灵武长枣果实发育结构特征研究

采用石蜡切片法,研究不同发育时期灵武长枣果实的结构特征。结果表明:(1)缓慢生长期细胞增长缓慢,外果皮细胞5~6层,表皮细胞由1层薄壁细胞构成,呈长矩形或长椭圆形,表皮细胞以内的薄壁细胞不断增生,形成内表皮细胞。果实体积增大伴随着空腔的出现,中果皮维管束数量多;(2)第一次快速生长期细胞增长迅速,表皮细胞排列疏松,中果皮中的空腔增大速度最快,维管束主要分布在靠近外果皮和内果皮的中果皮部位;(3)减缓生长期表皮细胞变成圆形或椭圆形等不规则形状,细胞排列松散,内表皮细胞形状、大小不一,细胞排列疏松。中果皮中的空腔继续增大,维管束数目逐渐减少,但变化幅度较小;(4)第二次快速生长期外果皮细胞层数减少到3~4层,表皮细胞和内表皮细胞难以区分,空腔随着果实体积的增大达到最大,许多细胞单列排成网状结构,形成更大的腔,果皮中的维管束分布最少。在灵武长枣果实发育过程中,不同发育时期的不同部位其果实的形态解剖特征不同。     

扁桃幼果发育的形态解剖学研究

以普通扁桃品种‘纸皮’为研究对象,观察测定了扁桃幼果生长发育动态,并采用石蜡切片法研究了扁桃幼果发育过程。结果表明,扁桃幼果鲜重、体积及果径增长均呈单“S”曲线。大体可分为3个生长时期,增长速率为:第Ⅱ期>第I期>第Ⅲ期。扁桃果实由单心皮上位子房发育而成,边缘胎座,横生胚珠。果皮由外果皮、中果皮和内果皮构成:外果皮是一种复合结构,由表皮毛和表皮细胞组成;中果皮主要是由薄壁细胞和分布其中的维管束组成;内果皮也有丰富的维管束组织分布,其木质化顺序由外向内。中果皮细胞分裂终止早于内果皮。     

灵武长枣果实发育过程中阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白组织化学分布

为揭示灵武长枣（Ziziphus jujuba ‘Lingwu Changzao’）果实发育过程中阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白（AGPs）的分布规律,以膨大前期、快速膨大期、着色期和完熟期灵武长枣果实为试验材料,通过组织化学和免疫荧光定位的方法,研究了不同发育时期果实AGPs的分布特征。结果显示：βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原在各时期果实的外果皮及相邻的内部数层排列紧密的中果皮小细胞的细胞壁和细胞内部均有分布。中果皮大型卵圆形薄壁细胞的细胞壁和细胞内在膨大前期均有βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原分布,而在快速膨大期、着色期和完熟期均主要分布于薄壁细胞的细胞壁上,大部分细胞内部无分布;随着果实发育成熟,中果皮薄壁细胞间隙拉大排列更加松散,出现细胞破裂,βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原分布逐渐减少。各时期果实维管束中维管束鞘、木质部、韧皮部、形成层的所有细胞的细胞壁和细胞内部都分布有βGlcY-AGPs形成的棕红色沉淀和MAC204抗体识别的抗原,维管束数量和大小随果实发育及体积的进一步增大逐渐减少,βG...     

龙眼果皮形态结构比较观察及其与果实耐贮运的关系

比较了福建省 1 0个主栽龙眼品种果实的果皮形态和结构 ,结果表明 :不同品种在果皮厚度、外果皮表面颜色、龟状纹、放射线、瘤状突、刺毛、外果皮皮孔、周皮层厚度、栓质层厚度和连续性、中果皮薄壁组织细胞排列、石细胞大小、含量、排列和分布 ,维管束发达状况、排列和分布 ,内果皮表皮细胞排列和角蜡质层厚度等方面均存在着明显差异。风梨味、东壁、油潭本、乌龙岭、红核子、蕉眼龙眼果皮厚 ,外果皮表面瘤状突和剌毛多 ,外果皮周皮层、栓质层厚且连续性好 ,中果皮石细胞 (团 )含量多且排列紧密 ,分布在中果皮外侧且在中果皮中所占比例大 ,维管束发达且排列有序 ,内果皮角蜡质层厚 ;这些品种果实耐贮运、抗病性强。而水涨、赤壳、福眼、普明庵龙眼果皮薄 ,外果皮周皮层薄、栓质层不发达 ,中果皮石细胞 (团 )含量少、分布分散 ,维管束不发达 ,薄壁组织细胞胞间隙大 ,皮孔间隙大、皮孔通道与中果皮组织细胞间隙相通 ;这些品种的果实不耐贮运、抗病性弱。讨论了龙眼外果皮表面主色为褐色和内果皮比外果皮更容易褐变的解剖学原因及龙眼果皮形态结构与果实耐贮运的关系。     

核桃果皮的发育解剖学研究

核桃果皮的发育过程可分为３个阶段,发育时期：中、内三层果皮的界线不清,维管束处于发育初期;发育中期：随着中果皮最外侧两层石细胞的出现和薄壁组织细胞体积的迅速扩大以及维管束轮数的增加,使三层果皮具较明显的界面,发育后期：中果皮的维管束递增到４－５轮,     

山茱萸核果的解剖结构和组织化学定位

用解剖学和组织化学的方法研究了山茱萸 (MacrocarpiumofficinacleSieb .etZucc .)核果的解剖结构和皂甙、多糖的组织化学定位。结果表明 :山茱萸核果的外果皮革质 ,由一层被覆较厚角质膜的表皮细胞构成 ;中果皮肉质 ,由多列薄壁细胞构成 ,含色素细胞不均匀分布 ,靠近外果皮的薄壁细胞大多为含色素细胞 ,使果实呈现红色 ,向内的薄壁细胞体积渐渐增大 ,在较大的薄壁细胞以及维管束周围的薄壁细胞内常含有色素块。组织化学定位显示 :外中果皮的含色素细胞的色素块中含有丰富的皂甙和多糖 ,果实的中果皮的薄壁细胞在未成熟时就已经形成皂甙 ,并随着果实的成熟逐渐增加积累     

无距虾脊兰果实发育及其解剖学特征

以授粉后无距虾脊兰不同发育阶段的蒴果为材料,对果实生长动态进行研究,并用石蜡切片法进行果实结构研究。观察结果表明：无距虾脊兰果实授粉至授粉后40 d生长速度最快。果实由3心皮组成,横切面为6瓣,3瓣有胎座,3瓣无胎座,开裂后6瓣于顶端连接。发育的过程中,果皮细胞层数及果实内外表皮细胞体积不变,果实直径的增加主要来自于细胞平周分裂和中果皮细胞体积的增大。果实成熟时只有少数细胞有细胞壁增厚现象,开裂线的前体细胞细胞壁发生木质化并向不同方向收缩导致果实的开裂。     

山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究

本文报导了山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究结果.外果皮由一层表皮细胞构成.中果皮外方为3-4(5)层厚角组织细胞,这些细胞通常含有单宁;其内方包含薄壁细胞、单宁细胞和8束维管束.单宁细胞成团或零星分布于薄璧细胞中,前者的体积明显大于后者.单宁细胞的单宁与多糖结合在一起.维管束含有环纹、螺纹、梯纹、网纹及孔纹管胞,还有少数散生的纤维.内果皮高度木质化,主要由多种形状的石细胞组成,其间分布了肉眼可见、排列成环状的异细胞,偶见少数生活石细胞及薄壁细胞.内果皮有3束维管束.     

山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究

本文报导了山茱萸果皮的解剖学研究结果.外果皮由一层表皮细胞构成.中果皮外方为3-4(5)层厚角组织细胞,这些细胞通常含有单宁;其内方包含薄壁细胞、单宁细胞和8束维管束.单宁细胞成团或零星分布于薄璧细胞中,前者的体积明显大于后者.单宁细胞的单宁与多糖结合在一起.维管束含有环纹、螺纹、梯纹、网纹及孔纹管胞,还有少数散生的纤维.内果皮高度木质化,主要由多种形状的石细胞组成,其间分布了肉眼可见、排列成环状的异细胞,偶见少数生活石细胞及薄壁细胞.内果皮有3束维管束.     

杧果果实的扫描电镜观察

果成熟果实呈黄色长卵形是典型的核果。其外果皮呈革质,中果皮呈肉质,内果皮呈骨质表面有纤维。内果皮包被着种子形成一个大而扁的核。种子扁形,种皮很薄,子叶呈多胚或单胚。通过对果果实结构各个层次的扫描电镜观察,为其贮藏保鲜及繁育栽培工作提供一些科学依据。     

Changes in the structure of ovary tissues and in the ultrastructure of mesocarp cells during ovary senescence or fruit development induced by plant growth substances in Pisum sativum

Structural changes of tissues in unpollinated ovaries of Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska after treatment with different plant growth substances (gibberellic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 6-benzyladenine) or decapitation of the plant were studied. All the treatments resulted in the prevention of cellular disorganization associated with ovary senescence. They effected the enlargement of mesocarp cells and the differentiation of endocarp cells in very similar patterns, suggesting a similar induction of the structural processes involved in fruit development. Ultrastructural changes in mesocarp cells after treatment with gibberellic acid showed that rapid enlargement of mesocarp cells was sustained mainly by a reorganization of the membrane systems directed to the sysnthesis of primary cell wall. Early changes in the subcellular components in mesocarp cells were observed as the first symptoms in ovary senescence.     

Flower fertilization and fruit development prompt changes in free polyamines and ethylene in damson plum (Prunus insititia L.)

The flower opening of damson plum (Prunus insititia L.) was accompanied by an increase in the content of free-polyamines (PA) in the sepals, petals and sex organs, the ovary being most active in accumulating spermine (Spm). The fertilization process and senescence brought on a decline in ovarian Spm, but stimulated putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) content in the sepals. The endocarp of this climacteric fruit produced only ethylene at the end of the S1 phase and throughout S2, in which there was a great richness in ACC and MACC. The greatest amounts of ACC and MACC were observed in the ripening mesocarp and epicarp. The contribution of the endocarp and epicarp to the total ACC in the developing fruit was very similar. During flowering and S1 and S2 phases, Spd was the most abundant PA; in contrast, during S3 and S4 Put was most abundant. The mesocarp contributed the most to the total content in PA throughout the fruit development. The control of SAM distribution towards ethylene and/or PA appears to differ during the development of the endocarp, as the only peak of free-Put (detected in S2) coincided with the highest ACC accumulation and ethylene production. On the contrary, in S3 it is probable that SAM was transformed preferentially into PA, given that free-Spd and Spm, hardly detectable in S1 and S2, peaked in this phase in which there was no gas production.     

Hormone and seed-specific regulation of pea fruit growth

Growth of young pea (Pisum sativum) fruit (pericarp) requires developing seeds or, in the absence of seeds, treatment with gibberellin (GA) or auxin (4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid). This study examined the role of seeds and hormones in the regulation of cell division and elongation in early pea fruit development. Profiling histone H2A and gamma-tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) gene expression during early fruit development identified the relative contributions of cell division and elongation to fruit growth, whereas histological studies identified specific zones of cell division and elongation in exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp tissues. Molecular and histological studies showed that maximal cell division was from -2 to 2 d after anthesis (DAA) and elongation from 2 to 5 DAA in pea pericarp. Maximal increase in pericarp gamma-TIP message level preceded the maximal rate of fruit growth and, in general, gamma-TIP mRNA level was useful as a qualitative marker for expanding tissue, but not as a quantitative marker for cell expansion. Seed removal resulted in rapid decreases in pericarp growth and in gamma-TIP and histone H2A message levels. In general, GA and 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid maintained these processes in deseeded pericarp similarly to pericarps with seeds, and both hormones were required to obtain mesocarp cell sizes equivalent to intact fruit. However, GA treatment to deseeded pericarps resulted in elevated levels of gamma-TIP mRNA (6 and 7 DAA) when pericarp growth and cell enlargement were minimal. Our data support the theory that cell division and elongation are developmentally regulated during early pea fruit growth and are maintained by the hormonal interaction of GA and auxin.     

Localization of beta-D-glucosidase activity and glucovanillin in vanilla bean (Vanilla planifolia Andrews)

The morphology, anatomy and histology of mature green vanilla beans were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Beans have a triangular cross-section with a central cavity containing seeds. Each angle is lined with tubular cells, or papillae, while the cavity sides consist of placental laminae. The epicarp and endocarp are formed by one or two layers of very small cells, while the mesocarp contains large, highly vacuolarized cells, the cytoplasm being restricted to a thin layer along the cell walls. The radial distributions of glucovanillin and beta-glucosidase activity, measured on p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucopyranoside and glucovanillin, are superimposable and show how beta-glucosidase activity increases from the epicarp towards the placental zone, whereas glucovanillin is exclusively located in the placentae and papillae. Subcellular localization of beta-glucosidase activity was achieved by incubating sections of vanilla beans in a buffer containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside as a substrate. Activity was observed in the cytoplasm (and/or the periplasm) of mesocarp and endocarp cells, with a more diffuse pattern observed in the papillae. A possible mechanism for the hydrolysis of glucovanillin and release of the aromatic aglycon vanillin involves the decompartmentation of cytoplasmic (and/or periplasmic) beta-glucosidase and vacuolar glucovanillin.     

Characterization of peroxidases in lignifying peach fruit endocarp

Developing peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch `Redskin') fruit were used to characterize the role of peroxidases in lignification. During development, the endocarp of these drupes becomes lignified while the mesocarp remains parenchymatous. Acidic peroxidase from lignifying endocarp were similar to those of the fleshy mesocarp. The endocarp had a larger amount and number of basic peroxidases than the mesocarp. Cultured peach leaf cells are thought to be lignified because their walls give a positive reaction with phloroglucinol-HCI. These cells also secreted a basic peroxidase. Peroxidases were difficult to extract from endocarp tissue as they lignified. This was also demonstrated by tissue printing on nitrocellulose. Flesh, but not endocarp peroxidase was evident in tissue prints. This suggests that tissue printing may fail to reveal the presence of enzymes which are firmly attached to the cell.     

Anatomy and development of fruits of Lauraceae from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert

Investigations of the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert reveal evidence for the connection of lauraceous flowers to fruits through a developmental series. Youngest fruits are found with attached floral remnants. Later stages show receptacle enlargement, fruit wall thickening, and the development of abundant sclereid clusters. Mature fruits are borne on a shallow receptacle and have an endocarp palisade layer of radially elongate cells with stellate outlines, an inner mesocarp layer of radiately arranged sclereid clusters, and a fleshy outer mesocarp layer containing numerous idioblasts with contents. Each mature fruit bears a single seed retaining the outer integument with an innermost radially elongate transfusion cell layer. Mature seeds contain a cellular embryo bearing idioblasts. Fruits are distinguishable from previously described anatomically preserved fossil taxa. This study represents the only documented developmental reconstruction of fossil fruits of Lauraceae and that self-pruning evolved prior to the Eocene. Anatomical modifications over the developmental sequence indicate that different stages of maturity preserved together, may be erroneously identified as several taxa at a fossil locality. Fossil morphotypes typically underestimate species number, but this study suggests that the number of inferred species based on fruit types may be inflated for Lauraceae, potentially exaggerating the tropical interpretation of the paleoenvironment.