包涵体——犬传染性肝炎病毒形态发生学的重要特征

用免疫金电镜技术和电镜原位杂交技术观察了犬传染性肝炎病毒感染的犬肾传代细胞中的病毒包涵体,发现这些包涵体具有以下三种基本形态：1．松散均质包涵体;2．副结晶色包涵体;3．致密颗粒包涵体。其中前二种包涵体能被免疫金标记,它们是尚未成病毒粒子的病毒蛋白或是病毒装配后乘余的病毒蛋白,后一种包涵体能被病毒DNA探针标记,是病毒核酸合成过剩而堆积起来形成的产物。此外,本文还描述和讨论了包涵体与细胞及病毒发育成熟的关系。     

犬传染性肝炎病毒在体外细胞质内的发生

通过对犬传染性肝炎病毒（ＩＣＨＶ）在犬肾传代细胞内形态发生及其抗原定位的电镜和免疫胶体金电镜研究,发现ＩＣＨＶ除了在宿主细胞核内发生外,还有一条细胞质内的发生途径。在细胞质内病毒核壳体的装配是以均质致密包涵体和副晶格包涵体为“基地”,这与人们熟知的细胞核内形态发生方式相似。免疫胶体金标记显示,细胞质包涵体中含有大量的ＩＣＨＶ抗原成分,显核壳体在细胞质内装配病毒的结构蛋白来源。此外,在感染的细胞质内还观察到与核内相同的病毒核心样结构。     

抗传染性犬肝炎病毒单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备传染性犬肝炎病毒单克隆抗体。方法将用纯化的犬腺病毒1型（CAV-1）免疫的BALB／c小鼠脾细胞与SP2／0细胞在聚乙二醇作用下融合,通过酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和免疫酶试验（1EA）筛选,以有限稀释法克隆3次,制备单克隆抗体,并对制备完成的单克隆抗体进行生物学鉴定。结果成功得到2株能稳定分泌抗CAV-1的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞,命名为1B、2H3,经鉴定其亚型分别为IgG2a和IgG2a,2株均为kappa链。腹水的ELISA效价可达10^7-10^8,IEA效价可达1：2560—1：5120。该单克隆抗体与CPV、CDV、FPV、CCV病毒无交叉反应。结论成功制备了抗CAV-1单克隆抗体,为进一步建立相关诊断方法奠定了基础。     

犬传染性肝炎病毒Hexon蛋白Loop1、Loop2基因的克隆与表达

犬传染性肝炎病毒（ICHV）主要的中和抗原表位位于六邻体蛋白Loop1、Loop2上。本次研究参考Genebank发表的基因序列设计引物,提取ICHV基因组DNA,,分别PCR扩增六邻体蛋白（Hexon）的Loop1、Loop2基因片段,用T4酶连接在一起,克隆入原核表达载体pET28a中,测序显示本室保存病毒分离株Loop1与CLL株、RI261株和Toronto A26/61株核苷酸序列同源性分别为100%、100%和83.8%;Loop2与CLL株、RI261株和Toronto A26/61株核苷酸序列同源性分别为88.1%、88.1%和99.3%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.6%、93.6%和98.6%。转化BL21工程菌,实现了重组Loop蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,其表达的重组蛋白以包涵体形式存在,分子量约为36kDa,并且利用镍柱纯化重组蛋白,纯度达95%以上。本实验为建立新的犬传染性肝炎病毒基因工程产品奠定了良好的基础。     

犬传染性肝炎病毒Hexon蛋白Loop1、Loop2基因的克隆与表达

腺病毒主要的中和抗原表位位于六邻体蛋白Loop1、Loop2上,目前的研究主要集中在人腺病毒,犬传染性肝炎病毒（即犬腺病毒Ⅰ型）尚未见报道。本次研究参考Genebank发表的基因序列设计引物,提取ICHV基因组DNA,分别PCR扩增六邻体蛋白（Hexon）的Loop1、Loop2基因片段,用T4酶连接在一起,克隆入原核表达载体pET28a中,测序显示本室保存病毒分离株Loop1与CLL株、RI261株和TorontoA26/61株核苷酸序列同源性分别为100%、100%和83.8%;Loop2与CLL株、RI261株和TorontoA26/61株核苷酸序列同源性分别为88.1%、88.1%和99.3%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为93.6%、93.6%和98.6%。转化BL21工程菌,实现了重组Loop蛋白在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,分子质量约为36kDa,并且利用镍柱纯化重组蛋白,纯度达95%以上。用重组蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠后,以间接ELISA法测定血清抗病毒抗体效价达1：320以上,western blot鉴定免疫血清与ICHV特异性结合。本实验为建立新的犬传染性肝炎病毒基因工程产品奠定了良好的基础。     

人腺病毒41型纤维丝状包涵体免疫电镜研究

为明确人腺病毒41型(Adenovirus type 41,Ad41)形态发生过程中形成的纤维丝状包涵体(Fibrillous inclusion body,FIB)是否含有Ad41的长纤维(Long fiber,LF)蛋白与短纤维(Short fiber,SF)蛋白。我们分别原核表达和纯化Ad41LF、SF的球部(Knob)蛋白,分别命名为LFK与SFK。以LFK和SFK分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,分别获得LFK抗血清和SFK抗血清。Western blot、间接免疫荧光和免疫负染结果表明,LFK抗血清和SFK抗血清分别与LF和SF结合,LFK抗血清和SFK抗血清之间无交叉反应,可以应用于免疫电镜标记。通过Ad41抗血清、腺病毒纤维单克隆抗体4D2、LFK抗血清与SFK抗血清分别对FIB进行免疫电镜胶体金标记,表明Ad41抗血清、腺病毒纤维单克隆抗体4D2、LFK抗血清与SFK抗血清均能标记FIB,说明FIB中含有Ad41长纤维蛋白和短纤维蛋白。     

中国对虾非包涵体杆状病毒在体内的感染与发生

在感染发病成虾的肝胰腺和中肠上皮细胞的胞核内,出现大量病毒发生基质,核衣壳,套膜和完全的病毒粒子。病毒粒子为短杆状,两端呈钝园形,平均大小约为２５０－３００×ｌ１０ｎｍ,在核内无包涵体形成。在胞质内发现伴随病毒拉子并具有双层膜的蛋白质结构,这种结构建议称为该病毒的“封入体”。同时,我们认为这种无包涵体的杆状病毒,有可能应归属于杆状病毒科的第三个亚组。     

扬子鳄胚胎大脑皮层神经元核内包涵体的超微结构特征

孵化40、50d扬子鳄胚胎的海马皮质及刚孵出的小鳄大脑皮层各部的部分神经元细胞核内均有核内包涵体出现。按其形态可将它们分为两大类：膜性包涵体和核体。膜性包涵体位于近内核膜处,直径0．3—0．9μm,是由一到几层膜组成的囊泡状结构;核体体积较小,0．2—0．4μm,位于近核仁处或近内核膜,周缘的电子致密度较高,中心较清亮。本文就扬子鳄的核内包涵体同其它动物的核内包涵体的形态、出现时间进行了比较,并就其作用进行了讨论。     

丙型肝炎病毒免疫电镜的初步研究

采用组织匀浆免疫沉淀后负染、免疫组化块染后包埋、原位包埋等免疫电镜技术,研究丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）。组织匀浆、免疫沉定、负染后在电镜下观察到与ＨＣＶ相关的类病毒颗粒,形态与披膜病毒相似,大小多在５５～６５ｎｍ,圆形,有包膜,边缘略有突起或比较平滑,有胶体金结合在此种颗粒上及其周围。无关单抗阴性对照无类似颗粒及胶体金。免疫酶染电镜下还见到成堆可疑颗粒。此外,ＨＣＶ－Ｅ区抗原染色后原位包埋,尚发现胶体金大多结合于大小５０ｎｍ左右圆形结构的内部,表明Ｅ区单抗针对的特异性抗原位点位于这种结构的内侧。     

Ultrastructural in situ hybridization: A review of technical aspects

Detection of nucleic acid sequence at the ultrastructural level has allowed us to better understand the expression of genes in some fields of application in cell biology. In situ hybridization at the ultrastructural level can be carried out using three different methods: on vibratome sections before embedding in epoxy resin, on ultrathin frozen section, or on ultrathin section of tissue embedded in hydrophilic resin such as Lowicryl. Before starting the detection of nucleic acid sequences at the electron microscope level, the experimenter has to choose various parameters: the type of tissue fixation, the probe and its label, and the in situ hybridization method, depending on the sensitivity, the resolution and the ultrastructural preservation required. This review of technical aspects, by describing the different methods of ultrastructural in situ hybridization, will help the experimenter to optimize each step of the hybridization procedure.     

Inhibition of Dna Synthesis In the Macronuclear Replication Band of Euplotes Eurystomus

ABSTRACT. The replication band is a large, migrating, macronuclear domain that is the site of DNA synthesis in hypotrichous ciliated protozoa. A number of agents that produce inactivation of this structure and its replicational activity are described here. These agents include heat shock, aphidicolin, cell crowding, various cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors and a calmodulin inhibitor. With the exception of aphidicolin, which has a direct inhibitory effect upon DNA polymerases, the mechanisms of inactivation are presently unknown. the inactivating properties of cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors suggest that intracellular cAMP levels may influence replication band structure and function.     

Identifying the region influencing the cis-mode of maturation of West Nile (Sarafend) virus using chimeric infectious clones

West Nile (Sarafend) virus [WN(S)V] has been shown to egress by budding at the plasma membrane of infected cells. However, the region influencing this mode of virus release remains to be deciphered. In this study, we have constructed three chimeric clones in which specific regions of West Nile (Wengler) virus [WN(W)V] were replaced for the corresponding regions of WN(S)V in the full-length infectious clone of WN(S)V to define the region responsible for the cis-mode of WN(S)V maturation. The WN(W)V matures by the trans-mode. All of the resulting chimeric viruses were found to be infective. Transmission electron microscopy analyses performed in Vero cells infected with these chimeric viruses disclosed that the 5' end of the WN(S)V genome plays a major role in influencing the process of maturation at the plasma membrane.     

Replication of tobacco mosaic virus on endoplasmic reticulum and role of the cytoskeleton and virus movement protein in intracellular distribution of viral RNA

Little is known about the mechanisms of intracellular targeting of viral nucleic acids within infected cells. We used in situ hybridization to visualize the distribution of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) viral RNA (vRNA) in infected tobacco protoplasts. Immunostaining of the ER lumenal binding protein (BiP) concurrent with in situ hybridization revealed that vRNA colocalized with the ER, including perinuclear ER. At midstages of infection, vRNA accumulated in large irregular bodies associated with cytoplasmic filaments while at late stages, vRNA was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and was associated with hair-like protrusions from the plasma membrane containing ER. TMV movement protein (MP) and replicase colocalized with vRNA, suggesting that viral replication and translation occur in the same subcellular sites. Immunostaining with tubulin provided evidence of colocalization of vRNA with microtubules, while disruption of the cytoskeleton with pharmacological agents produced severe changes in vRNA localization. Mutants of TMV lacking functional MP accumulated vRNA, but the distribution of vRNA was different from that observed in wild-type infection. MP was not required for association of vRNA with perinuclear ER, but was required for the formation of the large irregular bodies and association of vRNA with the hair-like protrusions.     

Replication of rat virus in neonatal calvaria in culture

Summary Rat Virus, a parvovirus of rodents that produces a variety of developmental disturbances of the head and face in neonatal animals, was examined for its ability to replicate in neonatal calvariae in vitro. The bones were isolated and infected with RV within 1 d of birth and cultured for up to 7 d. Virus from the bones and supernatant was titered, and the cellular location of replication determined using in situ hybridization. The virus readily replicated in the isolated bony tissues, reaching titers of nearly 10⁷ plaque-forming units/ml. Using viral and complementary strand-specific probes, replication sites were located in the sutures and calvarial bones, as well as in cartilages thought to be part of the neurocranium. Results suggest that the virus localizes and replicates in cells necessary for the normal growth and development of the skull. Supported by grant no. DE-07715 from National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD     

Changes in subcellular localization of mtlrRNA outside mitochondria in oogenesis and early embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster

Mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA (mtlrRNA) has been identified as a cytoplasmic factor inducing pole cells in ultraviolet (UV)-sterilized Drosophila embryos. In situ hybridization studies have revealed that mtlrRNA is present outside mitochondria localized on the surface of polar granules during the cleavage stage. In the present study, we describe the developmental changes in extramitochondrial mtlrRNA distribution through early embryogenesis using in situ hybridization at the light and electron microscopic level. No mtlrRNA signal was discernible on polar granules in the mature oocyte, unless the oocyte was activated for development. mtlrRNA was localized on the surface of polar granules during a limited period of stages from oocyte activation to pole bud formation and disappeared as soon as being detached from polar granules without entering pole cells. These changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of mtlrRNA outside mitochondria are compatible with the idea that mtlrRNA is required for pole cell formation but not for the differentiation of pole cells as functional germ cells.