草棉同源多倍体后代筛选及性状鉴定

多倍化是物种形成及植物育种的重要途径。以实验室前期合成的草棉同源多倍体后代S₁为材料,对其进行流式细胞术、形态学、细胞学和SRAP分子标记鉴定。流式细胞倍性鉴定表明,以二倍体的荧光峰值作为参照,8株后代中有5株三倍体和3株四倍体。形态学鉴定表明,二倍体表现为株高、茎细、叶薄、叶片较小、叶色翠绿、花朵较小,三倍体和四倍体则表现为植株矮小、茎秆粗壮、叶片增厚和皱缩、叶片较大、叶色浓绿、花朵较大。细胞学鉴定表明,随着倍性的增加,气孔密度呈下降趋势,而气孔长度、叶绿体数和花粉粒直径均呈上升趋势;二、三和四倍体草棉在花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中均出现正常和异常行为,包括单分体(0.17%,2.50%和2.17%)、二分体(0.33%,0.67%和0)、三分体(4.17%,10.00%和2.33%)、正常四分体(94.83%,54.00%和73.67%)、异常四分体(0.17%,0.33%和0.83%)和多分体(0.33%,32.50%和21.00%);异常多分体均不能形成正常花粉粒,所以三者的正常花粉粒所占比例分别为95.33%、58.83%和77.67%。SRAP分子标记鉴定...     

柑桔BES SSR标记开发及连锁图延伸和加密

为了系统性地开发和拓展柑桔SSR标记,通过对公布的柑桔BAC文库末端序列(BAC-End sequence,BES)进行SSR分析,选择1500个SSR位点设计合成并检测323对引物。结果表明:(1)从总长度为28.1 Mb的46 339条序列中共检测出22 403个SSR位点,约每2条序列就会出现一个SSR位点,发生频率为48%,相当于平均1.25kb的序列中就会出现1个SSR,频率约为柑桔EST的2倍,且不同核心重复序列的SSR发生特点与EST也不同。(2)所合成的323对引物中,有效扩增316对,扩增率约98%,173对表现多态性,总多态性比率约55%,多态性引物中单核苷酸重复类型15对,双核苷酸重复类型100对,三核苷酸及以上重复类型58对,表明柑桔BES中具有较为丰富的多态性SSR标记。(3)结合已发表的遗传作图数据,对总计349个多态性位点进行遗传连锁分析,获得的新遗传连锁图谱共含有9个连锁群、334个SSR标记、总长844.2cM、平均图距2.53cM,延长和加密了先前的图谱。该研究开发的新SSR标记为开展柑桔遗传鉴定分析和遗传图谱构建提供了新的标记来源,加密的遗传图谱为柑桔的基因定位、图位克隆和标记辅助育种等奠定了基础,SSR分析结果也为其他物种SSR标记的开发提供了参考。     

基于SSR分子标记的73份山葡萄及杂交后代的遗传多样性分析

采用SSR分子标记技术,分析俄罗斯葡萄资源及东北山葡萄资源的遗传多样性及亲缘关系,旨在为葡萄种质资源利用与创新及分子标记辅助育种提供依据。筛选11对多态性好的SSR引物分析了10份东北山葡萄品种和63份俄罗斯引种葡萄的遗传多样性及亲缘关系。11对引物在73份葡萄资源中共检测到75个等位基因,每个位点扩增3(VVIN31)-10(VVS2)个等位基因,平均等位基因6.8182个,有效等位基因(Ne)在5.280(VVS2)-1.3050(VVIN31)之间,平均值为3.5196;Shannon多态性信息指数(I)范围1.8830(VVS2)-0.4678(VVIN31),平均值1.3736;各位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变化范围为0.2337(VVIN31)-0.8098(VVS2)平均值0.6440,其中VVIN31、VMCA12位点只具有低中度多态性;Nei’s遗传多样指数在0.8098(VVS2)-0.2337(VVIN31)之间,平均值0.6444,表明各位点遗传多样性存在较大差异,等位基因在群体内的分布不均匀;观测杂合度变化范围为0.1667-0.9315,平均值0.4642,期望杂合度变化范围0.8154-0.2353,平均值为0.6489,不同位点杂合度差异较大,平均观测杂合度低于期望杂合度,表示种群内存在一定的近交率,杂合体缺失,纯合体较多;遗传分化系数Fst平均值为0.1183。基因流Nm平均值为1.8641,种质中度遗传分化,基因流较大。聚类分析结果表明东北山葡萄资源与俄罗斯野生葡萄资源亲缘关系较近,与俄罗斯选育葡萄资源亲缘关系较远;俄罗斯选育品种的遗传多样性高于山葡萄品种与俄罗斯野生葡萄资源。11对SSR引物含有丰富的多态性信息,73份葡萄资源产生了中度的遗传分化,基因流较丰富,俄罗斯葡萄资源的遗传多样性较丰富,可用于山葡萄新品种选育。     

基于转录组测序的枫香EST-SSR引物开发及有效性评价

枫香是广西重要的乡土树种之一，具有较高的用材、观赏及药用价值。为验证枫香SSR引物的实际应用效果，该研究基于转录组测序技术，检测枫香SSR位点并设计引物，通过PCR扩增和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳筛选出具有较高多态性的枫香EST-SSR引物，并对1个枫香天然群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：(1)共发掘到23 777个SSR位点，单核苷酸重复类型SSR位点占总位点比例最高(46.54%),在重复次数上5～12次之间的SSR位点占比最高(72.36%)。(2)共开发出262对SSR引物，有效扩增率为53.1%,最终筛选出扩增稳定、条带清晰的引物18对。(3)多态性检测结果显示所有位点均具有多态性，天然群体遗传多样性结果显示该天然群体中等位基因数量(Na)、有效等位基因数量(Ne)、Shannon多样性指数(I)、观测杂合度(Ho)变化范围分别为2～4、1.112 8～2.609 6、0.208 9～1.112 7和0.275 9～1.000 0,平均值分别为2.333 3、1.957 4、0.708 5和0.722 6。综上认为，枫香中占优势的SSR位点重复类型和重复基序与其他物种基本相同，所开...     

燕雀和麻雀代谢产热及消化道形态特征比较

于 2 0 0 3年 4～ 5月在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市地区以 1 0只燕雀 (Fringillamontifringilla)和 9只麻雀(Passermontanus)的耗氧量、肝脏和肌肉的线粒体呼吸、肝脏和肌肉的细胞色素C氧化酶活性及消化道形态特征等为指标 ,探讨了燕雀和麻雀代谢产热及消化道形态的差异。燕雀的代谢率、肝脏和肌肉的线粒体呼吸及细胞色素C氧化酶活性均显著低于麻雀 ;而消化道总长度及小肠长度均明显高于麻雀。表明选择压力的不同塑造了燕雀和麻雀对环境的适应对策不同     

人工四倍体鲤鲫后代遗传同一性的FCM及RAPD证明

人工四倍体鲤鲫是本实验室采用人工染色体组叠加构建的一个以雌核发育为生殖模式的鲫克隆系,现已繁殖至第五代.它生长快、体型好、抗病力强、易捕捞,比普通二倍体鲫和三倍体鲫经济性状更优良,将具有广阔的生产应用前景.从表型看,子代是由四倍体鲤鲫原代母本拷贝而成,与母本极其相似,表明异源精子启动发育的后代无分离现象.我们曾对原代四倍体雌核发育生殖方式的遗传进行过基因组、形态学和同工酶分析研究[1-4],为了获得更进一步的证据,本文应用FCM和RAPD分子遗传标记方法进行验证.     

基于RNA-Seq技术的连翘转录组组装与分析及SSR分子标记的开发

连翘既是传统的中药材,又是优良的城市绿化树种,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值.但是连翘基因资料非常匮乏,限制了其分子生物学和基因功能的研究.本研究以连翘根、茎、叶、花和果实等器官的混合样品作为材料,利用Illumina Hi SeqTM 2500测序平台对其进行转录组测序.共获得23164327条干净数据(clean reads),总碱基数为4678791021 bp.Clean reads经de novo组装后获得45112条unigenes.进一步利用五大公共数据库进行同源比对,注释了28699条unigenes.其中,473个基因参与了连翘次生物质的合成和代谢,包括81个与苯丙氨酸和苯丙烷代谢相关的基因.对这81个基因的分析表明,有4个基因编码苯丙氨酸脱氨酶,1个基因编码肉桂酸4-羟化酶,2个基因编码4-香豆酰:辅酶A连接酶.这3个酶催化了连翘中主要药用活性物质苯乙醇苷和木脂素前体肉桂酸衍生物的生物合成.此外,还发现了2个松脂醇-落叶松树脂醇还原酶和1个开环异落叶松脂醇脱氢酶编码基因,这2个酶是木脂素合成的关键酶.最后,分析了长度在1 kb以上的12721个unigenes的基因结构,检测到3199个SSR位点,并对其中40个位点进行了验证.本研究不仅为连翘基因克隆和分子生物学研究提供了丰富的基础数据信息,而且为连翘遗传多样性研究、指纹图谱构建和分子标记辅助选育奠定了分子基础.     

花椰菜与黑芥种间体细胞杂种的获得和鉴定

利用非对称体细胞杂交技术,获得芸薹属花椰菜（Brassica oleracea var．botrytis）与黑芥（B．nigra）的种间杂种,实现了野生种质抗病基因向甘蓝类蔬菜作物的渗透。以具有良好再生能力的花椰菜下胚轴原生质体作为融合受体,具有抗黑腐、黑胫和根肿病优良性状的黑芥叶肉原生质体作为融合供体,用不同强度的UV射线处理后,利用PEG方法诱导供、受体原生质体融合。培养后获得170棵再生植株。选取来自40个不同愈伤组织的40棵单株进行形态学观察及RAPD和SRAP分子标记检测,结果表明其中30棵为体细胞杂种。染色体计数显示,约23％杂种植株的染色体数目小于供、受体染色体数之和。用流式细胞仪测定DNA含量显示,杂种植株DNA含量是受体的2—4倍,20％杂种植株DNA含量小于供、受体之和。     

Genome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of an early flowering Mini‐Citrus (Fortunella hindsii)

Hongkong kumquat (Fortunella hindsii) is a wild citrus species characterized by dwarf plant height and early flowering. Here, we identified the monoembryonic F. hindsii (designated as ‘Mini‐Citrus’) for the first time and constructed its selfing lines. This germplasm constitutes an ideal model for the genetic and functional genomics studies of citrus, which have been severely hindered by the long juvenility and inherent apomixes of citrus. F. hindsii showed a very short juvenile period (~8 months) and stable monoembryonic phenotype under cultivation. We report the first de novo assembled 373.6 Mb genome sequences (Contig‐N50 2.2 Mb and Scaffold‐N50 5.2 Mb) for F. hindsii. In total, 32 257 protein‐coding genes were annotated, 96.9% of which had homologues in other eight Citrinae species. The phylogenomic analysis revealed a close relationship of F. hindsii with cultivated citrus varieties, especially with mandarin. Furthermore, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was demonstrated to be an efficient strategy to generate target mutagenesis on F. hindsii. The modifications of target genes in the CRISPR‐modified F. hindsii were predominantly 1‐bp insertions or small deletions. This genetic transformation system based on F. hindsii could shorten the whole process from explant to T₁ mutant to about 15 months. Overall, due to its short juvenility, monoembryony, close genetic background to cultivated citrus and applicability of CRISPR, F. hindsii shows unprecedented potentials to be used as a model species for citrus research.     

A comparative analysis of population structure of a forest tree, Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae), using microsatellite markers and quantitative traits

Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae) is a forest tree native to southeastern Australia, but is grown globally for pulpwood and timber. Eight microsatellite loci were used to determine the degree of selectively neutral differentiation between native populations of the geographic races of E. globulus that are used in a national breeding programme. Spatial differentiation was detected among 340 samples from across the species range (F _ST=0.09±0.02). Analysis of molecular variance showed that there was significant variation between the races, and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis of Nei’s genetic distance between races showed that geographically proximal races tended to be more closely related than geographically distant races. This contrasted markedly with analyses based on quantitative genetic data, where some races appeared to be highly divergent from their geographically closest neighbours. Comparison of racial differentiation based on quantitative (Q _ST) and molecular (F _ST) data suggested that at least five of the quantitative traits used for defining races of E. globulus have been influenced by natural selection, resulting in cases of both phenotypic divergence of parapatric races and phenotypic convergence of allopatric races. We conclude that selectively neutral molecular markers are more useful than quantitative genetic data for identifying the evolutionary affinities and lineages within E. globulus. However, both sources of information should be used in defining evolutionarily important units for conservation. The population structure observed in E. globulus has important consequences for future association studies and may also affect breeding strategies if significant genome co-adaptation has occurred.     

The role of inter-ploidy block for reproductive isolation of the diploid Leucanthemum pluriflorum Pau (Compositae,Anthemideae) and its tetra- and hexaploid relatives

Theory suggests that post-zygotic reproductive isolation of polyploids from their diploid progenitors is often caused by developmental disorder in the endosperm of hybrid seeds. Yet, this so-called triploid block is increasingly recognized to be less strong than initially assumed, indicating that other isolation mechanisms are needed to explain reproductive isolation of polyploids and diploids. In the present study, the extent of inter-ploidy block was quantified based on crossing experiments between closely related diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid species from the genus Leucanthemum Mill. (Compositae, Anthemideae). Seed set and viability of seeds obtained from inter-cytotype crosses were measured and compared to fertilities of intra-cytotype crosses. Although inter-ploidy block was observed when diploids acted as pollen donors, the main observation was that all inter-ploidy crosses were capable of producing viable offspring. By contrast, flow cytometrical analysis of 233 individuals from natural populations did not reveal the presence of any unambiguous cross-ploidy offspring in the field. Hence, the results of the present study demonstrate that inter-cytotype mating may be rare even though inter-ploidy block is weak. Consequently, it can be assumed that pre-zygotic barriers and reduced fitness of inter-cytotype hybrids play a decisive role in the reproductive isolation of polyploid Leucanthemum species.     

Phylogeny and maternal donors of the tetraploid species with St genome (Poaceae: Triticeae) inferred from CoxII and ITS sequences

Mitochondrial CoxII and ITS sequences of 29 tetraploid species with St genome were compared with their related genera and species of Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Á. Löve (St), Hordeum L. (H), Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul. & Rayss) Á. Löve (E^b), Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) Á. Löve (E^e), Agropyron Gaertner (P), Australopyrum (Tzvelev) Löve (W) and Psathyrostachys Nevski (Ns). The results indicate that: (1) the maternal donors of North American and Eurasian StStHH tetraploid species may have acquired their St genome from distinct Pseudoroegneria gene pools, with Pse. spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve potentially the maternal donor of North American species; (2) Lophopyrum is the maternal donor of StStE^eE^e tetraploid species, hence, Pse. geniculata ssp. scythica (Nevski) Á. Löve, Elytrigia caespitosa (K. Koch) Nevski and El. caespitosa ssp. nodosa (Nevski) Tzvelev should be identified as species of Trichopyrum Á. Löve; (3) tetraploid species with the same maternal donors were more closely related to each other than those with different maternal donors.     

An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPS and pedigree

 The utility of 131 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci to characterize and identify maize inbred lines, validate pedigree, and show associations among inbred lines was evaluated using a set of 58 inbred lines and four hybrids. Thirteen sets of inbred parent-progeny triplet pedigrees together with four hybrids and their parental lines were used to quantify incidences of scoring that departed from expectations based upon simple Mendelian inheritance. Results were compared to those obtained using 80 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes. Over all inbred triplets, 2.2% of SSRs and 3.6% of RFLP loci resulted in profiles that were scored as having segregated in a non-Mendelian fashion. Polymorphic index content (PIC, a measure of discrimination ability) values ranged from 0.06 to 0.91 for SSRs and from 0.10 to 0.84 for RFLPs. Mean values for PIC for SSRs and RFLPs were similar, approximately 0.62. However, PIC values for nine SSRs exceeded the maximum PIC for RFLPs. Di-repeats gave the highest mean PIC scores for SSRs but this class of repeats can result in “stutter” bands that complicate accurate genotyping. Associations among inbreds were similar for SSR and RFLP data, closely approximating expectations from known pedigrees. SSR technology presents the potential advantages of reliability, reproducibility, discrimination, standardization and cost effectiveness over RFLPs. SSR profiles can be readily interpreted in terms of alleles at mapped loci across a broad range of maize germ plasm. Consequently, SSRs represent the optimum approach for the identification and pedigree validation of maize genotypes compared to other currently available methods. Received: 15 January 1997 / Accepted: 28 February 1997     

Plastome of Saraca asoca (Detarioideae,Fabaceae): Annotation,comparison among subfamily and molecular typing

Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. (subfamily Detarioideae, family Fabaceae) is a perennial evergreen sacred medicinal tree classified under ‘vulnerable’ by the IUCN. The chloroplast (cp) genome/plastome which follows uniparental inheritance contains many useful genetic information because of its conservative rate of evolution. The assembled cp genome of S. asoca which maps as a conserved circular structure revealed extensive rearrangement in gene organization, comprising total length 160,003 bp including LSC, SSC, IRa, and IRb, and GC content was 35.26%. Herein a set of rbcL and matK gene were established using molecular phylogenetic analyses for molecular typing of S. asoca.     

Ecological, morphological and allozymic differentiation between diploid and tetraploid knapweeds (Centaurea jacea) from a contact zone in the Belgian Ardennes

In the northeastern part of Belgium, the Centaurea jacea complex shows extensive morphological variation and is represented by a diploid (2 n = 22) and a tetraploid (2 n = 44) cytotype. Polysomic inheritance of allozyme markers in the tetraploids, suggesting autopolyploidy, is here demonstrated for the first time. In order to test whether the two cytotypes occupy distinct habitats and possess different gene pools, patterns of allozymic and morphological variation were investigated in relation to ploidy level and site characteristics in 26 populations from the Belgian Ardennes. The two cytotypes showed a parapatric distribution, the diploids occurring at higher elevations (mostly above 500 m) than the tetraploids (mostly below 500 m). Three mixed populations were found near the contact zone of the two cytotypes. Within the mixed populations no triploid plant and no evidence for gene flow between cytotypes were found, despite widely overlapping flowering periods. The two cytotypes can be distinguished on the basis of morphological traits and enzymatic gene pools. The congruence of morphological and allozymic variation with chromosome numbers suggests a secondary contact between the two cytotypes with limited gene flow between them. The origin and persistence of the parapatric distribution are discussed.     

Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the water lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed in the water lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) from an SSR-enriched genomic library. Of the SSR markers tested, 11 primer pairs produced clearly distinguishable DNA banding patterns. Forty-three alleles were detected with the 11 markers. The allele number per locus ranged from 2 to 5 with an average of 3.9. Polymorphism values ranged from 0.11 to 0.66 with an average of 0.51. These primers were also applicable to another Nelumbo species, Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. (American lotus) and hybrids between N. nucifera and N. lutea. These results indicate that the SSR markers developed in this study are informative and will be useful for genetic analysis in Nelumbo species.     

Changes in the endopolyploidy pattern of different tissues in diploid and tetraploid Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana (Orchidaceae)

Endopolyploidy is frequently observed during development in plant species. Patterns of endopolyploidy are diverse in the various organs of different plant species. However, little is known about the role of endopolyploidization and its significance in orchids. This study was undertaken to determine the extent of endopolyploidy in different tissues of the diploid and tetraploid genotypes of Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana and to examine the factors that contribute to increased ploidy levels. Endopolyploidy occurs in various tissues of diploid and tetraploid orchids, at different developmental stages and under different culture conditions, as determined by flow cytometry. In this study, different patterns of endopolyploidy were observed in parts of the protocorms, leaves, roots and flowers. Endopolyploidy was found in all tissues studied except the pollinia and the tetraploid ovaries. A higher degree of endopolyploidy was observed in mature tissues compared to young tissues, greenhouse-grown plants compared to in vitro plants and diploid plants compared to tetraploid plants. We discuss the relationships between endopolyploidization and several factors related to plant growth, as well as some practical considerations of these findings.