坡度指数为5°和14°,人为活动影响较弱的林地草地坡度指数较高,分别为22°和20°.河谷内随缓冲距离增加,土地利用呈现规律性变化,耕地、城镇居民点、未利用地3种土地利用方式主要集中在河谷底部近水域处,远离河谷林地草地组分增加明显.西双版纳地区自然生态系统相对原生,具有林地为基质,河流为廊道,坝区、沟谷农业景观镶嵌分布的特点. 相似文献
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西双版纳勐养自然保护区土地利用对自然景观的影响 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
使用ARC/INFO和ARC/VIEW地理信息系统,对以1995年3月的卫星影像图、相关图件及数据为基础的图形数据库进行分析,研究了土地利用对勐养自然保护区自然景观的影响.结果表明,土地利用使季节雨林生境的异质性最高(多样性指数H为2.1759,优势度指数D为1.2831),季风常绿阔叶林异质性最小(H为1.2531,D为2.3318).该保护区总的人为干扰强度指数(HD)为0.1287,其中季节雨林生境受干扰最强烈,HD达0.8809.季风常绿阔叶林是保护区的优势植被(占总面积的78%),土地利用使其约12.36%(或10895hm2)的面积被损坏.热带雨林(季节雨林、山地雨林和季雨林,占总面积的12%)是重点保护对象,土地利用使其损失了约19%(2557hm2),是受到严重干扰的生境组分.耕地的斑块数量最多(占斑块总数的25.86%)而面积却很小(占总面积的2.2%),呈小块状散布在保护区里.人们因经营耕地而活动在保护区里,构成了大面积的干扰,使灌丛草地基本随着耕地散布在保护区里.要保护好西双版纳勐养自然保护区,必须以改善土地利用方式来控制耕地的扩散. 相似文献
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Environmental changes are driving rapid geographic shifts of suitable environmental conditions for species. These might survive by tracking those shifts, however successful responses will depend on the spatial distribution of suitable habitats (current and future) and on their connectivity. Most herptiles (i.e., amphibians and reptiles) have low dispersal abilities, and therefore herptiles are among the most vulnerable groups to environmental changes. Here we assessed the vulnerability of herptile species to future climate and land use changes in fragmented landscapes. We developed and tested a methodological approach combining the strengths of Species Distribution Models (SDMs) and of functional connectivity analysis. First, using SDMs we forecasted current and future distributions of potential suitable areas as well as range dynamics for four herptile species in Portugal. SDM forecasts for 2050 were obtained under two contrasting emission scenarios, translated into moderate (low-emissions scenario) or large (high-emissions scenario) changes in climate and land use conditions. Then, we calculated and analysed functional connectivity from areas projected to lose environmental suitability towards areas keeping suitable conditions. Landscape matrix resistance and barrier effects of the national motorway network were incorporated as the main sources of fragmentation. Potential suitable area was projected to decrease under future conditions for most test species, with the high-emissions scenario amplifying the losses or gains. Spatiotemporal patterns of connectivity between potentially suitable areas signalled the most important locations for maintaining linkages and migration corridors, as well as potential conflicts due to overlaps with the current motorway network. By integrating SDM projections with functional connectivity analysis, we were able to assess and map the vulnerability of distinct herptile species to isolation or extinction under environmental change scenarios. Our framework provides valuable information, with fairly low data requirements, for optimizing biodiversity management and mitigation efforts, aiming to reduce the complex and often synergistic negative impacts of multiple environmental change drivers. Implications for conservation planning and management are discussed from a global change adaptation perspective. 相似文献
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Decisions for agricultural management are taken at farm scale. However, such decisions may well impact upon regional sustainability. Two of the likely agricultural management responses to future challenges are extended use of irrigation and increased production of energy crops. The drivers for these are high commodity prices and subsidy policies for renewable energy. However, the impacts of these responses upon regional sustainability are unknown. Thus, we conducted integrated impact assessments for agricultural intensification scenarios in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany, for 2025. One Irrigation scenario and one Energy scenario were contrasted with the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. We applied nine indicators to analyze the economic, social and environmental effects at the regional, in this case district scale, which is the smallest administrative unit in Brandenburg. Assessment results were discussed in a stakeholder workshop involving 16 experts from the state government.The simulated area shares of silage maize for fodder and energy were 29%, 37% and 49% for the BAU, Irrigation, and Energy scenarios, respectively. The Energy scenario increased bio-electricity production to 41% of the demand of Brandenburg, and it resulted in CO2 savings of up to 3.5 million tons. However, it resulted in loss of biodiversity, loss of landscape scenery, increased soil erosion risk, and increased area demand for water protection requirements. The Irrigation scenario led to yield increases of 7% (rapeseed), 18% (wheat, sugar beet), and 40% (maize) compared to the BAU scenario. It also reduced the year-to-year yield variability. Water demand for irrigation was found to be in conflict with other water uses for two of the 14 districts. Spatial differentiation of scenario impacts showed that districts with medium to low yield potentials were more affected by negative impacts than districts with high yield potentials.In this first comprehensive sustainability impact assessment of agricultural intensification scenarios at regional level, we showed that a considerable potential for agricultural intensification exists. The intensification is accompanied by adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts. The novelty lies in the multiscale integration of comprehensive, agricultural management simulations with regional level impact assessment, which was achieved with the adequate use of indicators. It provided relevant evidence for policy decision making. Stakeholders appreciated the integrative approach of the assessment, which substantiated ongoing discussions among the government bodies. The assessment approach and the Brandenburg case study may stay exemplary for other regions in the world where similar economic and policy driving forces are likely to lead to agricultural intensification. 相似文献
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为了探讨西双版纳地区土地利用变化对土壤有机质含量及其化学组成的影响,选取了相邻的次生林、耕种6年的农田和定植3年的橡胶园样地,对其0~5 cm和5~20 cm表层土壤中有机质含量、胡敏酸的光谱学特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,次生林转变为农田之后,0~5 cm和5~20 cm 表层土壤有机质含量分别降低33.6%和23.7%;而次生林转变为橡胶园,分别降低28.6%和27.6%。胡敏酸可见-红外光谱结果显示,次生林转变为农田和橡胶园后,0~20 cm表层土壤E4/E6显著降低,这表明胡敏酸化学组成当中芳香族结构增加。傅立叶变换红外光谱结果同样表明,土地利用变化影响土壤有机质的化学组成。次生林转变为农田和橡胶园后,胡敏酸中羧基和酚基结构比例降低,而脂肪族、芳香族和多聚糖比例增加。 相似文献
18.
Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity? 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
Eckehard G. Brockerhoff Hervé Jactel John A. Parrotta Christopher P. Quine Jeffrey Sayer 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2008,17(5):925-951
Losses of natural and semi-natural forests, mostly to agriculture, are a significant concern for biodiversity. Against this
trend, the area of intensively managed plantation forests increases, and there is much debate about the implications for biodiversity.
We provide a comprehensive review of the function of plantation forests as habitat compared with other land cover, examine
the effects on biodiversity at the landscape scale, and synthesise context-specific effects of plantation forestry on biodiversity.
Natural forests are usually more suitable as habitat for a wider range of native forest species than plantation forests but
there is abundant evidence that plantation forests can provide valuable habitat, even for some threatened and endangered species,
and may contribute to the conservation of biodiversity by various mechanisms. In landscapes where forest is the natural land
cover, plantation forests may represent a low-contrast matrix, and afforestation of agricultural land can assist conservation
by providing complementary forest habitat, buffering edge effects, and increasing connectivity. In contrast, conversion of
natural forests and afforestation of natural non-forest land is detrimental. However, regional deforestation pressure for
agricultural development may render plantation forestry a ‘lesser evil’ if forest managers protect indigenous vegetation remnants.
We provide numerous context-specific examples and case studies to assist impact assessments of plantation forestry, and we
offer a range of management recommendations. This paper also serves as an introduction and background paper to this special
issue on the effects of plantation forests on biodiversity.
相似文献
Eckehard G. BrockerhoffEmail: |
19.
摘要:本研究在西双版纳利用样线调查法调查亚洲象的取食作用对野象谷景区常见分布的5种植物即酸苔树、象鼻藤、粗糠柴、翅果麻和黄牛木的影响,调查中记录样线上每一目标植株的基径、高度、影响类型、影响程度等信息。结果表明:1)植物受影响的数量与其植株总数之间的相关性不大(Pearson correlation, r=0.608, P=0.277);2)亚洲象对5种植物的偏爱程度不一样,酸苔树、象鼻藤、粗糠柴和翅果麻都是大象喜爱的食物,尤其是象鼻藤(偏爱指数=1.4855),而黄牛木不受大象喜爱(偏爱指数=0.5855);3)亚洲象对5种植物有不同的影响方式和影响程度,酸苔树以主干折断和枝叶损失为主,受大象的取食影响最严重,象鼻藤虽然是大象最喜爱的食物,但受到的取食影响最小,粗糠柴以枝叶损失和主干折断为主,翅果麻以枝叶损失为主,同时也是唯一被亚洲象剥皮的植物,黄牛木以枝叶损失为主,被推倒的情况最普遍。树干基部直径为3-8cm的植株最受大象偏爱。亚洲象对植物的选择性以及植株自身的特性是导致上述差异的主要原因。建议后续开展长期的调查以了解亚洲象对这些植物种群数量及群落结构的影响,同时应采取有效保护措施以避免象群在当地过于集中的现象。 相似文献