蒺藜总皂苷对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠记忆能力的影响

本实验观察蒺藜总皂苷（GSTT）对三氯化铝（A1C13）诱导的AD模型大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,为GSTT防治AD提供实验依摧。SD雄性大鼠60只,随机分为对照组、AD模型组、脑复康组、GSTT大剂量组、GSTT中剂量组和GSTT小剂量组,每组10只。AD模型组、脑复康组、GSTT各剂量组每日上午给予A1C13灌胃,每日1次,连续9周。脑复康组、     

蒺藜总皂苷灌胃大鼠体内海柯皂苷元的代谢与分布

采用HPLC-UV和LC-MS方法相结合测定分析了海柯皂苷元在蒺藜总皂苷灌胃Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠体内不同器官组织分布动态变化。结果表明在大鼠胃肠中蒺藜总皂苷中有部分海柯皂苷水解为海柯皂苷元;在从6到32 h灌胃蒺藜总皂苷的大鼠肝脏中可检测到海柯皂苷元的存在,证明有一定量海柯皂苷元从大鼠胃肠道吸收进入体内;对于海柯皂苷元检测,API-MS检测方法较UV方法有更高的灵敏度,且有好的专属性。     

蒺藜皂苷对动脉粥样硬化大鼠动脉壁ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PPARα、PPARγ基因表达的影响

观察全草蒺藜皂苷（tribu saponin from Tribulus terrestris,STT）对实验性动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis,AS）大鼠动脉壁中ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PPARα和PPARγ基因表达的影响,以探讨STT抗AS的机制。应用高脂饲料饮食配合注射维生素D,建立SD大鼠AS模型,并设立正常组、模型组、辛伐他汀组和蒺藜皂苷低、中、高剂量组。采用半定量RT-PCR的方法检测各组动物动脉壁中ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PPARα和PPARγ基因的表达,分析造模及各给药大鼠ICAM-1、VCAM-1、PPARα和PPARγ基因表达的变化。与正常组相比,模型组ICAM-1和VCAM-1基因的表达量明显增加（P〈0．01）,而PPARα和PPARγ基因的表达量明显降低（P〈0．01）;与模型组相比,辛伐他汀及各STT药均能降低ICAM-1和VCAM-1基因的表达量（P〈0．01～P〈0．05）,并能增加PPARα和PPARγ基因的表达量（P〈0．01）。提示STT能下调实验性AS大鼠动脉壁ICAM-1和VCAM-1基因的表达及上调PPARα和PPARγ基因表达,这可能是STT抗AS的作用机制之一。     

三七总皂苷通过抗炎和调血脂作用抑制大鼠动脉粥样硬化形成

目的:利用高脂饮食叠加炎症刺激诱发大鼠动脉粥样硬化(AS)模型,在转录水平及信号转导方面探讨三七皂苷(PNS)防治炎性因素诱发AS的分子机制。方法:实验分为对照组、模型组和治疗组3组,分别腹腔注射给予无菌医用液体石蜡、酵母多糖(Zym,20mg/kg,1次/3天)、Zym(20mg/kg,1次/3天) PNS(100mg/kg,1次/天)。所有大鼠均喂食含3%胆固醇的高脂饲料。9周后,取血测定血脂水平和血液粘度;应用定量PCR法测定腹主动脉组织中抑制性核转录因子(IκBα)mRNA、心房肽(ANF)mR- NA、基质金属蛋白酶7(MMP7)mRNA以及炎性因子和脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)mRNA的表达;用Western Blotting法检测IκBα的表达。结果:Zym刺激引起大鼠血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、全血粘度与血浆比粘度均显著升高,IκBαmRNA及其蛋白表达均明显降低,ANF mRNA、MMP7 mRNA和FAS mRNA表达均明显升高。与模型组相比,PNS能明显升高血脂水平、全血及血浆粘度,促进IκBαmRNA与蛋白以及ANF mRNA表达,抑制MMP7 mRNA和FAS mRNA表达。结论:PNS对炎症免疫诱发的AS有显著防治作用,其作用机制与促进IκBα的表达从而抑制相关炎症因子的生成有关,PNS对FAS的表达调节可能是其降脂的主要机制之一。     

中国楤木总皂苷对糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂的影响

通过四氧嘧啶(alloxan,ALX)诱导建立糖尿病大鼠模型,用中国楤木总皂苷(total saponins of Aralia chinensis,SAC)高、中、低剂量和二甲双胍分别对糖尿病大鼠每天进行灌胃给药,并同时设有正常组、糖尿病模型组,每天灌胃等体积生理盐水,连续4周,观察大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb Alc)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的变化。发现SAC对糖尿病大鼠FBG、Hb Alc有明显降低作用,同时降低TC、TG,升高HDL含量。结果表明SAC能够降低糖尿病大鼠血糖,调节糖尿病大鼠血脂代谢紊乱。     

绞股蓝皂苷对高尿酸血症大鼠血尿酸的影响

高尿酸血症是近年来日益多发的代谢综合征。本研究探讨绞股蓝皂苷提取物对高尿酸血症大鼠血清尿酸的影响及作用方式。研究采用高尿酸血症大鼠动物模型,生化检测,代谢实验方法等,对摄入绞股蓝皂苷提取物的实验大鼠的血清尿酸水平,尿酸生成关键酶黄嘌呤氧化酶活性,24 h尿液酸碱度、尿酸浓度及尿酸排泄量等指标进行监测。结果发现,绞股蓝皂苷可以通过抑制尿酸生成,促进排泄,抑制机体的血尿酸水平升高,有益于改善高尿酸血症患者健康状况。     

三七总皂苷对脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能恢复的作用

目的：探讨三七总皂苷对大鼠脊髓损伤（SCI）后运动功能恢复的作用。方法：正常SD大鼠随机分为5组（n=8）：正常对照组（Normal）、假手术组（Sham）、脊髓损伤（SCI）和脊髓损伤+三七总皂苷组（PNS）（n=8）。所有大鼠分别在造模前及造模后第1、3、7、14、21和28天接受运动功能评分（BBB）和运动诱发电位（MEP）检查,观察大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况。结果：造模后,Sham组、PNS组、SCI组BBB评分低于正常;MEP波幅低于正常;潜伏期较正常延长。PNS组与同期SCI组比较,第7、14、21、28天的BBB评分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;第7天、14天、21天、28天,MEP检查波幅（Amp）和潜伏期（Lat）组内有显著差异,并且与同期SCI组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：三七总皂苷可促进大鼠SCI后运动功能的恢复。     

蒺藜中甾体皂苷TTS-12提取分离工艺研究

对蒺藜全草中-抗真菌甾体皂苷：替告皂苷元3-O-β-D．吡喃木糖(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1→4)．[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃半乳糖甙苷(TTS-12)进行提取分离工艺研究,采用70％乙醇提取后,沉淀部分经乙酸乙酯处理再进行硅胶柱层析,粗品重结晶后得到TTS-12纯品,HPLC-ELSD法测定TTS-12含量,TTS-12的收率为86．5％,产品纯度为97．1％。本工艺简便实用,收率稳定,产品纯度高,适合中试生产TTS-12。     

蒺藜内生真菌抗氧化活性菌株的筛选

为研究21株蒺藜内生真菌的抗氧化活性及筛选出一株抗氧化活性较好的菌株,本实验首先以总抗氧化能力为指标评价PDB培养基和察氏培养基发酵条件下所有菌株的抗氧化活性,选出总抗氧化能力都较强的前9株菌株测定其对DPPH·自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用,发现JL13、JL14和JL17菌株发酵产物的清除效果最为明显,因此对三株菌株发酵产物乙酸乙酯萃取部位清除自由基的活性进一步评价,结果显示:JL13菌株发酵产物清除DPPH·自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力都是最强的,ECs0依次为149.67、439.91和514.77μg/mL.该结果表明,蒺藜内生真菌具有较好的抗氧化潜力,具有一定的开发利用价值,尤其是JL13菌株,可以作为进一步实验研究的对象.     

蒺藜中甾体皂苷对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

目的 观察蒺藜甾体皂苷类化合物TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制.方法 光镜观察TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜生长形态的影响;MTT法观察TTS-12对新生隐球菌生物膜形成的影响;实时定量RTPCR观察不同浓度TTS-12对新生隐球菌细胞生物膜关键基因PMT4表达的影响.结果 经TTS-12处理的新生隐球菌生物膜结构更疏松,TTS-12可剂量依赖性地降低新生隐球菌生物膜生长动力学指标及PMT4基因表达水平(P＜0.01).结论 TTS-12可抑制新生隐球菌生物膜的形成.通过降低新生隐球菌PMT4基因表达可能是其抑制新生隐球菌生物膜的形成作用机制之一.     

蒺藜甾体皂甙元化学成分研究

从蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris)的氯仿部位分离得到8个已知的甾体皂甙元类化合物,运用光谱分析方法鉴定分别为：tigogenin(1),hecogenin(2),pregna 4,16 diene-3,12,20-trione(3),hecogenin acetate(4),25(R)-spirostan-4-ene-3,12-dione(5),25(R)-spirostan-3,12-dione(6),25(R)-spirostan-3,6,12-trione(7),gitogenin(8)。其中化合物3,5,6为首次从该植物中分得。     

Steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris

Five new steroidal saponins were isolated from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Their structures were fully established by spectroscopic and chemical analysis as (23S,25S)-5α-spirostane-24-one-3β,23-diol-3-O-{α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-d-galactopyranoside} (1), (24S,25S)-5α-spirostane-3β,24-diol-3-O-{α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-d-galactopyranoside} (2), 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5α-furostan-2α,3β,22α,26-tetraol-3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-galactopyranoside} (3), 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5α-furostan-20(22)-en-2α,3β,26-triol-3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-galactopyranoside} (4), and 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25S)-5α-furostan-12-one-22-methoxy-3β,26-diol-3-O-{α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-d-galactopyranoside} (5). The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytostatic activity against HL-60 cells.     

Alkaloids and other constituents from Tribulus terrestris

Three new compounds, terrestribisamide, 25R-spirost-4-en-3,12-dione and tribulusterine, together with 10 known compounds, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, terrestriamide, hecogenin, aurantiamide acetate, xanthosine, fatty acid ester, ferulic acid, vanillin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and β-sitosterol, were isolated and characterized from dried fruits of Tribulus terrestris. Structures of these compounds were determined by spectral analysis.     

Two new sulfated furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris

The known furostanol saponins methylprotodioscin and protodioscin and two new sulfated saponins, sodium salt of 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-22alpha-methoxy-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3beta,26-diol-3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-4-O-sulfo-glucopyranoside (methylprototribestin) and sodium salt of 26-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-22alpha-hydroxy-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3beta,26-diol-3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-4-O-sulfo-glucopyranoside (prototribestin) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris L. growing in Bulgaria. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D (DQF-COSY, TOCSY, HSQC-TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY) NMR data, ESI mass spectra and chemical transformation.     

Effect of Tribulus terrestris saponins on proliferation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) transplantation has shown great promise for treating various diseases; however, poor viability of transplanted ASCs because of oxidative stress has limited its therapeutic efficiency. Plant saponins are recently been reported to have antioxidant activity tested in various cancer cell lines. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Tribulus terrestris saponins (TTS) on the proliferation of ASCs. The cytotoxic activity of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was determined by treating ASCs with 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 µM H₂O₂ for 2 hours. ASCs were treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL concentrations of TTS for the proliferative experiment. To check the protective effect of TTS, experiments were designed in two ways. In one set, ASCs were pretreated with different concentrations of TTS for 2 hours and then apoptosis was induced by treating them with 400 µM H₂O₂ for next 2 hours, while in other set, ASCs were first treated with 400 µM H₂O₂ for 2 hours and subsequently with different concentrations of TTS for 24 hours. The vitality and proliferation potential of cells were detected by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The result of the current study shows that in response to stress-induced by H₂O₂ at concentration of 400 µM, ASCs underwent growth arrest and cell viability was reduced to half while treatment with TTS before and after H₂O₂ exposure significantly prevents premature apoptosis. The findings suggest that saponins may act as an effective protective agent against oxidative stress–induced ASCs apoptosis.     

Distribution of steroidal saponins in Tribulus terrestris from different geographical regions

The steroidal saponins of Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) are considered to be the factor responsible for biological activity of products derived from this plant. The activity depends on the concentration and the composition of active saponins, which in turn is influenced by the geographical origin of plant material. Samples of T. terrestris collected in Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Macedonia, Turkey, Georgia, Iran, Vietnam and India were analyzed by LC-ESI/MS/MS for the presence and the concentration of protodioscin (1), prototribestin (2), pseudoprotodioscin (3), dioscin (4), tribestin (5) and tribulosin (6). The flavonoid rutin (7) was also included in the comparison. The results revealed distinct differences in the content of these compounds depending on region of sample collection, plant part studied and stage of plant development. The samples from Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Macedonia, Georgia and Iran exhibited similar chemical profile and only some quantitative difference in the content of 1-7 with protodioscin (1) and prototribestin (2) as main components. The Vietnamese and Indian samples exhibit totally different chemical profile. They lack 2 and 5, while tribulosin (6) is present in high amounts. Compounds different from 1 to 7 are dominating in these 3 samples. The presented results suggested the existence of one chemotype common to the East South European and West Asian regions. Most probably, the Vietnamese and Indian samples belong to other chemotypes which are still to be studied and characterized. No clear correlation between the burrs morphology and the chemical composition of the samples has been found.     

A Novel Antilithiatic Protein from Tribulus terrestris Having Cytoprotective Potency

Adhesion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals to kidney cells is a key event in kidney stones associated with marked hyperoxaluria. As the propensity of stone recurrence and persistent side effects are not altered by surgical techniques available, phytotherapeutic agents could be useful as an adjuvant therapy. The present study is aimed at examining the antilithiatic potency of the protein biomolecules of Tribulus terrestris, a plant which is a common constituent of herbal marketed preparations to treat urolithiasis. Various biochemical methods with mass spectrometry were used to purify and characterize the purified protein. The protective potency of the protein was tested on the oxalate induced injury on renal epithelial cell lines (NRK 52E). An antilithiatic protein having molecular weight of ~ 60kDa was purified. This purified protein showed similarities with Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 (CCD7) of Arabidopsis thaliana after matching peptide mass fingerprints in MASCOT search engine. An EF hand domain was identified in CCD7 by SCAN PROSITE. Presence of an EF hand domain, a characteristic feature of calcium binding proteins and a role in the synthesis of retinol which is transported by retinol binding protein, a protein found in kidney stone matrix; of CCD7 support the role of TTP as an antilithiatic protein. The protective potency of TTP on NRK 52E was quite comparable to the aqueous extract of cystone. Our findings suggest that this purified protein biomolecule from Tribulus terrestris could open new vista in medical management of urolithiasis.     

Chemical constituents from Tribulus terrestris and screening of their antioxidant activity

Two oligosaccharides (1, 2) and a stereoisomer of di-p-coumaroylquinic acid (3) were isolated from the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris along with five known compounds (4–8). The structures of the compounds were established as O-β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 6)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 6)-β-d-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(6 → 2)-β-d-fructofuranoside (1), O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-fructofuranoside (2), 4,5-di-p-cis-coumaroylquinic acid (3) by different spectroscopic methods including 1D NMR (¹H, ¹³C and DEPT) and 2D NMR (COSY, TOCSY, HMQC and HMBC) experiments as well as ESI-MS analysis. This is the first report for the complete NMR spectral data of the known 4,5-di-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (4).The antioxidant activity represented as DPPH free radical scavenging activity was investigated revealing that the di-p-coumaroylquinic acid derivatives possess potent antioxidant activity so considered the major constituents contributing to the antioxidant effect of the plant.     

蒺藜化学成分及其药理作用研究进展

蒺藜全草中含有皂甙、生物碱、黄酮、多糖、基氨酸等化学成分,其活性成分对动物及人体的心脑血管系统、中枢神经系统、性功能及肌肉体系等有一定程度的作用,为此就其化学成分及其相应药理研究进展作一综述。