THE COMPARISON OF YELLOW CYLINDRICAL, FLAT AND WATER TRAPS, AND OF JOHNSON SUCTION TRAPS, FOR SAMPLING APHIDS

Different traps were compared to find the type most suitable for studying aphid vectors of plant viruses quantitatively.
A Moericke water trap caught more aphids than a flat sticky trap of equal area. A flat sticky trap (930 sq. cm.) caught half as many aphids as a cylindrical trap (945 sq. cm.), which caught about one-third as many as a water trap (1200 sq. cm.) or a Johnson suction trap (9 in. fan) when operated at between 2 and 3 ft. over bare soil.
Yellow traps caught proportionally more Tuberculoides annulatus , and in summer more Capitophorus species than a suction trap, but significantly fewer Anoecia corni, Sitobium spp. and Pemphigus bursarius. Traps with a level surface caught proportionally more Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae , but fewer Anoecia corni and Drepanosiphum plantanoides than vertical cylindical traps. Attraction by colour influences the catch on horizontal traps more than on cylindrical traps because there is less impaction by the wind.
Only suction traps indicate the number of aphids per unit volume of air and are non-selective, but they are expensive and require an electric power supply. Water traps effectively catch those aphids that are attracted to yellow, but they require frequent attention. Sticky traps catch fewer aphids than either suction or water traps, but they can be left unattended for about 2 weeks. Flat sticky traps catch aphids likely to land on a crop, and cylindrical traps show when aphids are in the air, but not if those aphids are able or wanting to land. For routine work cylindrical sticky traps have other advantages; they are cheap and do not require skilled handling, and their catches of alate Myzus persicae have been correlated with the spread of some plant viruses.     

THE COMPARISON OF SUCTION TRAP, STICKY TRAP and TOW-NET FOR THE QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING OF SMALL AIRBORNE INSECTS

The sticky trap and stationary aerial 'tow-net' catch insects which alight or fly on to them or are blown against them by the wind. It would be expected that such traps would be inefficient in light winds or in calm weather; and even though their efficiency should increase with stronger winds, errors of unknown magnitude may occur not only in estimations of density and of proportions of species in the air, but also with comparisons of actual catches. These errors are due to unknown degrees of weighting as the traps sample by means of a variable wind from a changing population density. The suction trap, on the other hand, samples a constant quantity of air in all relevant wind-speeds and does not appear to suffer so seriously from these disadvantages. It also works efficiently in perfectly calm weather when maximum densities of insects are often in the air.
The performances of the three traps in the field operating over a range of wind-speeds are described. Particular attention has been paid to aphids, for which the sticky trap and tow-net are generally used and for which the suction trap was primarily designed. Density estimates of these insects in winds below about 3 m.p.h. are much larger when calculated from suction trap catches as compared with estimates from sticky trap and tow-net catches. There is reason for the belief that the suction trap is neither attractive nor repellent to aphids to a significant extent, and that it catches these insects at random by virtue of its air stream alone; weighting of catches due to variable quantities of air being sampled does not occur. It is considered, therefore, that the suction-trap values of density are likely to be the more accurate ones. Sampling of other small insects is also discussed.     

AN AUTOMATIC VOLUMETRIC SPORE TRAP

A suction trap has been made in which the spores entering a narrow orifice, directed into the wind, are impacted on a Vaseline-coated microscope slide moved across the orifice at 2 mm./hr. Estimates of spore content of the air can be made, with higher efficiency than by previous traps, at different times of day and thus be more closely correlated with variations in weather.
Wind-tunnel tests with spores of Lycopodium clavatum showed maximal and minimal efficiencies of 93.8 and 62.4% respectively, with a suction rate of 10.0 1./min., in the range of wind speeds from 1.5 to 9.3 m./sec.     

THE STANDARDIZATION OF AIR-FLOW IN INSECT SUCTION TRAPS

The air-flow and its variations in sixteen insect suction traps of five different types have been measured, using regularity of air sample size as the criterion of efficiency. Traps with the air-filtering cone enclosed in a cylinder and using axial flow fans with single-phase capacitor-start-and-run or three-phase motors are most efficient and can have normal working limits of + 4 % of the mean air delivery.
However, for smaller traps which are to be used only close to the ground or in cover, the original type with exposed cone and shaded-pole motor is quite satisfactory provided certain precautions are taken. Normal working limits of 5 8 % are then obtained.
These errors are derived in detail and the expected errors in more extreme conditions and with other traps are indicated.     

TRAP1 regulation of mitochondrial life or death decision in cancer cells and mitochondria-targeted TRAP1 inhibitors

Hsp90 is one of the most conserved molecular chaperones ubiquitously expressed in normal cells and over-expressed in cancer cells. A pool of Hsp90 was found in cancer mitochondria and the expression of the mitochondrial Hsp90 homolog, TRAP1, was also elevated in many cancers. The mitochondrial pool of chaperones plays important roles in regulating mitochondrial integrity, protecting against oxidative stress, and inhibiting cell death. Pharmacological inactivation of the chaperones induced mitochondrial dysfunction and concomitant cell death selectively in cancer cells, suggesting they can be target proteins for the development of cancer therapeutics. Several drug candidates targeting TRAP1 and Hsp90 in the mitochondria have been developed and have shown strong cytotoxic activity in many cancers, but not in normal cells in vitros and in vivo. In this review, recent developments in the study of mitochondrial chaperones and the mitochondria-targeted chaperone inhibitors are discussed.     

AN IMPROVED SUCTION TRAP FOR INSECTS

A suction trap for airborne insects, which automatically segregates the catch at pre-set intervals and standardizes the samples for volume of air, has been previously described by Johnson. Experience with this trap has shown that certain structural improvements were advisable. These have now been incorporated. Constructional details are given and the design of larger traps discussed. It is shown that aphids and lacewings taken are in good condition.     

使用陷阱采样在蜘蛛生态学研究中的应用

介绍1种国外常用的研究地面活动蛛知生态学的采样的方法，即陷阱采样。对如何制作和排布陷阱做了比较详细的说明，并对使用陷阱研究的生境以及通过陷阱所获得的类群做了介绍，同时，通过举例对如何使用陷阱及由陷阱得到的数据的数学处理作了说明。     

THE USE OF BAITS AND PRESERVATIVES IN PITFALL TRAPS

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Pitfall traps containing baits and alcoholic preservatives were investigated, in the Solomon Islands and in South Australia, as methods for sampling ants and members of other groups that are active on the ground surface. Observations by previous workers that there may be attraction to preservatives used in traps were extended and a method of testing for it is suggested. Ants were not attracted to the preservatives used and when dealing with diverse ant faunas simple pitfalls appear to be preferable to baited traps.