维吾尔族的体质特征研究

１９９１年５月,对新疆伊梨维吾尔族５２９人（男２７１,女２５８）进行了活体观察和测量。观察２９项,测量９２项。维吾尔族的主要特征是：黑直发,黑褐色眼,眉毛较浓密,大都有上眼脸皱褶,鼻根中等偏高,大多为直形鼻,鼻尖向前,鼻基部下垂,大多有达尔文结节,耳垢湿型。头面部指数分型,属于特短头型,阔头型和高头型。身材中等偏高,平均身高男１６８．６毫米,女１５７８．８毫米。     

湖南土家族的体质特征

以20至69岁的湖南土家族人为观察测量对象,根据1392人(男896,女496)的身高,1038人(男668,女370)的头部测量,364人(男235,女129)的五官测量和观察结果,分析该民族的体质特征,并与国内其他民族相比较。     

Determination of kinetic parameters of a carrier-mediated transport in the perfused intestine by two-dimensional laminar flow model: effects of the unstirred water layer

The kinetic parameters of a carrier-mediated transport for D-glucose and for taurocholate were determined from rat in situ intestinal single perfusion experiments. The true parameters were obtained by the two-dimensional laminar flow model, in which the solute concentration at the aqueous-intestinal membrane interface can be calculated numerically without assuming the aqueous diffusion layer, discriminating the effects of the unstirred water layer. The true Michaelis constant was 4.5 mM for D-glucose and 1.5 mM for taurocholate. The true maximal transport velocity was 3.4 nmol/s per cm2 for D-glucose and 0.29 nmol/s per cm2 for taurocholate. The apparent Michaelis constant was raised by the factor of 6.6 for D-glucose and 3.6 for taurocholate due to the effects of the unstirred water layer. The maximal transport velocity was relatively unaffected by the unstirred water layer in both compounds. The values of the effective (operational) thickness of the unstirred water layer were compatible with those reported previously by employing various experimental methods. The kinetic parameters obtained in vitro everted sacs, for comparison, almost coincided with the true ones in situ. Therefore, the two-dimensional laminar flow model is shown to be valid not only for determining the kinetic parameters of a carrier-mediated transport in situ but also for predicting the absorption rate in situ from the uptake rate in vitro.     

草基-鱼塘生态系统的能量转化与养分循环研究

应用模拟试验的方法,研究了“草基-鱼塘”系统中的能量转化与养分循环.结果表明,该系统中饲草对太阳能的利用率为0.83%,鱼对饲料能的转化率为7.3%.与以粮食作为鱼饲料比较,单位面积草地的产鱼当量是粮食作物的1.6倍.鱼对饲料N、P、K的转化率分别为16.8%、32.3%和2.0%.塘泥沉积的N、P分别占饲料的23.4%和56.1%;猪对饲料N、P、K的转化率分别为20.5%、33.7%和4.6%,猪粪尿回收饲料N为36.4%、P为63.8%、K为39.4%.猪-草-鱼结合的基塘系统其能量和养分转化效率均高于单一的养鱼系统.     

Une évaluation des besoins en transplantation d'organes au Québec.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the demand for organs for transplantation and to recommend a reorganization of transplantation services in Quebec. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Province of Quebec, 1988 to 1992. PATIENTS: All patients on waiting lists for organ transplantation and patients who received transplants registered in national data banks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The actual annual demand for organ transplantation and the rate of transplantations performed. RESULTS: The rates of heart transplantation were lower than the actual annual demand, which resulted in many patients dying while awaiting transplantation. The actual annual demand for heart transplantation decreased during the last 5 years from 10.9 per million people in 1987 to 6.7 in 1992. The rates of heart transplantation in Quebec were higher than the Canadian average. The actual demand for lung transplantation was only 2.9 per million people on average in 1992. Demand for liver transplantation increased annually, reaching 8.6 per million in 1992. The rate of transplantation increased likewise but remained insufficient. The demand for kidney transplantation reached 27.2 per million people in 1992, and the transplantation rate was 17.8. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the actual demand for and supply of organ transplantation, to insure high-quality service and to control costs associated with organ transplantation, we recommend that the present system in Quebec be reorganized so that transplantations are performed in 12 centres: 7 for kidney transplantation, 2 for hearts, 2 for livers and 1 for lungs.     

Causation and Disease: The Henle-Koch Postulates Revisited

The Henle-Koch postulates are reviewed in terms of their full validity in Koch's day and in light of subsequent developments. The changing guidelines developed for viral diseases, for viruses in relation to cancer and to chronic central nervous system infection, and for causative agents in chronic diseases are discussed chronologically. A set of guidelines for both acute infectious and chronic diseases is presented. The need for recognizing the role of the host and the spectrum of host responses, for sound biologic sense in evaluating causal roles of agents in disease, and for flexibility in adapting our guidelines to new knowledge are emphasized.     

The temperature dependence of the binding of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and estradiol to the sex hormone globulin (SHBG) of human plasma

The binding of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone and estradiol to the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin in human plasma has been studied at 4, 20 and 37 degrees C using the method of equilibrium partition in an aqueous two-phase system based on dextran, poly(ethylene glycol) and water. The intrinsic association constants for the binding to SHBG and the apparent association constant for the binding to albumin have been determined from Scatchard-type binding plots. The affinity of SHBG for DHT is 1.2-1.3 times higher than that for testosterone and 4 times higher than that for estradiol. The affinity of SHBG for the steroids decreases with increasing temperature. The mean values of the free energy of binding, delta G degree, in the temperature range used are -52.3, -51.7 and -48.9 kJ X mol-1 for the binding of DHT, testosterone and estradiol, respectively, to SHBG. The corresponding values of the enthalpy change, delta H degree, are 73.7, 70.0 and 99.0 J X mol-1 X K-1. These values are discussed in terms of the difference in the structure of the steroids. The affinity of albumin for testosterone and estradiol is almost equal and is lower than that for DHT. The delta G degree for the binding to albumin is about 55% lower than that for the binding to SHBG.     

草基—鱼塘生态系统的能量转化与养分循环研究

应用模拟试验的方法,研究了“草基-鱼塘”系统中的能量转化与养分循环．结果 表明,该系统中饲草对太阳能的利用率为 ０． ８３％,鱼对饲料能的转化率为 ７． ３％．与以粮 食作为鱼饲料比较,单位面积草地的产鱼当量是粮食作物的１．６倍．鱼对饲料Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的 转化率分别为１６．８％、３２．３％和２．０％．塘泥沉积的Ｎ、Ｐ分别占饲料的２３．４％和５６．１％; 猪对饲料 Ｎ、 Ｐ、 Ｋ的转化率分别为 ２０． ５％、 ３３． ７％和 ４． ６％,猪粪尿回收饲料 Ｎ为 ３６． ４％、 Ｐ为 ６３． ８％、 Ｋ为 ３９． ４％．猪-草-鱼结合的基塘系统其能量和养分转化效率均高于单一的 养鱼系统．     

In Pursuit of Closed‐Loop Supply Chains for Critical Materials: An Exploratory Study in the Green Energy Sector

A closed‐loop supply chain (CLSC) is considered not only an important solution for ensuring sustainable exploitation of materials, but also a promising strategy for securing long‐term availability of materials. The latter is especially highlighted in the materials criticality discourse. Critical raw materials (CRMs), being exposed to supply disruptions, create an uncertain operational environment for many industries, particularly for green energy technologies that employ multiple CRMs. However, recycling rates of CRMs are very low and engagement of companies in CLSC for CRM is limited. This study examines factors influencing CLSC for CRM development in photovoltaic panels and wind turbine technologies. The aim is to analyze how the factors manifest themselves in different companies along the supply chain and to identify enabling and bottleneck conditions for implementation of CLSC for CRM. The novelty of the study is twofold: the focus on material rather than product flows, and examination of factors from a multiactor perspective. The evidence obtained suggests that the manufacturing companies and reverse supply‐chain operators engaged in the study take different perspectives (product vs. material) regarding development of CLSC for CRM and thus emphasize different factors. The findings underline the need for interactions between supply‐chain actors, a sound competitive environment for recycling processes, and investment in technologies and infrastructure development if CLSC for CRM is to be developed. The paper provides implications for practitioners and policy makers for implementation of CLSC for CRM, and suggests prospects for further research.     

Aging process of leg muscle endurance in males and females

In order to estimate muscle endurance during knee extension (KME) and plantar flexion (PME) using a simple method, holding times for the half-squatting posture for KME and for the calf-raising posture for PME were measured in 3,792 males and 3,620 females aged between 6 and 79 years. The regression lines of the aging process for KME and PME in both sexes were determined. Peak values were found at 13 years in males and 12 years in females for KME, and at 15 years in males and 16 years in females for PME. The mean values increased sharply with age up to each peak and then decreased abruptly to a low level at around 20 years, thereafter declining gradually. The values of KME as a percentage of the peak value were 71, 75 and 34 at the ages of 6, 20 and 70-79 years respectively in males, while the corresponding values were 80, 77 and 36 for females. The values of PME at these ages were 34, 93 and 69 in males and 54, 91 and 73 in females. The mean values for males were generally higher than those for females. These results suggest that endurance of the leg muscles differs according to age, sex and the region of the leg muscle. These data will be useful as standard values for evaluating endurance and for prescribing suitable exercise for the promotion of physical fitness.     

Biology of Triatoma pallidipennis stal 1945 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae:Triatominae) under laboratory conditions

Aspects related to hatching, life time, mortality, feeding behaviour and fecundity for each stage of Triatoma pallidipennis life-cycle were evaluated. The hatching rate observed for 200 eggs was 60% and the average time of hatching was 18 days. Eighty nymphs (N) (40%) completed the cycle and the average time from NI to adult was 168. 7+/-11.7days. The average span in days for each stage was 18.0 for NI, 18.5 for NII, 30.0 for NIII, 35.7 for NIV and 50.1 for NV. The number of bloodmeals at each nymphal stage varied from 1 to 5. The mortality rate was 9.17 for NI, 5.5 for NII, 6.8 for NIII 4.17 for NIV and 13.04 for NV nymphs. The average number of eggs laid per female in a 9-month period was 498.6. The survival rates of adults were 357+/-217.9 and 262.53+/-167.7 for males and females respectively.     

Improved simultaneous determination method of beta-carotene and retinol with saponification in human serum and rat liver

Among the many simultaneous determination methods for carotenoid and retinoid, there are only a few reports including the saponification process. However, the yields of beta-carotene and retinol were higher when using this process. In this study, the analytical conditions, including saponification, were investigated. The extraction solvent was n-hexane and the sample solvent was HPLC mobile phase in the beta-carotene and retinol analysis. BHT as an antioxidant was added at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.025%, respectively, to ethanol and n-hexane phase in the extraction process for serum. The recovery rates were 99.7, 93.7 and 98.3% for beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate in serum, respectively, and 107.1, 92.8 and 98.8% for beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver, respectively. The within-day coefficients of variation (C.V.) were 6.0% for serum and 4.7% for liver in the case of beta-carotene, 7.1% for serum, and 5.1% for liver in the case of retinol. The between-day coefficients of variation were 2.7% for serum and 2.7% for liver in the case of beta-carotene, and for retinol, 6.4% for serum and 2.7% for liver.     

Teleeducation and telepathology for open and distance education.

Our experience in creating and using telepathology system and multimedia database for education is described. This program packet currently works in the Department of Pathology of University Medical School in Poznan. It is used for self-education, tests, services and for the examinations in pathology, i.e., for dental students and for medical students in terms of self-education and individual examination services. The system is implemented on microcomputers compatible with IBM PC and works in the network system Netware 5.1. Some modules are available through the Internet. The program packet described here accomplishes the TELEMIC system for telepathology, ASSISTANT, which is the administrator for the databases, and EXAMINATOR, which is the executive program. The realization of multi-user module allows students to work on several working areas, on random be chosen different sets of problems contemporary. The possibility to work in the exercise mode will image files and questions is an attractive way for self-education. The standard format of the notation files enables to elaborate the results by commercial statistic packets in order to estimate the scale of answers and to find correlation between the obtained results. The method of multi-criterion grading excludes unlimited mutual compensation of the criteria, differentiates the importance of particular courses and introduces the quality criteria. The packet is part of the integrated management information system of the department of pathology. Applications for other telepathological systems are presented.     

Novel plasma-separation dilayer gellan-gellan-sulfate adsorber for direct removal of extra domain A containing fibronectin from the blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, in whom cryogelation occurs in the presence of heparin, exhibit abnormally high concentrations of extra domain A containing fibronectin [EDA(+)FN] in their plasma. The selective removal of EDA(+)FN from patient blood is therefore of potential therapeutic benefit. Gellan-sulfate is a candidate ligand for the removal of EDA(+)FN due to its high affinity for FN. In this study, we prepare a novel adsorber for the direct removal of EDA(+)FN from patient blood. The adsorber has both a plasma separation function and EDA(+)FN trapping zones, and is prepared by cross-linking gellan-sulfate with epichlorohydrine. The ratio of gellan-sulfate to gellan in the adsorber is 48%. The surface and internal structure of gellan beads were observed by a range of microscopic techniques, and the beads were found to have a dilayer structure, consisting of a porous outer layer and an underlying gellan-sulfate phase as the adsorber. The affinity constants of the gellan-sulfate beads for EDA(+)FN were almost the same in blood as in buffer because the porous gellan coating acts to separate plasma from the cellular fraction of the blood. The removal rate of plasma proteins and blood cells from mock RA blood was measured for coated and uncoated gellan-sulfate beads. Removal rates were 30-32% for EDA(+)FN, 6-10% for fibrinogen, 10-14% for antithrombin III, 8% for C3, 4-7% for C4, and 0% for albumin. The removal rates of uncoated beads were 11% for white blood cells, 0% for red blood cells and 33% for platelets, whereas removal rates of 0% for white blood cells, 0% for red blood cells and 20% for platelets were achieved for coated beads. The coating effectively inhibits the adsorption of white blood cells and platelets. Existing problems with direct adsorbers, including selectivity and plasma separation, have been solved by this material.     

The Element Contents of Platycladus orientalis plantation in Beijing

Carbon is the most abundant element in the organs of the edificator-31 years old Platy- cladus orientalis. High content of Ca occurred in the edificator, there are plenty of N. K. Mg as well with relatively low content of P and high content of Fe. The concentration of elements is greater in leaves than int woody tissues of tree and shrub. The element accumulation in the aboveground part was higher than those in the under ground part of the tree layer, 51 percent of C was accumulated in trunks. The largest percentage of other elements was accumulated by leaves. On the contrary, in tile tree layer the element accumulation in the under ground part was larger than those in the aboveground part of the shrub layer except N accumulation. The element accumulation in the plantation reached 17,000 kg/ha for C, 400 kg/ha for Ca, 104 kg/ha for N, 87 kg/ha for K, 30 kg/ha for Mg, 11–16 kg/ha for Al, P and Fe, 2.5 kg/ha for Na, 1 kg/ha for Mn, Cu and Zn. The retention of C in the plantation was the highest among the elements. The retention in the Tree layer decreased from Ca to N. K. The retention of N in shrub layer is greater than that of Ca. The element retentions in the plantation were 2700 kg/ha, a for C, 70 kg/ ha.a for Ca. 15–20 kg/ha.a for N, K, 2-5 kg/ha, for P, Fe, Al, and Mg, 1 kg/ha.a for the others. The nutrient pool in soil showed C>Ca>N>Fe>Mg>K>P>Na >Al, Mn>Cu>Zn in order. In the same soil condition, the element enrichment factors by various plants were quite different. Usually the enrichment factors of the shrub were greater than those of the tree. The following sequence of the requirment of nutrients by plantation was shown: C> Ca>N >K>Mg >Fe>P>AI>Na>Mn >Cu> Zn.     

Review of methodology for the determination of benzimidazole residues in biological matrices

Benzimidazoles are anthelmintic agents widely used in the treatment of parasitic infections in a range of species and as fungicidal agents in the control of spoilage of crops during storage and transport. In this paper, the more important benzimidazoles are introduced and their pharmacological effects and physiochemical properties discussed. The metabolism of these drugs is described relating to the occurrence and persistence of residues in biological matrices, providing information for selection of suitable matrices and target residues for testing. Methods for determination of benzimidazoles are reviewed for a range of biological matrices. The importance of selecting suitable extraction and clean-up procedures is discussed, along with the difficulties encountered in adapting single residue methods to multi-residue methods. The importance of suitable detection systems for determination of benzimidazoles, namely, screening, HPLC, GC and confirmatory methods is described in detail. The future for benzimidazole residue analysis is discussed, focusing on selection of appropriate residues for screening methods and protocols for confirmation of benzimidazole residues.     

Circadian Control of the Accumulation of mRNAs for Light- and Heat-Inducible Chloroplast Proteins in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The levels of the mRNAs for light-inducible, nuclear-coded chloroplast proteins vary rhythmically in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants either grown in a dark-light cycle or under constant light conditions. This has been observed for the early light-inducible protein, the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein, and the small subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. The mRNA levels are high in the morning, exhibit a minimum in the first half of the night, and increase again during the second half of the night. The amplitude of fluctuation is between 5- and 10-fold. A similar change in the mRNA abundance was found for four nuclear encoded heat-shock proteins of 18, 24, 26, and 30 kilodaltons. The ability of plants to transcribe heat-shock genes upon heat-shock for 2 hours varies through the day. The maxima for induction are found in the second half of the night and the morning. The minima are reached during the afternoon. The degree of fluctuation is between 3- and 5-fold. The levels of mRNAs for cytosolic as well as for plastid heat-shock proteins oscillate in parallel.     

红三叶人工草地营养元素的生物循环

 本文研究了我国北亚热带高海拔地区红三叶人工草地11种营养元素的生物循环特征。结果表明:1.营养元素的存留量、归还量和吸收量均可分为5个水平;(1)高量级：氮、钾、钙;(2)中量级：磷、镁;(3)低量级：铁;(4)少量级：锰、锌、铜、硼;(5)微量级：钼。2．红三叶群落地上部的净生产量、自然归还量和元素的存留量均显著高于地下部。3．红三叶人工草地的元素输出量以氮、钾、钙较大。此外,对草用和种用红三叶群落营养元素生物循环特征的差异进行了比较。为维持本区红三叶人工草地营养元素的平衡,目前必须施用磷肥,施用量不能小于250kg·hm-2过磷酸钙。     

Reevaluation of the phenol-sulfuric acid reaction for the estimation of hexoses and pentoses

Evidence is provided to show that in the conventional phenol-sulfuric acid reaction procedure, phenol underwent sulfonation in situ and the phenolsulfonic acid formed decreased the color intensity for hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), furfural, and many hexoses and pentoses tested. A modified method is described to overcome this problem in which phenol was added after the dehydration of carbohydrates by sulfuric acid and after cooling the system. The color intensity around 475-485 nm for different compounds was fairly proportional to the amount of furfural derivatives (absorption at 310-320 nm) formed from the sugars in the modified method unlike in the conventional procedure. The studies also show that for condensation of HMF derivatives with phenol, heat is not necessary. The color intensity in the modified method also increased compared to that in the conventional method. The increase in the modified method compared to that in the conventional method was 6.0-fold for furfural, 9.1-fold for hydroxymethyl furfural, 3.7-fold for fructose, 2.3-fold for xylose, and 2.0-fold for glucose and arabinose. The possible reasons for this differential increase are discussed.