S/D灭活血浆内脂包膜病毒及病毒灭活血浆的研究

研究磷酸三丁酯(TNBP)／Triton X-100对血浆内脂包膜病毒的灭活效果。用VSV病毒和Sindbis病毒作指示病毒,加入血浆后再加磷酸三丁酯／Triton X-100,观察病毒的滴度变化及对血浆蛋白的影响。结果发现终浓度各为1％的磷酸三丁酯／Triton X-100在60min内可以灭活血浆内的两种指示病毒,而血浆蛋白的组成和功能变化很小。经层折、超滤后血浆内磷酸三丁酯和Triton X-100的残余量分别低于5μg/ml,表明S／D处理血浆的安全性和治疗作用都很好,其制剂冰冻血浆或冻干血浆可用于临床治疗凝血因子缺乏症,或用作血容量扩张剂。     

S／D法处理凝血因子浓缩物类制品的病毒灭活验证

以水泡性口炎病毒 (VSV)为指示病毒 ,验证应用有机溶剂 /去污剂 (简称S/D)法灭活血液制品中病毒的生产工艺 ,并对不同厂家不同批号的四种凝血因子浓缩物类制品 (中间品 )的病毒灭活效果进行了分析总结。结果表明当制品中TNBP和Tween80终浓度为 0 3%和 1 0 % ,在 2 5± 1℃处理 6小时后对于包膜病毒确有显著的灭活效果。     

S/D法灭活血液制剂中脂包膜病毒效果验证的研究

选用不同核酸的脂包膜病毒,其中RNA病毒为水疱性口炎病毒(VSV),DNA病毒为伪狂犬病毒(PRV),将两种指示病毒分别用于验证S/D法处理对纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原复合物、凝血因子Ⅷ、静注丙种球蛋白、免疫血浆等血液制剂的病毒灭活效果。结果该法对所有被处理的血液制剂中的PRV及VSV灭活能力分别为≥3.38~5.88和≥3.50~4.75logTCID50/0.1ml,表明S/D法对两种病毒核酸类型的脂包膜病毒有良好的灭活效果。     

有机溶剂／表面活性剂处理人血浆的生产和体外鉴定

作者发展了用最终浓度1％( W/W) TNBP和Triton-100于30℃保温4小时的改良有机溶剂/表面活性剂(S/D)处理法灭活人血浆病毒。本法灭活≥10~6黑猩猩感染剂量(CID_(50))的HBV,≥10~5GID_(50)的HCV和≥10~(6·2)组织培养感染剂量(TCID_(50))的HIV。病毒灭活后的11批血浆被冻干,12批被冰冻直到使用。上述血浆经过了广泛的实验室试验,包括凝血因子1-XIII, Von willebrand因子,血浆蛋白溶酶原,血凝抑制剂,纤维蛋白溶酶和其他临床上重要的血浆蛋白质的鉴定。在S/D处     

病毒灭活和SD血浆的制备

建立制备病毒灭活SD血浆的方法。血浆内加入 1%TNBP/ 1%TritonX10 0 ,30℃保温 4h后用反相层析和超滤去除血浆中的TNBP和TritonX10 0。在 30℃保温 15min后血浆内脂包膜病毒全部被杀灭。超滤后的血浆内TNBP和TritonX10 0的含量都低于 5mg/L。SD血浆蛋白含量的改变都在准许的范围内。建立了一种病毒灭活血浆的制备方法。     

有机溶剂/去污剂病毒灭活处理对破伤风抗毒素质量的影响

目的 探索用有机溶剂/去污剂(solvent/detergent, S/D)病毒灭活处理对破伤风抗毒素质量的影响。方法 3批破伤风抗毒素样品,每批样品取3等份,向其中2份中分别加入磷酸三丁酯(tri- n -butylphosphate, TNBP)和吐温-80(Tween 80)至终质量分数为0.3%和1%;一份放置在(25±1)℃水浴中振摇6 h后取样,另一份放置在(30±1)℃水浴中振摇4 h后取样;向第3份破伤风抗毒素原液中加入等量的生理盐水混匀后室温放置作为对照。各样品经超滤后检测其效价和蛋白质含量,同时用SDS-PAGE电泳和凝胶过滤色谱柱测定。结果 破伤风抗毒素原液样品经过S/D病毒灭活处理后,其动物效价与对照相比差异无统计学意义( P >0.05),蛋白质含量、分子大小分布无明显变化,多聚体、二聚体及F(ab′) 2含量也无明显变化。结论 S/D病毒灭活处理对破伤风抗毒素的效价,蛋白质含量,分子大小分布,多聚体、二聚体及F(ab′) 2含量均无明显影响,可以作为破伤风抗毒素病毒灭活的候选方法。     

有机溶剂/去污剂处理血浆的研究进展

有机溶剂/去污剂处理技术已广泛用于血液制剂的病毒灭活。本文对此项技术用于血浆中病毒灭活的可靠性、处理血液制剂的安全性以及处理血浆的临床应用作了简要介绍。     

经有机溶剂/表面活性剂处理的人血浆的生产和体外特性

<正>本文叙述了使用改良的TNBP/表面活性剂处理的冻干和冷冻人血浆的生产以及这种病毒灭活血浆的体外特性。 材料与方法 人血浆处理和病毒灭活 用于生产冻干的经过S/D处理的和冰冻的血浆分别来自瑞士Octapharma公司和德国Hagen红十字中心。 贮存于-30℃以下的同种血型的250份新鲜冰冻血浆(每份200～250ml)在不锈钢容器中,30℃条件下融化,经确定是溶血或脂血的血浆在混合和     

低pH孵放法灭活静注人免疫球蛋白中脂包膜病毒效果验证的研究

选用不同核酸类型的脂包膜病毒,其中RNA病毒为水疱性口炎病毒(VSV),DNA病毒为伪狂犬病毒(PRV),将两种指示病毒分别用于验证低pH孵放法对不同厂家生产的人血静脉注射用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)的病毒灭活效果。结果表明,液体IVIG的pH值为3.8～4.4,在23～25℃环境中,孵放21天可灭活VSV和PRV,两种指示病毒的灭活效果分别为≥5.50～6.62和≥5.38～6.62logTCID50/0.1ml。因此,低pH孵放法是一种安全、有效且简便实用的灭活脂包膜病毒的方法。     

辛酸盐灭活静注人免疫球蛋白中脂包膜病毒效果验证的研究

选用不同核酸类型的脂包膜病毒,其中RNA病毒为水疱性口炎病毒(VSV),DNA病毒为伪狂犬病毒(PRV),将两种指示病毒分别用于验证一定浓度的辛酸盐对某一厂家生产的人血静脉注射用丙种球蛋白(IVIG)的病毒灭活效果。结果表明,液体IVIG在辛酸钠(0.7±0.2mmol/g蛋白)、pH(5.1±0.1)、29.5~30.5℃,孵放90min可灭活VSV和PRV,两种指示病毒的灭活效果分别为≥4.00~4.12和≥5.25~5.75log TCID50/0.1ml。因此,辛酸盐是一种安全、有效、快速的灭活脂包膜病毒的灭活剂。     

Resistance of vaccinia virus to inactivation by solvent/detergent treatment of blood products.

The inactivation of enveloped viruses by two different solvent/detergent combinations, i.e. tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP)/Triton X-100 or TNBP/Tween 80, has been investigated using a high purity factor VIII (Replenate) and factor IX (Replenine) respectively. Treatment with TNBP/Triton X-100 rapidly inactivated all the typical enveloped viruses tested, i.e. Sindbis, semliki forest virus (SFV), herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), by 3.7-5.8 log within 15 seconds. While virus inactivation with TNBP/Tween 80 was slower, effective inactivation of Sindbis, HSV-1, VSV and human immunodeficiency virus type-1, i.e. 4.1-->6.3 log, occurred within 30 minutes. In contrast, vaccinia virus was relatively resistant to inactivation in either of these solvent/detergent combinations. Incubation times of 10 minutes for TNBP/Triton X-100 or 6-24 hours for TNBP/Tween 80, were required to reach inactivation levels of about 4 log.     

S/D处理人纤维蛋白原的病毒灭活验证

在人纤维蛋白原制备工艺中增加Ｓ／Ｄ处理灭活病毒步骤,ＴＮＢＰ和Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０终浓度分别为０．３％和１％,在２５℃处理６小时能有效灭活指示病毒ＶＳＶ（〉３．７５Ｌｏｇ）、Ｓｉｎｄｂｉｓ（〉４．４６Ｌｏｇ）、ＨＩＶ（〉３．６７Ｌｏｇ）,盲传三代未检出病毒     

Comparable virus inactivation by bovine or vegetable derived Tween 80 during solvent/detergent treatment.

A mixture of Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) is often used for virus inactivation during the manufacture of medicinal products derived from human plasma. This procedure, known as solvent/detergent treatment, is of high effectiveness for inactivation of enveloped viruses. Tween 80 can be manufactured from bovine tallow or from vegetable material. As the bovine-derived Tween 80 is normally used for the solvent/detergent treatment, the question has been raised whether vegetable-derived Tween 80 can be applied as an alternative substance for the solvent/detergent treatment. Comparable inactivation studies were therefore performed using Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Pseudorabiesvirus (PRV), Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) and Bovine Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV). In principle, no differences were observed in the effectiveness of the solvent/detergent treatment when bovine or vegetable-derived Tween 80 was used. The comparability in the efficiency of both detergents for virus inactivation was shown to be independent of solvent/detergent concentration, of temperature (16 degrees C and 6 degrees C vs. 27 degrees C and 25 degrees C) and protein concentration (10% and 5% human albumin). In summary, vegetable-derived Tween 80 is of the same effectiveness as bovine-derived Tween 80, when used for virus inactivation by the solvent/detergent treatment.     

Virus inactivation by solvent/detergent treatment using Triton X-100 in a high purity factor VIII

Virus inactivation by solvent/detergent treatment using 0.3% tri-n-butyl phosphate and 1% Triton X-100 in the high purity factor VIII concentrate Replenate((R)) has been investigated. A wide range of model enveloped viruses were confirmed to be inactivated by >4 to >6log after 30min at 22 degrees C under standard conditions. Using Sindbis as a representative enveloped virus, the effect of various parameters on the inactivation process was tested. Virus inactivation was confirmed to be effective in different batches of product and was not influenced by changing the process conditions with regard to protein and salt concentration or pH. Virus inactivation was effective even at a temperature as low as 4-5 degrees C. Although solvent/detergent concentration was the most critical parameter, a concentration as low as 0.15% TnBP/0.5% Triton X-100 was still completely effective. At a lower concentration an extended incubation period was required. These studies demonstrate the robustness of this solvent/detergent procedure based on Triton X-100 and allow suitable process limits to be set for this manufacturing step.     

Assessment of viral inactivation during pH 3.3 pepsin digestion and caprylic acid treatment of antivenoms

Antivenoms are manufactured by the fractionation of animal plasma which may possibly be contaminated by infectious agents pathogenic to humans. This study was carried out to determine whether pre-existing antivenom production steps, as carried out by EgyVac in Egypt, may reduce viral risks. Two typical manufacturing steps were studied by performing down-scaled viral inactivation experiments: (a) a pH 3.3 pepsin digestion of diluted plasma at 30 degrees C for 1h, and (b) a caprylic acid treatment of a purified F(ab')2 fragment fraction at 18 degrees C for 1h. Three lipid-enveloped (LE) viruses [bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)] and one non-lipid-enveloped (NLE) virus [encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC)] were used as models. Kinetics of inactivation was determined by taking samples at 3 time-points during the treatments. The pH 3.3 pepsin digestion resulted in complete clearance of PRV (>7.0 log(10)) and in almost complete reduction of VSV (>4.5 but < or =6.4 log(10)), and in a limited inactivation of BVDV (1.7 log(10)). EMC inactivation was > or =2.5 but < or =5.7 log(10). The caprylic acid treatment resulted in complete inactivation of the 3 LE viruses tested: BVDV (>6.6 log(10)), PRV (>6.6 log(10)), and VSV (>7.0 log(10)). For EMC no significant reduction was obtained (0.7 log(10)). Cumulative reduction was >13.6, >11.5, >8.3 and > or =2.5 for PRV, VSV, BVDV and EMC, respectively. Therefore the current manufacturing processes of at least some animal antisera already include production steps that can ensure robust viral inactivation of LE viruses and moderate inactivation of a NLE virus.     

Adaptation of reovirus to growth in the presence of protease inhibitor E64 segregates with a mutation in the carboxy terminus of viral outer-capsid protein sigma3

Reovirus virions are internalized into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Within the endocytic compartment, the viral outer capsid undergoes acid-dependent proteolysis leading to degradation of sigma3 protein and proteolytic cleavage of micro1/micro1C protein. E64 is a specific inhibitor of cysteine-containing proteases that blocks disassembly of reovirus virions. To identify domains in reovirus proteins that influence susceptibility to E64-mediated inhibition of disassembly, we selected variant viruses by serial passage of strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) in murine L929 cells treated with E64. E64-adapted variant viruses (D-EA viruses) produced 7- to 17-fold-greater yields than T3D did after infection of cells treated with 100 microM E64. Viral genes that segregate with growth of D-EA viruses in the presence of E64 were identified by using reassortant viruses isolated from independent crosses of E64-sensitive strain type 1 Lang and two prototype D-EA viruses. Growth of reassortant viruses in the presence of E64 segregated with the S4 gene, which encodes outer-capsid protein sigma3. Sequence analysis of S4 genes of three D-EA viruses isolated from independent passage series revealed a common tyrosine-to-histidine mutation at amino acid 354 in the deduced amino acid sequence of sigma3. Proteolysis of D-EA virions by endocytic protease cathepsin L occurred with faster kinetics than proteolysis of wild-type T3D virions. Treatment of D-EA virions, but not T3D virions, with cathepsin D resulted in proteolysis of sigma3, a property that also was found to segregate with the D-EA S4 gene. These results indicate that a region in sigma3 protein containing amino acid 354 influences susceptibility of sigma3 to proteolysis during reovirus disassembly.     

Factors influencing virus inactivation and retention of platelet properties following treatment with aminomethyltrimethylpsoralen and ultraviolet A light.

A wide variety of viruses are inactivated by psoralen compounds in the presence of ultraviolet A light (UVA). Use of aminomethyltrimethylpsoralen (AMT) and UVA is being evaluated as a method to inactivate viruses that may be present in platelet suspensions prepared for transfusion. Studies have been conducted to assess how variation in various environmental parameters influences the extent of viral inactivation and the retention of platelet properties. Most notably, it was determined that increasing levels of plasma progressively inhibited the inactivation of model viruses. As a result, experiments were routinely conducted at a plasma level of approximately 14.5%, using 40 micrograms/ml AMT, which was determined to be optimal when using this reduced plasma level. The reduced plasma level was achieved by dilution with a nonplasma medium that has been shown to be satisfactory for storage of platelets. Under these conditions, about 5 logs of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), pseudorabies, and phi 6 inactivation were achieved. Variation of platelet and leukocyte counts, within normal levels, had a minimal effect on extent of viral inactivation. Although oxygen level (mean levels, 97.9 mm Hg versus 19.2 mm Hg) had only a small influence on viral inactivation with 2.4, 4.8, and 7.2 J/cm2 of UVA (equivalent to 1-3 minutes of exposure), in vitro platelet properties, such as medium pH, morphology characteristics, and aggregation response, were better retained with a longer exposure time at the reduced oxygen level. With normal oxygen (97.9 mm Hg), platelet properties declined substantially relative to untreated controls (no UVA, no AMT) on exposure to 4.8 J/cm2. Our studies have identified two sets of conditions that provide about 5 logs of virus inactivation without extensively altering platelet in vitro properties.     

Removal and inactivation of viruses during the manufacture of a high-purity antihemophilic factor IX from human plasma

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of the solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment, DEAE-toyopearl 650M anion-exchange column chromatography, heparin-sepharose 6FF affinity column chromatography, and Viresolve NFP filtration steps employed in the manufacture of high-purity antihemophilic factor IX (Green-Nine VF) from human plasma, with regard to removal and/or inactivation of blood-borne viruses. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV), were all selected for this study. Samples from relevant stages of the production process were spiked with each virus and subjected to scale-down processes mimicking the manufacture of high-purity factor IX. Samples were collected at each step, immediately titrated using a 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀), and virus reduction factors were evaluated. S/D treatment using the organic solvent, tri (n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and the detergent, Tween 80, was a robust and effective step in inactivation of enveloped viruses. Titers of HIV, BHV, and BVDV were reduced from the initial titer of 6.06, 7.72, and 6.92 log₁₀ TCID₅₀, respectively, reaching undetectable levels within 1 min of S/D treatment. DEAE-toyopearl 650M anion-exchange column chromatography was found to be a moderately effective step in the removal of HAV, EMCV, and PPV with log reduction factors of 1.12, 2.67, and 1.38, respectively. Heparin-sepharose 6FF affinity column chromatography was also moderately effective for partitioning BHV, BVDV, HAV, EMCV, and PPV with log reduction factors of 1.55, 1.35, 1.08, 1.19, and 1.61, respectively. The Viresolve NFP filtration step was a robust and effective step in removing all viruses tested, since HIV, BHV, BVDV, HAV, EMCV, and PPV were completely removed during the filtration step with log reduction factors of ≥ 5.51, ≥ 5.76, ≥ 5.18, ≥ 5.34, ≥ 6.13, and ≥ 4.28, respectively. Cumulative log reduction factors of HIV, BHV, BVDV, HAV, EMCV, and PPV were ≥ 10.52, ≥ 12.07, ≥ 10.49, ≥ 7.54, ≥ 9.99, and ≥ 7.24, respectively. These results indicate that the production process for GreenNine VF has a sufficient virus reduction capacity for achievement of a high margin of virus safety.     

Lack of correlation between virus barosensitivity and the presence of a viral envelope during inactivation of human rotavirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and avian metapneumovirus by high-pressure processing

High-pressure processing (HPP) is a nonthermal technology that has been shown to effectively inactivate a wide range of microorganisms. However, the effectiveness of HPP on inactivation of viruses is relatively less well understood. We systematically investigated the effects of intrinsic (pH) and processing (pressure, time, and temperature) parameters on the pressure inactivation of a nonenveloped virus (human rotavirus [HRV]) and two enveloped viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV] and avian metapneumovirus [aMPV]). We demonstrated that HPP can efficiently inactivate all tested viruses under optimal conditions, although the pressure susceptibilities and the roles of temperature and pH substantially varied among these viruses regardless of the presence of a viral envelope. We found that VSV was much more stable than most food-borne viruses, whereas aMPV was highly susceptible to HPP. When viruses were held for 2 min under 350 MPa at 4°C, 1.1-log, 3.9-log, and 5.0-log virus reductions were achieved for VSV, HRV, and aMPV, respectively. Both VSV and aMPV were more susceptible to HPP at higher temperature and lower pH. In contrast, HRV was more easily inactivated at higher pH, although temperature did not have a significant impact on inactivation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the damage of virion structure by disruption of the viral envelope and/or capsid is the primary mechanism underlying HPP-induced viral inactivation. In addition, VSV glycoprotein remained antigenic although VSV was completely inactivated. Taken together, our findings suggest that HPP is a promising technology to eliminate viral contaminants in high-risk foods, water, and other fomites.