用PCR产物直接的基因转化获得酿酒酵母乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ基因突变的单倍体

在酿酒酵母中乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ（adh2)是受葡萄糖抑制,而利用乙醇的酶,通过化学转化的方法,把一段对遗传霉素抗性的DNA片段,转入酵母细胞中,与adh2基因的ORF（open reading frames)进行同源重组,经过抗性筛选,得到一株adh2基因突变的杂和双倍体菌株,由突变的杂和双倍体菌株,经过形成孢子,剖分,筛选,验证,获得了一株adh2基因被删除的突变单倍体菌株。     

酿酒酵母adh2和ald6双基因缺失突变株的构建

酿酒酵母乙醇合成代谢过程中, 阻断或削弱乙醛至乙酸代谢流不但能增强乙醇合成流, 同时还能降低发酵乙酸含量。本研究以乙醇脱氢酶Ⅱ(adh2)基因缺陷型酿酒酵母YS2-Dadh2为出发菌株, 应用长侧翼同源两步PCR(LFH-PCR)策略构建乙醛脱氢酶Ⅵ(ald6)基因敲除组件, 转化酿酒酵母YS2-Dadh2敲除ald6基因, 之后转入表达质粒pSH65到阳性克隆中, 半乳糖诱导表达Cre重组酶切除Kanr基因筛选标记, 最后, 传代丢失质粒pSH65获得单倍体ald6基因缺失突变株。利用同样的敲除组件和技术再次敲除其等位基因, 最终获得双基因缺失突变株YS2-△adh2-Dald6。发酵实验表明与出发菌株YS2相比, 突变株乙酸合成量降低18%, 乙醇最高产量提高12.5%。     

酿酒酵母ADH3基因的敲除

设计含有与酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)编码乙醇脱氢酶Ⅲ的ADH3基因ORF两侧序列同源的长引物,以质粒pUG6为模板进行PCR构建带有Cre/loxP系统的敲除组件。转化酿酒酵母YS3(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),并将质粒pSH65转入阳性克隆子。半乳糖诱导表达Cre酶切除Kanr基因,在YPD培养基中连续传代培养丢失pSH65质粒,在原ORF处留下一个loxP位点,获得ADH3单倍体缺陷型菌株。利用同样的方法再次敲除双倍体的另一个等位基因。最终获得ADH3双倍体基因缺陷型突变株YS3-ADH3。     

表皮葡萄球菌基因删除突变株构建方法的研究

目的 探讨高效的表皮葡萄球菌基因删除突变株构建方法。方法 分别应用2种不同的穿梭质粒pMAD和pBT2,连接目的基因表皮葡萄球菌双组分信号转导系统arlS、saeRS和lytS的上下游片段,构建重组质粒,电转入金黄色葡萄球菌RN4220后转入表皮葡萄球菌1457,利用抗性和生物标志筛选出针对特定目的基因的突变株SE1457-ΔarlS、SE1457-ΔsaeRS和SE1457-ΔlytS,比较2种方法的优、缺点。结果 利用pMAD和pBT2分别构建基因删除同源重组质粒pMAD-ΔsaeRS、pBT2-ΔarlS和pBT2-ΔlytS,并均获得相应的表皮葡萄球菌基因删除突变株。在筛选过程中,以pMAD为载体构建基因删除突变株,仅需1轮抗性/蓝白斑筛选过程即获突变株;而以pBT2为载体构建基因删除突变株筛选方法,需经过5~10轮的筛选才可获得突变株。基因删除突变株经聚合酶链反应(PCR)和测序等鉴定确认。与野生株相比,SE1457-ΔarlS突变株的生物膜形成能力降低90.96%,而SE1457-ΔsaeRS和SE1457-ΔlytS株的生物膜形成能力略有增加。结论 以pMAD载体构建表皮葡萄球菌突变株比较快速和简便。     

利用CRISPR-Cas9系统构建新型异戊酰螺旋霉素Ⅰ产生菌

异戊酰螺旋霉素(Isovalerylspiramycin,ISP)Ⅰ是必特螺旋霉素(Bitespiramycin,BT)的一种主组分,其抗菌活性与BT相似,而且作为单一组分在质控和剂型上更具优势,目前正在进行临床前研究。原有的 ISPⅠ工程菌株经过3次基因改造,已经具有2种抗性基因,很难再进行遗传操作。前期研究利用经典同源重组的方法无法构建无抗性的ISPⅠ产生菌,文中利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑系统在螺旋霉素(Spiramycin,SP)产生菌中成功将3位酰基化酶的基因bsm4替换为组成型强启动子ermEp~*控制下的异戊酰基转移酶基因(Isovaleryltansferase gene,ist)。删除bsm4后突变株只能产生SPⅠ组分,外源基因ist的表达产物催化SPⅠ在其4″位进行异戊酰化修饰形成ISPⅠ。经过HPLC和质谱鉴定,阳性菌株ΔEI的发酵产物中只有ISPⅠ一种ISP组分,证实新的ISPⅠ工程菌株构建成功。ΔEI菌株不带有抗性基因,可重复利用CRISPR-Cas9系统进行基因操作来获得新的改良菌株。     

酿酒酵母Mbp1缺陷型菌株的构建及其乙醇发酵特性

【目的】研究酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)工业菌株Mbp1基因的功能,探讨Mbp1基因对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵性能的影响。【方法】以酿酒酵母MF1015为出发菌株,用PCR方法构建Mbp1基因敲除组件Loxp-KanMX-Loxp,将敲除组件转化两种配型的酿酒酵母单倍体,通过单倍体复倍获得敲除Mbp1基因的二倍体突变菌株,研究突变菌株形态变化及乙醇发酵特性。【结果】敲除Mbp1基因后突变菌株生长曲线无显著变化,出芽率降低,细胞体积增大19.2%,对饥饿更敏感,较早出现假菌丝。甘蔗糖蜜在静置条件下发酵,突变菌株的乙醇产量明显低于野生型;在130 r/min的条件下发酵,突变菌株和野生型发酵液中的乙醇产量基本相同。【结论】Mbp1基因缺失使酿酒酵母的乙醇发酵能力下降并影响细胞的形态分化。     

构建胸膜肺炎放线杆菌apxIC基因插入突变株

目的：构建胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）apxIC基因插入突变菌株,以鉴定ApxⅠ毒素的生物学特性。方法：根据apxⅠ核酸序列（U05042）设计1对引物,用于自APP血清10型参考菌株（D13039）基因组DNA中扩增apxIC基因及其上下游约2．8kb的基因片段,经克隆测序后在apxIC基因下游xbI酶切位点处插入约0．9kb的氯霉素（Chl）抗性基因表达盒,构建用于转化的转移载体pUIC-Chl^r,将转移载体DNA经电转化导入APP血清10型参考菌株中进行同源重组,以获得突变菌株。结果：在含有氯霉素的培养基中经筛选获得2株丧失溶血活性的突变菌株（D13039C-Chl^r）;利用PCR和Southern blot对突变菌株鉴定,显示氯霉素抗性基因已被插入细菌基因组中。结论：利用电转化和同源重组技术构建成功APP apxIC基因插入突变菌株,为分析ApxⅠ毒素的生物学特性,进而研制APP基因工程减毒活疫苗奠定了基础。     

南昌霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性基因突变诱变筛选研究*

通过链霉素对南昌霉素 (Nanchangmycin)产生菌NS 41 80菌株孢子的致死浓度测定基础上 ,采用诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯 (EMS)的不同诱变剂量对菌株孢子进行诱变处理 ,诱变处理的孢子涂布在含链霉素 ( 1 0 μg/mL)致死浓度的高氏平板上 ,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因 (str)突变株。然后从 3,0 0 0株链霉素抗性基因 (str)突变株中通过初筛获得比诱变出发菌株产素能力提高 2 0 %以上的菌株 2 0 2株。再进一步通过摇瓶复筛 ,获得比出发菌株产素能力分别提高 1     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism