重组血管内皮细胞生长因子包涵体复性条件研究

利用大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３） 表达血管内皮细胞生长因子１６５（ ＶＥＧＦ１６５） ,表达蛋白以包涵体形式存在。为了获得大量有生物活性的蛋白质,我们对影响复性的参数：氧化型、还原型谷胱甘肽比例,复性液的ｐＨ 值,复性时间,精氨酸浓度以及血管内皮细胞生长因子（ ＶＥＧＦ１６５） 包涵体的起始浓度进行了较为系统的研究,初步获得了具有一定生物活性的ＶＥＧＦ１６５ 二聚体蛋白。     

可溶性VEGF受体Flt-1的基因克隆及其活性产物在原核中的表达

可溶性血管内皮细胞生长因子受体 ( Flt- 1 )具有受体拮抗剂作用 ,可竞争结合血管内皮细胞生长因子 ,( VEGF)并与其膜表面受体 Flt- 1及 KDR形成异源二聚体 ,最终阻断 VEGF的生物学活性 .利用 RT- PCR技术从人脐静脉内皮细胞扩增出 Flt- 1胞外 ～ 区 c DNA片段 ,通过基因重组将该片段克隆于谷胱甘肽转移酶 ( GST)融合蛋白表达载体 PGEX2 -T中 ,连接产物转化大肠杆菌XL1 - blue,经 IPTG诱导可获大量稳定表达的 Flt- 1 - GST融合蛋白 .该表达产物经变性复性处理后 ,可特异性结合 12 5 - VEGF.大量具有活性的可溶性 Flt- 1的获得有助于新的抗肿瘤血管形成方法的探索 .     

血管内皮细胞生长因子受体Flt-1结合小肽的融合表达及活性鉴定

血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)通过结合其酪氨酸激酶受体KDR、fms样酪氨酸激酶 1(Flt 1)调节新生血管形成 ;筛选能封闭VEGF结合Flt 1的小肽 ,可以通过阻断肿瘤血管形成 ,抑制实体瘤生长 .将从噬菌体 12肽库中筛选获得的 2个能与Flt 1结合的阳性噬菌体克隆 (F5 6和F90 )十二肽DNA(36bp)克隆到表达载体pQE4 2中 ,在大肠杆菌M15中稳定表达二氢叶酸还原酶融合蛋白(DHFR F5 6 F90 ) ,经变性、复性后得到纯度达 90 %的可溶性蛋白 .ELISA检测表明 ,DHFR F5 6 F90能结合可溶性受体sFlt 1和血管内皮细胞 ;12 5I VEGF竞争抑制实验显示 ,DHFR F5 6能竞争抑制VEGF同可溶性受体sFlt 1结合 .结果提示 ,F5 6可能是VEGF受体Flt 1的有效拮抗剂 ,具有抗肿瘤新生血管形成的潜在应用前景     

人血小板衍生生长因子BB亚型包涵体复性与纯化

目的:优化人血小板衍生生长因子BB亚型(PGDF-BB)包涵体复性方法与纯化条件,获得具有较好生物活性的重组PGDF-BB蛋白。方法:对PGDF-BB包涵体以梯度尿素进行变性,选择最佳包涵体变性浓度;比较不同复性条件下的复性率,稳定PGDF-BB包涵体复性方法;参照该蛋白的理化性质,选择适合PGDF-BB重组蛋白的纯化方法。结果:原核系统内实现了PGDF-BB的高表达;通过优化包涵体复性方法,重组蛋白的包涵体复性率可达40%以上;经过多个纯化方法相结合,PGDF-BB的纯度达到95%。结论:通过实验条件的优化,提高了PGDF-BB包涵体复性率,获得高纯度、高生物活性的重组PGDF-BB蛋白。     

人血小板衍生生长因子BB的原核高表达及其包涵体复性

目的:在原核系统内获得高表达的人血小板衍生生长因子BB(PGDF-BB),并对形成的包涵体进行复性。方法:对PGDF-BB核酸编码序列进行优化,构建pET-22b-PGDF-BB表达载体,以提高PCDF-BB的表达量;优化PGDF-BB包涵体复性条件,提高蛋白复性率和生物活性。结果:构建了pET-22b-PGDF-BB高效表达载体,原核表达的重组人PGDF-BB占细菌总蛋白的25%,PGDF-BB包涵体复性率达到15%。结论:对表达序列的优化设计可显著提高蛋白的表达量,复性方法的改良提高了蛋白的复性率和生物活性。     

VEGF受体KDR结合区的克隆与表达

KDR是血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的主要受体之一,它在介导VEGF刺激内皮细胞增殖及血管通透性等生物学活性中起重要作用.为了获得人重组的有VEGF结合活性的KDR,通过RT-PCR从人胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞（EC）扩增出编码KDR胞外Ⅰ～Ⅳ区片段,将其克隆在谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）融合蛋白表达载体pGEX2T中,并在大肠杆菌中获得稳定表达.表达的融合蛋白GST-KDR以包涵体形式存在,其分子质量约66 ku左右.经碱变性法大量提取,及制备胶电泳获得纯化的KDR,为进一步的研究奠定了基础.     

短肽库中VEGF受体拮抗剂的筛选及生物学活性鉴定

为获得可溶性血管内皮细胞生长因子受体 (s VEGFR,soluble VEGF receptor)的拮抗剂 ,以固相化可溶性 VEGF受体 s Flt- 1和 s KDR通过生物淘选筛选噬菌体十二肽库 .采用 ELISA及竞争性 ELISA筛选阳性克隆 ,12 5I- VEGF竞争性放射免疫吸附实验进一步鉴定阳性克隆的体外结合活性 .经过 3～ 4轮生物淘选的短肽库有明显富集 .初筛后约 3%的噬菌体克隆可同时结合相应的可溶性受体及人脐静脉内皮细胞 .其中 6个克隆与内皮细胞的结合 ,可以部分地被变性复性处理的原核表达血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)竞争抑制 .4个噬菌体克隆可竞争性抑制 12 5I- VEGF与可溶性受体的体外结合反应 .两个 KDR阳性克隆 K2 37与 K93可在体外抑制内皮细胞的增殖 .克隆K2 37与 F90可抑制鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜血管形成 .阳性克隆可作为血管内皮细胞生长因子受体拮抗剂 ,具有良好的应用前景 .     

利用重组杆状病毒在家蚕中表达人血管内皮细胞生长因子

家蚕作为“生物工厂”生产重组蛋白质具有很多优势 .构建携带编码人血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF) 16 5个氨基酸的cDNA的重组杆状病毒 .将此重组病毒接种 5龄家蚕幼虫进行重组蛋白的表达生产 .时相表达分析表明 ,感染后大约 80h时表达水平达到最高 ,而且重组蛋白主要存在于血淋巴中 .从感染的幼虫收集血淋巴并用Nickle亲和层析纯化重组蛋白产物 .定量分析表明 ,每条家蚕幼虫的表达水平高达 4 2 6 μg左右 .通过细胞培养体外分析 ,发现与对照相比 ,加入纯化的重组VEGF(10ng ml和 10 0ng/ml)能够使人HUVEC细胞体外培养细胞数增加 1 8～ 3 3倍 ,说明家蚕幼虫表达的重组VEGF具有完全的生物活性 ,能够诱导内皮细胞在体外分裂增殖 .     

人表皮生长因子的原核优势表达与复性

目的:在原核系统中获得具有活性和高表达量的重组人表皮生长因子(rh EGF)。方法:对h EGF编码全序列进行优化,构建原核表达载体p ET-24b-h EGF,在大肠杆菌中表达rh EGF;对rh EGF包涵体进行复性,获得具有较高生物活性的重组蛋白。结果:构建了携带159 bp h EGF基因的表达载体p ET-24b-h EGF,rh EGF在原核系统内得到高表达,重组蛋白相对分子质量为6×103,表达量可占细菌总蛋白的15%,包涵体复性率达90%。结论:对h EGF的编码序列进行了优化,实现了其在原核系统内的高表达,通过复性获得了具有良好生物活性的rh EGF。     

河北省石家庄市第一医院

目的:检测日间和夜间Lewis肺癌小鼠血清中内血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平和肺癌组织中VEGF蛋白表达的差别,探讨肿瘤血管生成的昼夜节律。方法:选择C57BL小鼠30只,制备Lewis肺癌小鼠模型后随机分为日间组(D组)和夜间组(N组),在光照-黑暗条件下饲养建立统一同步化日夜节律。随着成瘤过程,应用ElISA方法测定两组小鼠模型第0、3、5、7天血清中VEGF浓度水平;成瘤后第9天处死小鼠,应用Westeon-blot法检测瘤体中VEGF蛋白的表达,并分别进行相关分析。结果:随着成瘤过程,D组小鼠血清中VEGF浓度均显著高于N组(P<0.05);D组小鼠瘤体组织中VEGF蛋白表达灰度值(8.87±1.20)均明显高于N组(6.43±1.35),有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:Lewis小鼠休息期(白天)血清中VEGF浓度及瘤体中VEGF蛋白表达水平均明显高于活动期(夜间),存在着明显的日夜差异,说明肺癌组织的血管生成可能具有一定日夜节律。     

VEGF165b对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经节细胞保护作用的研究

目的:VEGF165b是新发现的血管内皮生长因子的变构体之一,本研究将观察其对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的抗凋亡作用.方法:采用四氧嘧啶诱发糖尿病大鼠模型,分为正常对照组(CON),糖尿病组(DM),糖尿病VEGF165b低剂量治疗组(DMT1)、中剂量治疗组(DMT2),糖尿病高剂量治疗组(DMT3),糖尿病单纯胰岛素治疗组(DMT4),所有治疗组在糖尿病成模后1个月开始治疗.2个月后处死各组大鼠,摘取眼球进行光镜形态学观察、核苷酸末端转移酶介导的dUTP缺口翻译法(TUNEL法)视网膜神经节细胞凋亡检测.结果:VEGF165b治疗使糖尿病大鼠视网膜光镜形态学改变减轻,能有效的抑制视网膜神经节细胞凋亡.VEGF165b治疗组视网膜神经节凋亡细胞数较DM组明显减少(P＜0.01),与糖尿病大鼠单纯胰岛素治疗组相比差异也有统计学意义.随着VEGF165b浓度的增加视网膜神经节细胞凋亡个数减少,但1ng/μL组与10ng/μL组相比差异无统计学意义.结论:VEGF165b对视网膜神经节细胞有保护作用,可能对糖尿病视网膜病变具有治疗有意义.     

Monoclonal antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165): neutralization of biological activity and recognition of the epitope

Five antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) were obtained. These antibodies, Ab-2, Ab-20, Ab-153, Ab-309, Ab-342, were able to recognize not only native VEGF165, but also reducing VEGF165. Three of the antibodies, Ab-153, Ab-309, Ab-342, were identified as VEGF165 neutralizing antibody on the basis of its ability to inhibit the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced by VEGF165 and the binding of [125I]-VEGF165 to receptors on HUVEC. The fragments of E1 (VEGF120-135) and E2 (VEGF46-60) recognized by neutralizing antibodies may be related the receptor binding domain of VEGF.     

Effects of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121) on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in cultured embryonic quail hearts

It has been documented that hypoxia enhances coronary vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in cultured embryonic quail hearts via the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we compared the functions of two VEGF splice variants. Ventricles from 6-day-old embryonic quail hearts were cultured on three-dimensional collagen gels. Recombinant human VEGF(121) or VEGF(165) were added to the culture medium for 48 h, and vascular growth was visualized by immunostaining with a quail-specific endothelial cell (EC) marker, QH1. VEGF(165) enhanced vascular growth in a dose-dependent manner: 5 ng/ml of VEGF(165) slightly increased the number of ECs, 10 ng/ml of VEGF(165) increased the incorporation of ECs into tubular structures, and at 20 ng/ml of VEGF(165) wider tubes were formed. This pattern plateaued at the 50 ng/ml dose. In contrast, VEGF(121) did not enhance either the number of ECs or tube formation at these or higher dosages. Combined effects of hypoxia and exogenous VEGF(165) were then compared. Tube formation from the heart explants treated with both hypoxia and 50 ng/ml of VEGF(165) had a morphology intermediate to those treated with hypoxia or VEGF(165) alone. Immunocytochemistry study revealed EC lumenization under all culture conditions. However, the addition of VEGF(165) stimulated the coalescence of ECs to form larger vessels. We conclude the following: 1) VEGF(121) and VEGF(165) induced by hypoxia have different functions on coronary vascular growth, 2) unknown factors induced by hypoxia can modify the effect of VEGF(165), and 3) EC lumenization observed in the heart explant culture closely mimics in vivo coronary vasculogenesis.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and neuropilin-1 form a receptor complex that is responsible for the differential signaling potency of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121)

The two most abundant secreted isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF(165) and VEGF(121)) are formed as a result of differential splicing of the VEGF-A gene. VEGF(165) and VEGF(121) share similar affinities at the isolated VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 but have been previously demonstrated to have differential ability to activate VEGFR-2-mediated effects on endothelial cells. Herein we investigate whether the recently described VEGF(165) isoform-specific receptor neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) is responsible for the difference in potency observed for these ligands. We demonstrate that although VEGFR-2 and Npn-1 form a complex, this complex does not result in an increase in VEGF(165) binding affinity. Therefore, the differential activity of VEGF(165) and VEGF(121) cannot be explained by a differential binding affinity for the complex. Using an antagonist that competes for VEGF(165) binding at the VEGFR-2.Npn-1 complex, we observe specific antagonism of VEGF(165)-meditated phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 without affecting the VEGF(121) response. These data indicate that the formation of the complex is responsible for the increased potency of VEGF(165) versus VEGF(121). Taken together, these data suggest a receptor-clustering role for Npn-1, as opposed to Npn-1 behaving as an affinity-converting subunit.     

Investigating the effect of VEGF glycosylation on glycosaminoglycan binding and protein unfolding

VEGF165 binding to endothelial cells is potentiated by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Here, we have investigated the impact of VEGF165 N-glycosylation on GAG binding. Although glycosylated VEGF165 bound to heparin with only slightly higher affinity than non-glycosylated VEGF165, the natural ligand heparan sulfate induced a conformational change only in the glycosylated protein. Unfolding studies of the VEGF proteins indicated a stabilising effect of heparin on the growth factor structure.     

Glypican-1 is a VEGF165 binding proteoglycan that acts as an extracellular chaperone for VEGF165

Glypican-1 is a member of a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans implicated in the control of cellular growth and differentiation. The 165-amino acid form of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) is a mitogen for endothelial cells and a potent angiogenic factor in vivo. Heparin binds to VEGF165 and enhances its binding to VEGF receptors. However, native HSPGs that bind VEGF165 and modulate its receptor binding have not been identified. Among the glypicans, glypican-1 is the only member that is expressed in the vascular system. We have therefore examined whether glypican-1 can interact with VEGF165. Glypican-1 from rat myoblasts binds specifically to VEGF165 but not to VEGF121. The binding has an apparent dissociation constant of 3 x 10(-10) M. The binding of glypican-1 to VEGF165 is mediated by the heparan sulfate chains of glypican-1, because heparinase treatment abolishes this interaction. Only an excess of heparin or heparan sulfates but not other types of glycosaminoglycans inhibited this interaction. VEGF165 interacts specifically not only with rat myoblast glypican-1 but also with human endothelial cell-derived glypican-1. The binding of 125I-VEGF165 to heparinase-treated human vascular endothelial cells is reduced following heparinase treatment, and addition of glypican-1 restores the binding. Glypican-1 also potentiates the binding of 125I-VEGF165 to a soluble extracellular domain of the VEGF receptor KDR/flk-1. Furthermore, we show that glypican-1 acts as an extracellular chaperone that can restore the receptor binding ability of VEGF165, which has been damaged by oxidation. Taken together, these results suggest that glypican-1 may play an important role in the control of angiogenesis by regulating the activity of VEGF165, a regulation that may be critical under conditions such as wound repair, in which oxidizing agents that can impair the activity of VEGF are produced, and in situations were the concentrations of active VEGF are limiting.     

Distinct heparin binding sites on VEGF165 and its receptors revealed by their interaction with a non sulfated glycoaminoglycan (NaPaC)

We previously demonstrated that a non sulfated analogue of heparin, phenylacetate carboxymethyl benzylamide dextran (NaPaC) inhibited angiogenesis. Here, we observed that NaPaC inhibited the VEGF165 binding to both VEGFR2 and NRP-1 and abolished VEGFR2 activity. Further, we explored the effects of NaPaC on VEGF165 interactions with its receptors, VEGFR2 and NRP-1, co-receptor of VEGFR2. Surface plasmon resonance and affinity gel electrophoresis showed that NaPaC interacted directly with VEGF165, VEGFR2 and NRP-1 but not with heparin-independent factor such as VEGF121. NaPaC completely inhibited the heparin binding to VEGF165, NRP-1 and VEGFR2. We found that NaPaC bound to all three molecules, VEGF165, VEGFR2 and NRP-1, but was more effective in inhibiting heparin binding to VEGF165. These results suggested that heparin binding sites of VEGFR2 and NRP-1 were different from those of VEGF165.     

Facilitated diffusion of VEGF165 through descemet's membrane with sucrose octasulfate

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a promoter of neovascularization and thus a popular therapeutic target for diseases involving excessive growth of blood vessels. In this study, we explored the potential of the disaccharide sucrose octasulfate (SOS) to alter VEGF165 diffusion through Descemet's membrane. Descemet's membranes were isolated from bovine eyes and used as a barrier between two chambers of a diffusion apparatus to measure VEGF transport. Diffusion studies revealed a dramatic increase in VEGF165 transport in the presence of SOS, with little diffusion of VEGF165 across the membrane over a 10-h time course in the absence of SOS. Diffusion studies with VEGF121, a non-heparin binding variant of VEGF, showed robust diffusion with or without SOS. To determine a possible mechanism, we measured the ability of SOS to inhibit VEGF interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM), using cell-free and cell surface binding assays. Binding studies showed SOS had no effect on VEGF165 binding to either heparin-coated plates or endothelial cell surfaces at less than mg/ml concentrations. In contrast, we show that SOS inhibited VEGF165 binding to fibronectin in a dose dependent manner and dramatically accelerated the rate of release of VEGF165 from fibronectin. SOS also inhibited the binding of VEGF165 to fibronectin-rich ECM deposited by vascular smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that fibronectin-rich extracellular matrices serve as barriers to VEGF165 diffusion by providing a network of binding sites that can trap and sequester the protein. Since the content of Descemet's membrane is typical of many basement membranes it is possible that they serve throughout the body as formidable barriers to VEGF165 diffusion and tightly regulate its bioavailability and distribution within tissues.     

利用慢病毒载体构建稳定过表达人VEGF_(165)的小鼠巨噬细胞系

目的:通过构建人血管内皮生长因子165(humanVEGF_(165),hVEGF_(165)的慢病毒载体,感染小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7,建立稳定高表达人VEGF165的小鼠巨噬细胞系。方法:将聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增得到的hVEGF_(165)和慢病毒载体pLVX-IRES-ZsGreen1双酶切后连接,构建慢病毒表达载体pLVX-hVEGF_(165)-IRES-ZsGreen1。再经双酶切和测序鉴定后,进行病毒包装及浓缩。将该慢病毒载体感染RAW264.7细胞,利用绿色荧光蛋白ZsGreen1进行2次流式分选。用Realtime-PCR、WesternBlot分别检测各组细胞中hVEGF165的mRNA和蛋白表达;ELISA分别检测细胞上清中人VEGF和小鼠VEGF的含量。结果:酶切及测序结果示慢病毒表达载体pLVX-hVEGF165-IRES-ZsGreen1构建正确;流式分选后得到高纯度的ZsGreen1-hVEGF_(165)-RAW264.7细胞。Realtime-PCR、WesternBlot显示该细胞特异高表达hVEGF_(165)基因和蛋白(P均0.01)。ELISA显示该细胞分泌人和小鼠VEGF均显著增加(P均0.01)。结论:成功构建hVEGF_(165)慢病毒表达载体,并建立稳定高表达hVEGF_(165)的小鼠巨噬细胞系。为深入研究该细胞的功能、机制及应用提供充足稳定的细胞来源。     

Vasodilator effect and mechanism of action of vascular endothelial growth factor in skin vasculature

Various laboratories have reported that local subcutaneous or subdermal injection of VEGF(165) at the time of surgery effectively attenuated ischemic necrosis in rat skin flaps, but the mechanism was not studied and enhanced angiogenesis was implicated. In the present study, we used the clinically relevant isolated perfused 6 x 16-cm pig buttock skin flap model to 1) test our hypothesis that VEGF(165) is a potent vasodilator and acute VEGF(165) treatment increases skin perfusion; and 2) investigate the mechanism of VEGF(165)-induced skin vasorelaxation. We observed that VEGF(165) (5 x 10(-16)-5 x 10(-11) M) elicited a concentration-dependent decrease in perfusion pressure (i.e., vasorelaxation) in skin flaps preconstricted with a submaximal concentration of norepinephrine (NE), endothelin-1, or U-46619. The VEGF(165)-induced skin vasorelaxation was confirmed using a dermofluorometry technique for assessment of skin perfusion. The vasorelaxation potency of VEGF(165) in NE-preconstricted skin flaps (pD(2) = 13.57 +/- 0.31) was higher (P < 0.05) than that of acetylcholine (pD(2) = 7.08 +/- 0.24). Human placental factor, a specific VEGF receptor-1 agonist, did not elicit any vasorelaxation effect. However, a specific antibody to VEGF receptor-2 (1 microg/ml) or a specific VEGF receptor-2 inhibitor (5 x 10(-6) M SU-1498) blocked the vasorelaxation effect of VEGF(165) in NE-preconstricted skin flaps. These observations indicate that the potent vasorelaxation effect of VEGF(165) in the skin vasculature is initiated by the activation of VEGF receptor-2. Furthermore, using pharmacological probes, we observed that the postreceptor signaling pathways of VEGF(165)-induced skin vasorelaxation involved activation of phospholipase C and protein kinase C, an increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate activity, release of the intra-cellular Ca(2+) store, and synthesis/release of endothelial nitric oxide, which predominantly triggered the effector mechanism of VEGF(165)-induced vasorelaxation. This information provides, for the first time, an important insight into the mechanism of VEGF(165) protein or gene therapy in the prevention/treatment of ischemia in skin flap surgery and skin ischemic diseases.