中国白草螟属分类研究(鳞翅目:螟蛾科:草螟亚科)

研究了中国草螟亚科白草螟属PseudocatharyllaBleszynski的 8个种 ,描述了 1新种 ,即宽突白草螟Pseu docatharyllalatiolaSongetChen ,sp .nov .,编制了白草螟属中国种的检索表。宽突白草螟Pseudocatharyllala tiolaSongetChen ,sp .nov .与黄色白草螟P .aurifimbriella (Hampson)在雄性外生殖器上结构相近 ,但新种左侧抱器瓣的轴节腹片较宽大 ,指形突狭窄 ;后者则相反。正模♂ ,黑龙江带岭 (47 0°N ,12 9 0°E) ,海拔 390m ,196 2 0 7 0 9,采集人不详 ,标本外生殖器标本C 4 35 (IZAS)。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国草螟亚科两新种(鳞翅目,螟蛾科,草螟亚科)

描述了草螟亚科2新种:四尖突金草螟Chrysoteuchia quadrapicula sp.nov.和刚毛微草螟Glaucocharis setacea sp.nov..首次对叉形微草螟G.furculella Wang＆Song的雌性进行了描述,绘制了新种和叉形微草螟的外生殖器图.同时报道了中国2新纪录种:喜马拉雅微草螟G.himalayana Gaskin和阿萨姆微草螟G.assamensis Gaskin.目前中国有微草螟属记录46种.四尖突金草螟Chrysoteuchiaquadrapicula sp.nov.的抱器背无突起,阳茎内有多于10枚的角状器.雌性交配囊口端有4个小的长突起.正模♂,四川万县(30.8°N,108.3°E),海拔1 200 m,1993-08-12,宋士美采.副模1♂,1♀,贵州梵净山(27.9°N,108.6°E),海拔1 300m,2001-08-01,李后魂采;副模1♂,湖北咸丰(29.8°N,114.2°E),海拔1 280 m,1999-07-22,采集人相同.正模保存在中国科学院动物研究所,副模保存在南开大学生物系.刚毛微草螟G.setacea sp.nov.的爪形突基部有一对长刚毛,阳茎内有1枚大型和5枚小型角状器.正模♂,湖北五峰(30.2°N,110.6°E),海拔1 000 m,1999-07-12,李后魂采.模式标本保存在南开大学生物系.叉形微草螟的交配孔宽大;交配腔呈漏斗形;交配囊内有两枚星形囊片.     

白条草螟属中国种类分类研究(鳞翅目:螟蛾科:草螟亚科)

研究了中国草螟亚科白条草螟属Classeya Bleszynski的2个种,其中包括1新种,六角白条草螟Classeya hexagona Song et Chen.sp.nov。,编制了白条草螟属中国种的检索表,六角白条草螟Classeya hexagona Song et Chen,sp.nov,与多角白条草螟C.preissneri Bleszynski在雄性外生殖器上的主要区别是：新种的阳茎内有6枚不同大小的角状器,而后者的阳茎内有一排几乎等大的角状器,正模,云南东川,海拔1800m,1980-05-09,无采集人记录,外生殖器标本编号C897（IZAS）,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国草螟属一新种(鳞翅目,螟蛾科,草螟亚科)

描述了中国草螟属1新种--新牧草螟Crambus neopascuellus sp.nov.,给出了新种与该属模式种牧草螟Crambus pascuellus(Linnaeus,1758)的比较.模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆.     

中国蛀果斑螟属分类研究(鳞翅目:螟蛾科:斑螟亚科)

对中国蛀果斑螟属Assara Walker进行了系统研究,结果表明我国该属有昆虫共11种;突蛀果斑螟As-sara tumidula sp.nov,该种与白斑蛀果斑螟A.korbi(Caradja)相似,两者前翅后缘中部都有一白斑,但新种沿前翅前缘仅有一块白色区域,雄性外生殖器抱器瓣末端略微膨大,呈指状,阳茎端基环两侧臂锥形,雌性外生殖器第8腹节的长大于宽,后表皮突达第8腹节前缘,囊导管端部1/3加宽;蔺江蛀果斑螟A.linjiangensis sp.nov,该种与仓白蛀果斑螟A.palliaella Yamanaka在外形上相似,但前翅有3个黑色圆点,亚外缘线模糊,雌性外生殖器的后表皮突仅达第8腹节后缘,囊突新月形;苍白蛀果斑螟A.pallidella Yamanaka,中国新纪录种;井上蛀果斑螟A.inouei Yamanaka,中国新纪录种;芒果蛀果斑螟A.seminivalis(Turner)中国新纪录种寄主是芒果Mangifera indicaL.和银叶树Heritiera littoralis Aiton;白斑蛀果斑螟A.korbi(Caradja)取食鸦胆子Rhus javanica(L.)上的五倍子;丽江蛀果斑螟A.incredibilis Roesler;黑松蛀果斑螟A.funerella(Ragonot)寄主为黑松Pinus thunbergii Parl;松蛀果斑螟A.hoeneella Roesler寄主马尾松Pinus massoniana Lamb;台湾蛀果斑螟A.formosana Yoshiyasu取食栓叶安息香Styrax suberifolia Hook.et Arn,上蚜虫的虫瘿;白缘蛀果斑螟A.albicostalis Walker。文中编制了中国蛀果斑螟属的分种检索表,并提供了新种和新纪录种的外生殖器特征图,研究标本包括新种模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。     

翎翅野螟属分类研究(鳞翅目:草螟科:野螟亚科)

翎翅野螟属Epiparbattia只包括模式种,分布在中国南部和印度。本文记述了采自云南和贵州的1新种。模式标本分别保存在南开大学生物系昆虫标本室和中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国草螟亚科三新种 (鳞翅目 :螟蛾科 )(英文)

记述了草螟亚科 3新种 :截突大草螟EschatatruncataSong&Chen ,角突大草螟EschatatricorniaSong&Chen和尖端银草螟PseudargyriaacutaSong&Chen。首描述了纵带双突草螟GirdhariataurommaKapur的雌性个体特征。对新种及新描述性别个体的外形和外生殖器进行了描述 ,并给出了其外生殖器特征图。截突大草螟Es chatatruncataSong&Chen的抱器背有一个短而末端平截的突起 ;角突大草螟EschatatricorniaSong&Chen的抱器瓣的背缘有一个三角形的突起 ;尖端银草螟PseudargyriaacutaSong&Chen的抱器端急尖 ,阳茎内有一组角状器。通过对布兰大草螟EschatableszynskiellaMinet的研究 ,认为上海大草螟E .shanghaiensisWang&Sung应为有效名 ,布兰大草螟EschatableszynskiellaMinet为上海大草螟的次级异名。     

中国水螟亚科二新种记述(鳞翅目:草螟科)

记述了采自天津及河北、福建等地的水螟亚科Nymphulinae 2新种, 即 环波水螟Paracymoriza convallata, sp. nov.和白筒水螟Parapoynx candida, sp. nov..模式标本保存于南开大学生物系, 天津.1. 环波水螟Paracymoriza convallata,新种(图1,3)前翅长♂9.0 mm.正模♂, 福建永泰县青云山 (25.52°N,118.57°E),550 m,2002-Ⅸ-18,王新谱采.新种与华南波水螟Paracymoriza laminalis (Hampson) 相似,主要区别在新种前翅中线外白区前缘封闭;雄性外生殖器抱器瓣基部较窄,端部较圆.2. 白筒水螟Parapoynx candida,新种(图2,4～5)前翅长♂11.5～12.0 mm;♀11.5 mm.正模♂,天津武清县 (39.31°N,116.51°E),1976-Ⅵ-22, 王印来采.副模1♂,天津市板桥农场(38.52°N,117.28°E),1976-Ⅵ(采集人不明);1♀,河北大城县 (38.40°N,116.39°E),1976-Ⅵ-12 (采集人不明).此新种与重筒水螟Parapoynx stratiotata (Linnaeus) 相近,区别在于新种外横线至翅外缘白色;雌性外生殖器无明显囊突.     

中国狭水螟属分类研究(鳞翅目,草螟科,水螟亚科)

系统研究了中国狭水螟属Eristena Warren。共记述5种,包括2新种和中国1新纪录种：月斑狭水螟E.lunularis sp.nov,弯缘狭水螟E.medexpansa sp.nov,小狭水螟E.pumila Yoshiyasu(中国新纪录),叉纹狭水螟Eristena bifurcalis(Pryer)和微狭水螟Eristena minutale(Caradja)。编制了中国狭水螟属的分种检索表,并提供了新种成虫照片和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存于南开大学生物系。     

Use of ablated stalks to assess field rates of parasitism of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

We evaluated a technique that used ablated sections of corn stalks infested with larvae of Diatraea saccharalis F. to assess parasitism by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) in a corn field. Stalkborer larvae were retrieved successfully from the artificially infested, ablated stalks for at least 96 h after deployment in the field. Levels of parasitism in ablated stalks attached to corn plants were comparable to levels of parasitism measured using whole plants that were artificially infested. Olfactometer comparisons showed preference by female C. flavipes for both whole plants and ablated stalks containing larval D. saccharalis, over uninfested stalks and plants. This technique provides a means to estimate parasitism of stalkborer larvae by C. flavipes without destructive sampling of agronomic plants.     

Epicuticular hydrocarbons of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The epicuticular hydrocarbons of the larval, pupal and adult stages of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) are analysed. Dramatic changes are observed between the stages studied. Adult hydrocarbons are mostly saturated, with a predominance of 1–4 methyl‐branched straight carbon skeletons of 37–47 atoms; the major components are isomeric mixtures of internally branched trimethylderivatives of C39, C37 and C41 carbon backbones. By contrast, very small amounts of methyl‐branched components are detected in the pupae, although straight chain hydrocarbons of 23–35 carbons are the prevailing structures (70.7 ± 3.4%) with n‐C29 and n‐C27 as the major components. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.0 ± 3.5%) of similar chain lengths elute by gas chromatography of epicuticular extracts as complex mixtures of mono‐, di‐ and trienes; with the degree of unsaturation increasing with chain length. This is the first report of very long chain unsaturated hydrocarbons in cuticular extracts of a larval lepidopteran (93.3 ± 0.6% of the lipid components), with chain lengths in the range 37–53 carbons and up to four double bonds; the major component being C49:3, which co‐elutes with C49:4 and C49:2.     

The sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) (Lep., Crambidae) and its parasitoids: a synchrony approach to spatial and temporal dynamics

Abstract:  A data set on Diatraea saccharalis and its parasitoids, Cotesia flavipes and tachinid flies, was analysed at five spatial scales – sugarcane mill, region, intermediary, farm and zone – to determine the role of spatial scale in synchrony patterns, and on temporal population variability. To analyse synchrony patterns, only the three highest spatial scales were considered, but for temporal population variability, all spatial scales were adopted. The synchrony–distance relationship revealed complex spatial structures depending on both species and spatial scale. Temporal population variability [SD log( x  + 1)] levels were highest at the smallest spatial scales although, in the majority of the cases, temporal variability was inversely dependent on sample size. All the species studied, with a few exceptions, presented spatial synchrony independent of spatial scale. The tachinid flies exhibited stronger synchrony dynamics than D. saccharalis and C. flavipes in all spatial scales with the latter displaying the weakest synchrony levels, except when mill spatial scales were compared. In some cases spatial synchrony may at first decay and then increase with distance, but the presence of such patterns can change depending on the spatial scale adopted.     

Evidences of non-additive effects of multiple parasitoids on Diatraea saccharalis Fabr. (Lep., Crambidae) populations in sugarcane fields in Brazil

Biological control is a relatively benign method of pest control. However, considerable debate exists over whether multiple natural enemies often interact to produce additive or non‐additive effects on their prey or host populations. Based on the large data set stored in the São João and Barra sugarcane mills (state of São Paulo, Brazil) regarding the programme of biological control of Diatraea saccharalis using the parasitoids Cotesia flavipes and tachinid flies, in the present study the author investigated whether the parasitoids released into sugarcane fields interfered significantly with the rate of parasitized D. saccharalis hosts. The author also observed whether there was an additive effect of releasing C. flavipes and tachinids on the rate of parasitized hosts, and looked for evidence of possible negative effects of the use of multiple parasitoid species in this biological control programme. Results showed that C. flavipes and the tachinids were concomitantly released in the Barra Mill, but not in the São Jão Mill. Furthermore, in the Barra Mill there was evidence that the parasitoids interacted because the percentage of parasitism did not increase after the release of either C. flavipes or tachinids. In the São João Mill, when both parasitoid species were released out of synchrony, both the percentage of parasitism by C. flavipes as well as that of the tachinids increased. When large numbers of tachinids were released in the Barra Mill, they caused a significant lower percentage of parasitism imposed by C. flavipes. The implications of the results as evidence of non‐additive effects of C. flavipes plus tachinids on D. saccharalis populations are discussed.     

Geographic Population Structure of the Sugarcane Borer,Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), in the Southern United States

The sugarcane borer moth, Diatraea saccharalis, is widespread throughout the Western Hemisphere, and is considered an introduced species in the southern United States. Although this moth has a wide distribution and is a pest of many crop plants including sugarcane, corn, sorghum and rice, it is considered one species. The objective was to investigate whether more than one introduction of D. saccharalis had occurred in the southern United States and whether any cryptic species were present. We field collected D. saccharalis in Texas, Louisiana and Florida in the southern United States. Two molecular markers, AFLPs and mitochondrial COI, were used to examine genetic variation among these regional populations and to compare the sequences with those available in GenBank and BOLD. We found geographic population structure in the southern United States which suggests two introductions and the presence of a previously unknown cryptic species. Management of D. saccharalis would likely benefit from further investigation of population genetics throughout the range of this species.     

西藏蟾蜍线粒体COI和Cyt b基因序列的分析研究

采用聚合酶链式反应克隆西藏蟾蜍Bufo tibetanus线粒体COI和cyt b基因,首次报道该物种这两个基因的全序列,利用分子生物学软件结合比较与其他7种两栖动物的同源序列.结果显示:西藏蟾蜍两个基因序列中碱基G含量明显低于其它三种碱基,密码子第三位碱基G含量在4种蟾蜍中是最低的;碱基替换主要发生在第三位,属内转换率大于颠换率;相比核苷酸数据,氨基酸序列显示的遗传距离表明氨基酸序列更加保守,遗传距离显示西藏蟾蜍与中华大蟾蜍B.gargarizans的遗传距离最小;构建系统进化树,显示西藏蟾蜍和中华大蟾蜍的亲缘关系最近.     

Spatial pattern of parasitism in Diatraea saccharalis Fab. (Lep., Crambidae) populations at two different spatial scales in sugarcane fields in Brazil

Abstract:  The biological control of Diatraea saccharalis is regarded as one of the best examples of successful classical biological control in Brazil. Since the introduction of the exotic parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes , the decrease in D. saccharalis infestation in sugarcane fields has been attributed to the effectiveness of this agent. Native Tachinidae fly parasitoids ( Lydella minense and Paratheresia claripalpis ) have also been implicated in the success. Quantitative data confirming the actual contribution of these agents to the control of D. saccharalis are, however, rather scant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial pattern of parasitism of these parasitoids in D. saccharalis populations at two large spatial scales (fields and zones). To investigate this subject, a large data set comprising information collected from a sugarcane mill located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (São João sugarcane mill) was analysed. When regressions between the proportion parasitism against host density were computed, the percentage of significant regressions with either a positive or a negative slope was very small at both spatial scales for both parasitoid species. Regressing the densities of tachinid-parasitized hosts against host densities per field showed that these parasitoids presented a 'moderate aggregative' response to host densities, as 53.33% of the regressions were positively significant. Cotesia flavipes was 'weakly aggregated' on host densities at the field level, because only 33.33% of the regressions were positively significant. At the zone level, neither aggregative nor spatial proportion parasitism responses were evident for either parasitoid species due to the small percentage of significant regressions computed.     

Susceptibility of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to tebufenozide.

Dosage-mortality baselines were determined for first and newly molted third instars of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), with tebufenozide incorporated into an artificial diet. Using death as an endpoint for these assays, LC50 and LC90 values were estimated to be 0.17 and 0.41 ppm for the first and 0.87 and 3.67 ppm for third instars, respectively. Developmental effects also were observed and were defined to include mortality as well as physical impairment and retarded or prolonged development with absence of feeding. Concentrations causing developmental effects in treated larvae (EC50 and EC90) were 5.8- and 3.8-fold lower than the LC50 and LC90, respectively. The critical time of exposure to tebufenozide was determined for developmentally synchronous third instars to be less than 12 h postecdysis. Mortality through adult emergence significantly decreased from 92% (treatment at 0 h postecdysis) to 30% (treatment at 12 h postecdysis), when exposed to tebufenozide at the EC50. For surviving larvae, length of development time until pupation was significantly increased and female pupal weight significantly decreased when larvae were treated at 0 h postecdysis into the third instar. In addition, to modifying the traditional ways of assessing mortality 0-3 d postapplication, this study points out the value of using other approaches to pesticide assessment, especially where insect growth regulators are involved.