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1.
利用RFLP资料估计遗传变异 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,缩写为RFLP),是指用限制性内切酶处理不同生物个体的DNA所产生的大分子片段的大小的差异。怎样合理地定量描述这样的差异,是许多分子遗传学家(如Jeffrey)和群体遗传学家所努力以求的目标(见Li和Graur 1991的专著)。产生限制性片段长度多态性的原因,是DNA线性分子某一特定内切酶的识别位点发生了变化.其主要的变化,目前认识到是核苷酸的替换(substitution),虽然对另一类变化如核苷酸的插入(insertion)或缺失(deletion)这样的长度变化 相似文献
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长期以来,螨类主要依靠其形态特征进行系统学研究。DNA标记是指能反映生物个体或物种间基因组中某种差异特征的DNA片段。近年来,DNA标记技术在螨类系统学研究中得到越来越广泛的应用。本文综述了随机扩增多态性RAPD、限制性内切酶片段长度多态性RFLP、微卫星SSR、核酸序列扩增、扩增片段长度多态性AFLP和直接扩增片段长度多态性DALP等6种DNA标记技术在螨类系统学研究中的应用现状及前景。 相似文献
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DNA分子标记技术很多,基本都是建立在RFLP、PCR和重复顺序的基础上的。本文重点介绍了限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)标记、随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记、微卫星DNA(STR)标记、DNA指纹(DFP)标记、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)标记等几种重要的DNA分子标记技术的定义、结构、分布、组成、保守性、优点及丰富的多态性等。并重点介绍了微卫星DNA(STR)标记在分子遗传监测、遗传多样性分析和遗传血缘关系及个体识别等领域的应用。 相似文献
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医学分子遗传学讲座 第五讲限制性片段长度多态性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
每个个休在溃传上是不同的,而不同的本质不是
在基因产物_匕而是在DNA水平上的差异。这些差异
大多数都是由于不编码蛋白质的区域和没有重要调节
功能的区域发生了中立突变,这些中立突变所构成的
DNA变异称为DNA多态性。DNA多态性本质是
由于进化过程中的各种原因引起染色体DNA中核营
酸排列顺序发生了改变,当这种改变涉及到限制性内
切酶识别位点时,利用限制性内切酶可将DNA切割
成不同长度的限制性片段。这类不同长度的限制性片
段类型在人群中所呈现的多态频率分布现象,就称为
限制制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)o RFLP具有广泛
的用途,它可以作为一种“遗传路标”,对人类基因组制
图提供必要的标记,当多态性顺序与人类遗传性疾病
位点连锁时,可作为遗传缺陷的产前诊断或是鉴别携
带者的标记,还可以应用于亲子鉴定和群体研究等方
面。 相似文献
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AFLP技术是一项新的DNA分子标记技术,它是在PCR技术的基础上,扩增了基因组DNA限制性片段,先用限制性内切酶切割基因组DNA,在接着将双链接头与DNA片段的末端相连接,接头序列和相邻的限制性位点序列,作为印务结合位点。这种AFLP技术结合了RT-PCR和AFIP技术,与RFLP相比较,AFLP具有在一个实验中可以同时观察到大量的限制性片段的优点。本文阐述了AFLP技术的基本原理,并研究了AFLP技术在食品微生物中的应用以及探讨在食品微生物中的应用前景。 相似文献
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分子标记技术的发展及应用 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
介绍了几种应用前景较广的分子标记,如基于DNA杂交技术的分子标记:限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)和DNA可变串联重复数标记(VNRT);基于PCR技术的分子标记:随机扩增多态性 DNA(RAPD)、酶切扩增多态性(CAPS)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、微卫星DNA(SSR)和DNA单链构象多态性(SSCP);以及新兴的第3代分子标记,即基于DNA芯片技术的分子标记:单核苷酸多态性(SNP)等。分别阐述了它们的原理、方法步骤与优缺点、应用注意事项和适用范围,同时概述了它们在生物学研究中的应用和进展。 相似文献
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限制性内切酶及其它DNA与RNA修饰酶是分子克隆技术的基本工具。1限制性内切醉和DNA甲基化酶限制性内切酶能特异地结合于一段被称为限制性内切酶识别序列的特定的DNA序列或附近的序列,并在此切割DNA双链。它可以分成3类:Ⅰ类和Ⅲ类在同一蛋白分子中兼有修饰(甲基化)作用及依赖于ATP的限制(切割)活性。Ⅰ类酶结合于识别序列,但随机切割DNA;Ⅲ类酶能在识别序列位点切割DNA。在分子克隆中1类和皿类酶都不常用。D类限制一修饰系统限制性内切醇和修饰(甲基化)酶不在同一蛋白分子中,限制性内切酶能专一地切割识别序列,并不依… 相似文献
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洱海四种鲤鱼线粒体DNA遗传相似性的初步研究 总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11
用6种限制性内切酶对洱海的四种鲤鱼-洱海鲤(C.barbatus)、春鲤(C.longipectoralis)、大眼鲤(C.megalophthalmus)和杞麓鲤(C.carpio chila),其中前三种为洱海特有,进行了线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的限制性片段长度多态(RFLP)分析,构建了它们的mtDNA限制性内切酶图谱。结果表明,这四种鲤鱼在种内和种间均缺乏mtDNA RFLP。这种现象在鱼类种间的mtDNA的RFLP研究中是罕见的。分析这一现象的原因,可能在于这些物种是同域形成物种,并且其分化时间还相当短。 相似文献
10.
AFLP(扩增性片段长度多态性)是一种新的DNA分子标记。与RFLP、RAPD相比,AFLP具有在一次试验中可同时观察到大量的限制性片段的优点。本文阐述了AFLP的原理和方法,综述了AFLP目前在植物遗传育种研究中的应用进展,并对AFLP技术在植物遗传育种中的应用前景提出了初步设想。 相似文献
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Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis
It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis. 相似文献
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RICHARD E. NORRIS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1991,106(1):1-40
Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera. 相似文献
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JOAN VALUÈS MONTSERRAT TORRELL NÚRIA GARCIA JACAS 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2001,137(4):399-407
Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted. 相似文献
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肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV
RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV
RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV
RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV
X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV
C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细 相似文献
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H.-R. GREGORIUS 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1984,23(2-3):157-165
For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment. 相似文献
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment. 相似文献