高粱种质资源对黑束病的抗性鉴定与评价

2016-2017年,在人工接种条件下对110份高粱种质资源进行了抗黑束病鉴定与评价研究,拟探明高粱抗病性及不同寄主来源的高粱、玉米黑束病菌致病力差异。110份高粱种质资源中,对高粱来源的黑束病菌(GHS-1)表现免疫(IM)的13份(占11.8%),高抗(HR)的17份(占15.5%),抗病(R)和中抗(MR)的各14份(占25.4%);感病(S)的17份(占15.5%),高感(HS)的35份(占31.8%);对玉米来源的黑束病菌(YHS-1)表现免疫(IM)的21份(占19.1%),高抗(HR)的11份(占10.0%),抗病(R)的15份(占13.6%),中抗(MR)的12份(占10.9%);感病(S)的21份(占19.1%),高感(HS)的30份(占27.3%)。上述结果表明,目前高粱育种中广泛应用的育种种质恢复系中抗黑束病材料较为丰富,且不同寄主来源的高粱和玉米黑束病菌致病力存在差异。     

黑龙江省高粱种质抗丝黑穗病、靶斑病、高梁蚜和亚洲玉米螟鉴定

对黑龙江省种植的114份高粱种质资源进行丝黑穗病、靶斑病、高粱蚜及亚洲玉米螟病虫害鉴定,筛选出抗丝黑穗病材料6份、抗靶斑病材料7份、抗高粱蚜材料3份及1份高抗亚洲玉米螟材料。这些抗病虫材料可为今后进行种质创新及杂交种选育提供理论和实用价值。     

黑龙江省高粱种质抗丝黑穗病、靶斑病、高粱蚜和亚洲玉米螟鉴定

对黑龙江省种植的114份高粱种质资源进行丝黑穗病、靶斑病、高粱蚜及亚洲玉米螟病虫害鉴定,筛选出抗丝黑穗病材料6份、抗靶宽病材料7份、抗高粱蚜材料3份及1份高抗亚洲玉米螟材料.这些抗病虫材料可为今后进行种质创新及杂交种选育提供理论和实用价值.     

外引玉米种质对两种穗腐病原镰孢菌抗性鉴定

采用双牙签接种技术,2016-2017年连续2年对从美国、加拿大、罗马尼亚、德国、法国、荷兰等国家引进的177份玉米种质资源抗玉米穗腐病原拟轮枝镰孢(F.verticillioides)和禾谷镰孢(F.graminearum)进行了鉴定。结果表明,鉴定的177份玉米种质资源中,对拟轮枝镰孢表现高抗(HR)的资源2份,占总数的1.13%;抗病(R)38份,占总数的21.47%;中抗(MR)75份,占总数的42.37%;感病(S)48份,占总数的27.12%;高感(HS)14份,占总数的7.91%。177份玉米种质资源中,对禾谷镰孢(F.graminearum)表现抗病(R)12份,占鉴定资源总数的6.78%;中抗(MR)66份,占总数的37.29%;感病(S)64份,占总数的36.16%;高感(HS)35份,占总数的19.77%,未发现对禾谷镰孢菌表现高抗的材料。在177份玉米种质资源中,兼抗两种穗腐病原镰孢菌的种质资源有12份。     

玉米种质资源抗南方锈病鉴定

玉米南方锈病已成为近几年我国夏玉米生产区间歇性暴发流行的病害,对玉米生产构成严重威胁,病害流行年份可造成10%以上的产量损失。目前,已确认的抗病自交系非常有限,而抗病育种急需不同抗性控制背景的自交系。为发掘和丰富可利用的南方锈病抗源,于2008～2012年,在广西南宁采用田间人工接种方法对1589份玉米种质资源进行抗南方锈病鉴定。通过高病害压力和连续多年的鉴定,从1589份玉米种质中鉴定出高抗（HR）材料26份,占鉴定总数的1.64%;抗病（R）材料137份,占鉴定总数的8.62%;中抗（MR）水平的材料382份,占鉴定总数的24.04%;感病（S）材料489份,占鉴定总数的30.77%;高感（HS）材料555份,占鉴定总数的34.93%。总体上抗南方锈病种质较少,引进种质中抗病类型材料的比例略高。经重复鉴定,筛选出赤556等18份自交系、老来秕等3份地方品种、A69等4份来自津巴布韦的材料、引自CIMMYT的Dr11表现稳定高抗南方锈病,为今后我国玉米抗南方锈病育种提供了新的抗性资源。     

玉米重要自交系的肿囊腐霉茎腐病抗性鉴定与评价

由肿囊腐霉菌(Pythium inflatum Matthews)引起的玉米茎腐病是影响玉米产量的一种重要病害。为进一步拓展可利用的抗源,于2010-2011年在田间采用人工接种方法对287份重要的玉米自交系种质进行了玉米茎腐病的抗性鉴定评价。结果表明,287份鉴定材料中有171份自交系对茎腐病的抗性达到中抗以上水平,占鉴定材料的59.58%,其中高抗自交系共43份,占鉴定材料总数的14.98%;感病类型自交系共116份,占鉴定材料的40.42%,其中高感自交系共95份,占鉴定材料总数的33.10%。Lancaster、Reid及P群种质中具有丰富的茎腐病抗源,而塘四平头种质群中茎腐病抗源相对缺乏,多为感病类型。该研究结果可为今后我国玉米茎腐病抗性种质的引进和改良提供重要参考。     

玉米抗南方锈病种质资源初步鉴定及遗传多样性分析

南方锈病是玉米生产上的重要病害。2013-2015年在广西南宁和北京昌平对903份玉米种质资源进行了抗南方锈病的初步鉴定与评价,并利用SSR标记对筛选出的部分抗性材料进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在903份种质中,8份自交系在广西南宁和北京昌平均对南方锈病表现高抗(HR),占总鉴定种质的0.9%;29份材料表现为抗病(R),占比3.2%,包括27份自交系和2份农家种;中抗种质(MR)100份,占比11.1%;感病(S)和高感(HS)种质分别为181和585份,占鉴定材料的20.0%和64.8%。由此可见,玉米资源中高抗南方锈病的种质较为匮乏,在不同地点均表现高抗的材料是难得的抗源。不同地理来源的玉米种质对南方锈病的抗性水平存在较大差异,其中抗性资源较为丰富的是源自内蒙古和山西的种质。42对多态性SSR引物在50份抗锈病材料中,共扩增出141个条带,多态性条带139个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为98.58%。平均等位基因数(Na)1.98,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)1.59,平均Nei's基因多样性(H)0.34,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)0.78,平均Shannon's信息指数(I)0.51;通过UPGMA聚类分析,50份抗病材料被划分为2个类群,其中,第Ⅰ类群又可划分为5个亚类,表现出较高的遗传多样性,为抗病育种中抗源的选择和利用提供参考信息。     

中国黍稷种质资源抗黑穗病鉴定评价

采用人工对种子饱和接种的方法,对来自我国14省（区）的6526份黍稷种质资源进行了抗黑穗病鉴定。筛选出高抗种质11份,占0．17％;抗病种质574份,占8．80％;这些种质均可作为我国黍稷种质遗传改良的亲本材料应用,有些丰产性和品质性状优良的种质,黑穗病高发地区可在生产上直接利用。     

抗甘薯黑斑病优异种质资源的筛选与评价

通过对1107份甘薯种质资源抗黑斑病鉴定,筛选出高抗品种8份,占鉴定品种总数的0.7%;抗病品种128份,占11.6%.并进一步对这些抗性资源的兼抗病性、抗逆性、产量及品质进行分析研究,从中筛选出了兼抗两种或两种以上病害的优异种质资源若干份,以期为育种和生产提供依据.     

广西玉米种质资源对纹枯病的抗性鉴定

在人工接种条件下,对860份玉米材料进行了纹枯病抗性鉴定和评价,旨在为进一步开展玉米纹枯病抗性育种和分子生物学研究奠定基础。结果显示,在鉴定的860份玉米材料中,没有发现免疫的材料,高抗、抗、中抗、感和高感的比例分别为3.49%、28.60%、26.16%、10.35%和31.40%;在农家种、群体种和杂交种（组合）等杂合体中,抗病材料所占比例较大,而自交系等纯合体中,感病材料所占比例较大,表明玉米杂合体种质资源材料中可能蕴藏着不同的抗纹枯病基因,特别是广西农家种中可能存在对纹枯病具有稳定抗性的材料,值得进一步研究和利用。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.