西双版纳傣族贝叶文化与植物多样性保护

生物多样性保护的一个重要的策略是必须提高公众意识,支持社区、青年及妇女积极参与保护行动。所以,近年来,传统知识与生物多样性管理已成为国际社会关注的一个热点。本文以西双版纳的傣族为例,探讨了贝叶文化与植物多样性保护以及持续利用的关系,包括佛主与植物、佛经的文字载体植物、佛寺的用材树种、赕佛活动的植物和佛寺庭园的植物等。     

内蒙古通辽市库伦旗蒙古族庭园植物农业生物多样性分析——以芒汗苏木毛敦塔拉嘎查为例

庭园是形成和保存农业生物多样性的基本单位,也是野生植物和栽培植物聚集的场所。在农村,庭园的主要作用是提供日常生活所需,还可产生收入。庭园中不仅存在较高的生物多样性,而且庭园也有很多社会、文化、生态方面等功能。该研究针对通辽市库伦旗芒汗苏木毛敦塔拉嘎查蒙古族,采用随机抽样和农户推荐的方式选择了11个农户,以农户的整个庭园面积为样方,设立11个样方进行农业生物多样性分析,并用漫谈式访谈和半结构调查方法进行庭园植物及其经济效益调查。结果表明:毛敦塔拉嘎查蒙古族庭园植物物种丰富度较高,庭园植物共有96种,包括栽培及野生的植物蔬菜类33种、水果用19种、观赏用20种、饲料用8种、药食兼用5种、其它用途类16种,其中有些种类具有多种用途;毛敦塔拉嘎查各农户庭园植物的多样性随着庭园类型及庭园管理者的特征而不同;庭园面积大且种植大量经济作物的庭园经济效益高;据调查当地庭园的经营模式具有生态种植型、综合经营型、庭园养殖型三种类型。这些庭园植物不仅对当地农牧民的生活具有广泛作用而且对农业生物多样性保护具有深远意义。     

运用傣族的传统信仰保护西双版纳植物多样性的探讨

探讨不同的途径来保护日益减少的生物多样性已成为国际社会关注的一个热点。研究证明依靠西双版纳傣族传统信仰文化而建立的龙山林与寺庙庭园 ,就象一些小保护区和小植物园一样在植物多样性的保护中发挥了重要作用。在此基础上 ,探讨了在人口增加、森林减少和生活方式发生一定改变的今天通过成立宗教植物保护协会来运用信仰的力量参与生物多样性的管理、通过多层次培训教育提高公众的保护意识与技能 ,通过示范来鼓励土著民族参与等多种方法来保护该地区生物多样性的途径 ,受到了良好的效果。     

橡胶林种植对白蚁群落结构和多样性的影响

采用样带法对西双版纳纳板河自然保护区自然林(热带雨林和常绿阔叶林)和橡胶林白蚁群落进行了调查,探讨了橡胶林种植对白蚁群落结构、食性类群组成和多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)在3种森林类型中,共收集白蚁样本397份,隶属于2科10属20种,热带性白蚁种属组成突出;(2)季节对白蚁群落多度和丰富度有显著影响,总体表现为雨季高于旱季;(3)自然林中白蚁多度、丰富度和多样性指数显著高于单一橡胶林,且橡胶林中白蚁稀有种数量显著减少,同时土木食性白蚁的数量比例显著低于自然林,而木食性白蚁比例增加。研究认为,热带地区大面积单一橡胶林种植可对"生态系统工程师"白蚁群落结构和多样性产生较大的负面影响,应重视发展复合橡胶林模式保护白蚁生物多样性。     

西双版纳生物多样性保护和可持续发展研究:本论文集的说明

西双版纳是保存有大面积热带森林的地区,倍受海内外的关注.从本世纪30～40年代到90年代的研究表明西双版纳处于热带亚热带过渡地带的特殊性,其生态环境和生物成分不仅在生物演化中意义显要而且也是发展地方经济的重要资源.西双版纳为多民族聚居区,居住着傣族、爱尼族约20个民族或未定族群.各民族有其特殊的土地和自然资源利用传统.随着人口增加和经济发展,特别是橡胶种植的扩大,严重地损坏了西双版纳的热带森林及其生态环境,也使优秀传统文化在丧失.保护生态环境和优秀传统文化成了西双版纳可持续发展的关键.     

西双版纳生物圈保护区勐养片民族传统和土地利用特点

在勐养自然保护区,绝大部分土地用于自然保护。由于历史的原因,有些土地的使用权为农垦部门所有,用于种植茶和橡胶的种植园,有些土地的使用权为当地居民所有,用于农业生产。土地利用不仅关系到保护区的生物多样性保护和持续发展,而且与当地居民的传统密切相关。以下是民族传统和土地利用的几个特点。 1 自然格局与居住格局土地利用的第一个问题就是居住环境的选择。在过去的数十年里,勐养自然保护片的居民点发生了大的变动。这种变动是自然环境和社会因素综合作用的结果,例如,大河边片区,有7     

云南昆明市双哨乡双桥村户级植物资源多样性保护与利用

以位于昆明城市饮用水保护区的双桥自然村为调查点,采用参与性生物多样性评估(Participatory biodiversity appraisal,简称PBA)方法,在当地村民参与下随机调查了100户农户种植管理和利用的植物种和品种多样性.结果表明,100户农户共种植管理和保存着70个植物物种,共有150个大田栽培植物、庭园观赏和绿化等植物品种.其中大田栽培物种31个、105个品种,庭园观赏、绿化等物种39个、45个品种,有着丰富的植物资源多样性.大田植物如玉米(Zea mays L.)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)、豌豆(Pisum sativam L.)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、白菜(Brassica pekinesis Rupr.)和蚕豆(Vicia faha L.)等物种资源及其品种被广泛栽种和利用,而观赏和绿化植物种相对较少.户级水平间种植利用的植物资源数量和多样性存在明显差异,6%的农户栽种、管理和利用的植物种和品种的多样性和丰富程度高,因而对植物多样性保护有较大贡献.     

农业景观中山体的植物多样性分布：地形和土地利用的综合影响

 农业景观中,山体是被广阔农田包围的生境岛屿,是生物多样性保护的重点地段。存在人类干扰时,决定山体植物多样性的主要因素不是面积、年龄和隔离程度,而是地形和土地利用。在这种情况下,从岛屿生物地理学的观点来理解生物多样性的分布规律是不合适的,因此本文采用直接对比分析方法对此进行说明。选择环渤海地区河北省遵化市（39°55′～40°22′ N, 117°34′～118°14′ E）境内的10个山体,从山顶到山底沿坡面设置样带。记录不同坡位的土地利用类型及宽度,分层调查各个土地利用类型的乔木层、灌木层和草本层物种丰     

西双版纳社会经济发展与生物多样性变化研究

根据西双版纳近 5 0年来土地利用类型结构的变化、自然生物多样性的变化和轮歇农业的变化的调查与分析研究 ,探讨了西双版纳土地政策、社会经济发展与生物多样性变化的相互关系。通过分析提出 :( 1 )土地利用阶段类型的变化是社会经济发展与生物多样性变化的桥梁和体现形式。近 5 0年是西双版纳历史上生物多样性变化速度最快、规模最大的时期 ,土地政策、经济体制、农户经济发展需求推动了经济作物面积的扩大而天然森林面积减少和片断化 ,是生物多样性变化的主要原因 ;( 2 )轮歇农业作为西双版纳各山地民族的主要传统农业生态系统 ,虽然通过“二山一地”政策得到政府的法律保护 ,但是 ,传统轮歇农业面积不断缩小 ,其休闲方式、轮歇周期、物种结构发生了极大转变 ,甚至传统轮歇农业转变为混农林业 ,相似的轮歇农业趋向田野类型多样化和农户间差异化 ,导致天然森林恢复困难以及在轮歇农业生态系统中的农业生物多样性流失 ;( 3)农业生态系统是栽培作物及其品种多样性并作为系统的重要组成部分得以生存和保存的重要基础。农业生态系统田野类型的多样化和农户之间的差异性不断扩大 ,出现了一些高效的类型和成功的农民专家 ,他们将为未来粮食和经济作物安...     

科尔沁沙地蒙古族户级水平庭园植物多样性分析——以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗的研究为例

为了表明农户庭园在户级水平上对农业生物多样性保护的作用,在内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗采用随机抽样和农户推荐选择20个农户,同时在邻近地区的汉族地区选择10个农户作为对比分析。在此基础上对其家庭庭园采用典型取样法设立30个样方进行调查。结果表明：巴首嘎查庭园植物有100种、哈日乌苏种畜场共有84种、公济号村有87种,包括栽培及野生蔬菜、水果、观赏、药用、饲用等植物。三个村庄庭园植物物种丰富度分析比较发现巴首嘎查的物种丰富度相对最高,而哈日乌苏种畜场的相对最低,反映巴首村对庭园物种多样性保护的贡献相对最大。这些差异是由于自然条件、庭园面积、庭园历史、庭园管理条件及庭园管理者、当地农牧民对庭园植物的传统知识和文化的认识的差异所造成。文末还对调查的三个村庄的庭园植物进行了初步编目。     

三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度的空间格局及热点地区保护

全球气候变化和人类的开垦开发活动使湿地生物多样性遭到严重的干扰和破坏,导致生物多样性空间分布格局及热点地区的保护成为研究的热点。在对三江平原湿地鸟类预测的基础上,利用空间自相关方法分析三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度的空间分布格局,并找出湿地鸟类多样性的热点地区及优先保护顺序。研究结果表明,三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度高高集聚区主要分布在保护区及周边地区、河流和湖泊沿岸,是新建和扩建自然保护区的最佳区域。湿地鸟类丰富度高低集聚区主要分布在农田景观中,将它们设立成微型保护地块对于区域景观生态安全具有重要意义;利用湿地鸟类物种丰富度、国家级保护湿地鸟类、生境类型和结构、距最近保护区距离、破碎度、干扰度等指标,在研究区内共找到13个热点地区,总面积为1018.7km²,占研究区总面积的8%;利用系统聚类分析,将13个热点地区划分成3种优先保护顺序。构建的小区域范围内寻找生物多样性热点地区的方法,为相关政府部门更有效地进行湿地生物多样性的保护和管理提供科学依据。     

Impact of land use on plant biodiversity and measures for biodiversity conservation in the Loess Plateau in China – a case study in a hilly-gully region of the Northern Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau is a special natural–cultural unit in northern China. Intensive land use in the past has had, and forestation and grass planting at present will have inevitable impacts on plant biodiversity in the Loess Plateau. Based on the analysis of floristic features within three sampling sites with different land use practices and analysis of species richness among different land use types, we discuss impacts of land use on species richness and floristic features in the Northern Loess Plateau. The results drawn from this case study are as follows: (1) It appears that forestation and grass planting have had a positive influence on the local species diversity, but they have contributed little to the native vegetation in terms of conserving its floristic features. (2) Caragana intermedia shrubland, Pinus tabulaeformis forestland, and natural grassland have made important contributions to supporting indigenous species and maintaining local plant biodiversity. (3) There is a significant positive correlation between land use diversity and species richness. These results imply that practicing biodiversity conservation in situ is feasible and the suitable choice for the Loess Plateau. Concrete measures for biodiversity conservation in the area can include setting up small nature reserves and diversifying land use patterns to maintain as much habitat as possible for native vegetation. The artificial Hippophae rhamnoides shrubland should not be further promoted, considering its negative influence on biodiversity conservation.     

近30年鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值

滨岸缓冲带作为湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,研究其土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值（ESV）对维持湖泊水安全和生物多样性具有重要意义。基于1988-2018年间7期Landsat遥感卫星影像数据,采用土地利用相关分析、ESV当量因子估算等方法,深入分析了鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带近30年土地利用时空演变特征及ESV变化。结果表明：（1）近30年鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带土地利用类型逐渐形成了以耕地为主导,林地、草地、水域、建设用地等主要地类占比相对均衡的格局。耕地面积明显增加,增幅为21.48%;建设用地和林地面积增幅分别为542.90%和326.23%,耕地、水域、草地是二者面积增加的主要来源;草地面积出现明显减少,幅度达66.79%,主要转变为林地、耕地和水域;水域和未利用地面积出现小幅减少。研究区内,南昌县综合土地利用动态度以1.81%高于其他11个区（县）,土地利用较其他区（县）出现更大的变化。（2）近30年鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带生态系统服务价值总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,总损失25.54亿元,降幅为24.18%;各类ESV的变化趋势与各土地利用类型面积变化的趋势相似,其中水文调节为研究区内最主要的生态服务功能,占总ESV的66.03%。（3）水域和草地对ESV变化的贡献率最大,是鄱阳湖滨岸缓冲带ESV变化的主要影响因素;水域面积减少是导致滨岸缓冲带ESV下降的主要原因。总体而言,修复和保护滨岸缓冲带内的水域和草地对维持鄱阳湖生态系统生物多样性和服务功能具有重要作用,对周边乃至长江中下游地区的生态环境保护亦具有重要意义。     

Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach

Purpose

Land use is a main driver of global biodiversity loss and its environmental relevance is widely recognized in research on life cycle assessment (LCA). The inherent spatial heterogeneity of biodiversity and its non-uniform response to land use requires a regionalized assessment, whereas many LCA applications with globally distributed value chains require a global scale. This paper presents a first approach to quantify land use impacts on biodiversity across different world regions and highlights uncertainties and research needs.

Methods

The study is based on the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) land use assessment framework and focuses on occupation impacts, quantified as a biodiversity damage potential (BDP). Species richness of different land use types was compared to a (semi-)natural regional reference situation to calculate relative changes in species richness. Data on multiple species groups were derived from a global quantitative literature review and national biodiversity monitoring data from Switzerland. Differences across land use types, biogeographic regions (i.e., biomes), species groups and data source were statistically analyzed. For a data subset from the biome (sub-)tropical moist broadleaf forest, different species-based biodiversity indicators were calculated and the results compared.

Results and discussion

An overall negative land use impact was found for all analyzed land use types, but results varied considerably. Different land use impacts across biogeographic regions and taxonomic groups explained some of the variability. The choice of indicator also strongly influenced the results. Relative species richness was less sensitive to land use than indicators that considered similarity of species of the reference and the land use situation. Possible sources of uncertainty, such as choice of indicators and taxonomic groups, land use classification and regionalization are critically discussed and further improvements are suggested. Data on land use impacts were very unevenly distributed across the globe and considerable knowledge gaps on cause–effect chains remain.

Conclusions

The presented approach allows for a first rough quantification of land use impact on biodiversity in LCA on a global scale. As biodiversity is inherently heterogeneous and data availability is limited, uncertainty of the results is considerable. The presented characterization factors for BDP can approximate land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA studies that are not intended to directly support decision-making on land management practices. For such studies, more detailed and site-dependent assessments are required. To assess overall land use impacts, transformation impacts should additionally be quantified. Therefore, more accurate and regionalized data on regeneration times of ecosystems are needed.     

Plant diversity declines with recent land use changes in European Alps

Against a background of increasing land use intensification on favorable agricultural areas and land abandonment on less arable areas in the Alps, the aim of this investigation was to detect whether and how 10 differently used types of grassland can be distinguished by site factors, plant species composition, and biodiversity. By using a very large number of vegetation surveys (936) that were widely distributed in the Central Alps, site parameters and species composition of the different land use types were compared by discriminant analyses and various biodiversity indices. Results showed that land use is a significant factor affecting the development of different grassland communities with site factors playing a subordinate, yet important role. The 10 land use types studied can be clearly differentiated from one another by single species as well as by species composition. Our study found that the number of plant communities along with the number of species decreases constantly and significantly with increasing land use intensity and on abandoned land. For example, on average, extensively used meadows have more than three times as many species as intensively used meadows. Further, the most even distribution of species (Evenness index) is reached in intensively used meadows, whereas on pastures and abandoned land, some species become dominant forcing other species to recede. The results confirm that due to current trends in agriculture, such as land abandonment and land use intensification, plant diversity in the Alps is decreasing considerably.     

Biodiversity responses to land‐use and restoration in a global biodiversity hotspot: Ant communities in Brazilian Cerrado

Given that land‐use change is the main cause of global biodiversity decline, there is widespread interest in adopting land‐use practices that maintain high levels of biodiversity, and in restoring degraded land that previously had high biodiversity value. In this study, we use ant taxonomic and functional diversity to examine the effects of different land uses (agriculture, pastoralism, silviculture and conservation) and restoration practices on Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) biodiversity. We also examine the extent to which ant diversity and composition can be explained by vegetation attributes that apply across the full land management spectrum. We surveyed vegetation attributes and ant communities in five replicate plots of each of 13 land‐use and restoration treatments, including two types of native vegetation as reference sites: cerrado sensu stricto and cerradão. Several land‐use and restoration treatments had comparable plot richness to that of the native reference habitats. Ant species and functional composition varied systematically among land‐use treatments following a gradient from open habitats such as agricultural fields to forested sites. Tree basal area and grass cover were the strongest predictors of ant species richness. Losses in ant diversity were higher in land‐use systems that transform vegetation structure. Among productive systems, therefore, uncleared pastures and old pine plantations had similar species composition to that occurring in cerrado sensu stricto. Restoration techniques currently applied to sites that were previously Cerrado have focused on returning tree cover, and have failed to restore ant communities typical of savanna. To improve restoration outcomes for Cerrado biodiversity, greater attention needs to be paid to the re‐establishment and maintenance of the grass layer, which requires frequent fire. At the broader scale, conservation planning in agricultural landscapes, should recognize the value of land‐use mosaics and the risks of homogenization.     

1995-2015年缅甸土地利用/覆被变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

缅甸土地利用变化对其生态系统服务的影响与中缅绿色"一带一路"、中缅经济走廊建设等重大战略的长期合作息息相关。利用缅甸1995年和2015年的土地利用数据,结合Costanza生态系统服务价值系数表,分析缅甸土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：（1）1995-2015年,缅甸土地利用类型以林地（71%）和耕地（26%）为主,林地和草地面积减少,而其他地类增加;林地和耕地之间的转化显著。（2）缅甸生态系统服务价值约4600-4700亿美元,林地贡献最大;调节（48%）和支持（29%）服务价值比重较大;（3）生态系统服务总价值增加了66.26亿美元,调节、供给和支持服务价值增加,而文化服务价值减少;生态系统服务二级类型中：废物处理、食物供给、生境/避难所等增加,气候调节、遗传资源、水土保持功能等减少;（4）缅甸土地利用变化对生态系统服务总价值和生态系统服务一级类型总价值影响较小,但生态系统服务二级类型价值的"此消彼长"会影响缅甸生态安全和生物多样性,在未来中缅"一带一路"建设中需要重点关注。     

Priority areas for the conservation of South African vegetation: a coarse-filter approach

Abstract.  South Africa has an important responsibility to global biodiversity conservation, but a largely inadequate conservation area network for addressing this responsibility. This study employs a coarse-filter approach based on 68 potential vegetation units to identify areas that are largely transformed, degraded or impacted upon by road-effects. The assessment highlights broad vegetation types that face high biodiversity losses currently or in the near future due to human impacts. Most vegetation types contain large tracts of natural vegetation, with little degradation, transformation or impacts from road networks. Regions in the grasslands, fynbos and forest biomes are worst affected. Very few of the vegetation types are adequately protected according to the IUCN's 10% protected area conservation target, with the fynbos and savanna biomes containing a few vegetation types that do achieve this arbitrary goal. This investigation identifies areas where limited conservation resources should be concentrated by identifying vegetation types with high levels of anthropogenic land use threats and associated current and potential biodiversity loss.     

The impact of land use and land cover change on biodiversity within and adjacent to Kibasira Swamp in Kilombero Valley,Tanzania

Wetlands are crucial ecosystems with multiple values and functions to a range of different stakeholders. The future of wetlands depends both on the legacy of the past and how they are currently used. Using 48 vegetation survey plots (0.08 ha) combined with Landsat 5 and 7 TM imagery, we assessed the influence of long‐term (1990–2011) land use and land cover change on the biodiversity of the Kibasira Swamp. Information on perceptions of adjacent communities on historical changes and drivers for the changes were also collected. Results showed an increase in the area covered by open water by 1% and forest by 4% between 1990 and 1998 whilst Cyperus papyrus L and cultivated land area decreased by 8% and 3%, respectively on the same period. Between 1998 and 2011, there was a decrease in areas covered by water by 35% and forest by 9% whereas C. papyrus L increased by 40% and cultivated land increased by 8%. These changes have affected the biodiversity of the swamp and adjacent to it as numbers of mammals have declined. However, the Swamp still provides extensive habitat for plants and bird species despite the ongoing human pressure. Interventions may be necessary to maintain biodiversity in Kibasira Swamp to ensure sustainable ecosystem services.