不同石斛兰香气成分的GC-MS分析

利用GC/MS技术分析了四种石斛兰Dendrobium Nora Tokunaga、Dendrobium Green Lantern、Dendrobium Spider Lily和Dendrobium Little Green Apples花朵的香气成分.结果表明,四种石斛兰香气成分的种类和含量存在明显差异,其中Den...     

厚朴野生种与栽培种花不同部位香气成分分析

以厚朴野生种和栽培种苞片刚裂开的花苞为试材,采用固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱(GC/MS)分析技术对其进行香气成分和相对含量的测定,比较分析了花朵不同部位香气成分的差异。结果表明：厚朴野生种共有39种香气成分,雌雄蕊中26种,花瓣中22种,栽培种中75种香气成分,雌雄蕊中49种,花瓣中54种。萜烯类是两种厚朴花苞中最重要的香气化合物,莰烯、罗勒烯异构体混合物、石竹烯、芳樟醇是野生种和栽培种中共有的相对含量较高的香气成分。厚朴野生种和栽培种间以及同种厚朴雌雄蕊与花瓣之间的香气成分的种类和相对含量差异显著。     

大花蕙兰鲜花香气成分的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）分析技术对浙江栽培的大花蕙兰品种‘绿翡翠’（Cymbidium Hybrids）和‘台北小姐’（C.Miss Taipei）的鲜花进行了香气成分和含量的测定。结果表明：两种大花蕙兰香气成分的组成和含量存在明显差异,‘绿翡翠’的香气组成成分有43种,相对含量为97.13%,而‘台北小姐’有74种,相对含量为73.76%。两种大花蕙兰含有极少相同的化合物成分,相同成分4-甲基苯酚均为2个品种香气组分中含量最高的化合物,它与丙基环丙烷的总相对含量为53.97%,构成‘绿翡翠’的主要香气成分;与2-乙基丁醛和正己烷等23种化合物的总相对含量为55.15%,共同构成‘台北小姐’的主要香气成分。     

开封产两个菊花品种的脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

以索氏提取法提取白菊花和紫白菊花的脂溶性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱分析鉴定。从白菊花中共分离得到46个化学成分,鉴定了其中的39个,占色谱总出峰面积的97．05％;从紫白菊花中共分离得到61个化学成分,鉴定了其中的49个,占色谱总出峰面积的90．17％。白色菊花和紫白色菊花在脂肪酸含量和烃类成分含量具有显著性差异。     

不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气组成成分的分析和比较

采用固相微萃取和GC-MS技术,对初花期、展瓣期、盛花期和盛花末期厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.)雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的组成成分及其相对含量进行了分析和比较.结果表明:不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的组成成分及其相对含量差异明显.雌雄蕊和花瓣香气分别含有52和37种成分,总计67种;其中,1-甲氧基-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯、1-香叶基乙醚、D-柠檬烯、莰烯、月桂烯和石竹烯等成分的相对含量均较高.初花期、展瓣期、盛花期和盛花末期雌雄蕊香气分别含有26、26、27和24种成分,花瓣香气则分别含有22、19、16和21种成分;不同花期雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的共有成分为1-甲氧基-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯、D-柠檬烯和石竹烯.不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气成分可分为萜烯类、醇类、芳香烃类、醚类、醛酮类、酯类、烷烃类和含氮类8类,共有类型为萜烯类和醇类,其中,萜烯类是主要组成成分.厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣在不同花期均释放出较多的萜烯类化合物,其相对含量随着花的发育呈先升高后降低的趋势.根据感官分析与GC-MS分析结果综合判断:萜烯类化合物是组成厚朴花香气的重要成分;花瓣是香气释放的主要部位,而雌雄蕊则在香气释放过程中起辅助作用.     

不同品种桉树叶挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

对不同品种的桉树叶挥发性成分进行了气质联用成分分析。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取桉树叶片中的挥发性成分,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析鉴定。在被鉴定的成分中,桉叶油素和4-松油烯醇为窿缘桉、尾巨桉、粗皮桉、尾叶桉、大叶桉五种桉树叶片的共有成分;柠檬桉叶的主要挥发成分为(L)-香茅醛和乙酸香茅酯。结果表明,不同品种桉树叶挥发性成分种类及其含量存在差异。     

金菠萝品种果实香气成分和特征香气研究

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法研究了金菠萝品种果实不同部位果肉、中柱和果皮的香气成分,并利用香气值确定了不同部位的特征香气。结果表明:各部位香气组成不同,果肉和中柱部位以酯类为主,果皮部位以萜烯类为主。己酸乙酯和己酸甲酯是果肉和中柱部位含量较高的成分,(Z)-β-罗勒烯是果皮部位含量最高的成分。4-甲氧基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮和癸醛是果皮香气贡献较大的成分,而2-甲基丁酸乙酯、4-甲氧基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮和己酸乙酯是果肉和中柱香气贡献较大的成分。金菠萝品种果肉和中柱的香气值与果皮差异较大,且香气值主要集中于果肉。     

阿月浑子花序生长和花期物候学研究

以太行山区成龄(15年生)黄连木高接的阿月浑子(4年生)为材料,系统观测了10个阿月浑子雌雄品种的花序生长、花期物候以及开花节律.结果表明,阿月浑子花序生长始于3月下旬,生长期持续15~20 d;花期始于4月上旬,花期持续8~12 d;不同品种间的花期存在较大差异,雄株Peter和T491品种的花期较早,而雄株T11品种的花期较晚,其花期与雌株品种的花期基本吻合,可作为太行山地区适宜的授粉品种加以应用.     

月见草鲜花香气成分分析

月见草(Oenothera odorata Jacq.)又名夜来香、待霄草。花色浅黄,香气甜润、清淡、幽雅。夜来香浸膏成分分析已有报道,但对其鲜花的香气成分至今尚未见报道。本文采用两根极性不同的毛细管柱的 GC/MS/DS 分离鉴定并辅助以双柱程升保留指数定性的方法,分析鉴定了月见草鲜花香气中的约12种成分。     

NaCl胁迫对菊花花序形态及生理指标的影响

对3个小花型菊花品种'金陵白凤'、'金陵宝辉'和'金陵春色'在生长期分别进行不同浓度 NaCl溶液浇灌处理,通过调查花序的形态变化和测定幼花序的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及SOD活性以揭示NaCl胁迫对菊花开花的影响.结果发现:(1)300 mmol·L-1的NaCl胁迫减少了'金陵白凤'、'金陵春色'舌状花和管状花的数量;(2)NaCl胁迫均降低了3个品种的花(序)径,增加了3个品种畸形花序数量,NaCl浓度越高效果越明显;(3)3个品种相比,NaCl胁迫下'金陵白凤'的花(序)径下降最小,畸形花序增加量最少,是花序外观受盐胁迫影响最小的品种;(4)3个品种花序中的脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及SOD活性随着NaCl胁迫程度的增大呈升高趋势,'金陵白凤'在盐胁迫下可溶性糖的含量增加最多,SOD活性最高,且脯氨酸含量最低,这与其花序受损害程度最轻相一致,从而表现出最强的耐盐生理适应能力.     

Polyamine metabolism,floral initiation and floral development in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

In the short-day plant Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. variety Pavo) putrescine and spermidine conjugates appeared in the apical bud before the first observable transformation of the meristem into floral structures. These compounds accumulated on floral initiation and well before floral evocation. Spermidine conjugates were predominant during floral initiation whereas free amines did not accumulate to any significant extent. Different associations of amides were observed during floral initiation as compared with the reproductive phase. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine conjugates (water-insoluble compounds) were the predominant amine conjugates observed during flower development. These compounds decreased drastically after fertilization. In vegetative buds from plants grown in long days polyamine conjugates were very low and appeared as plants aged. We present evidence that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) regulates putrescine biosynthesis during floral initiation and floral development. When ODC action was blocked by DFMO (-DL-difluoromethylornithine, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ODC), flowering was inhibited, and free and conjugated polyamines were not detected. This treatment led to a slight enhancement of ADC activity. When putrescine was added, polyamine titers and flowering were restored. A similar treatment with DFMA (-DL difluoromethylarginine, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ADC) did not affect flowering and the polyamine titers. The results suggest that ODC and polyamine conjugates are involved in regulating floral initiation in Chrysanthemum.Abbreviations ADC arginine decarboxylase - ODC ornithine decarboxylase - DFMA -DL-difluoromethylarginine - DFMO -DL-difluoromethylornithine     

Transglutaminase-like activity in Chrysanthemum leaf explants cultivated in vitro in relation to cell growth and hormone treatment

In Chrysanthemum leaf explants cultivated in vitro the capacity to covalently link polyamines to protein substances exists. This plant enzyme activity shows some similarities with mammalian transglutaminases. In foliar explants cultured on a medium promoting bud or root formation increasing levels of transglutaminase-like activity occurred during the first days of culture when cell multiplication was rapid then the levels declined as the rate of cell division decreased and differentiation occurred. Undifferentiated callus exhibited low transglutaminase-like activity. Transglutaminase-like activity also increased in rapidly proliferating and growing organs (roots and buds initiated from the foliar explants) and decreased during maturity. The relationship among transglutaminases-like activity, cell division, bud and root formation is discussed.Abbreviations TGase transglutaminase - BA benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - Put putrescine - Spd spermidine     

甜瓜不同变种及其杂交后代的香气特征研究

对4个甜瓜变种亲本及其相互间的4个杂交组合F1成熟果实中的香气组成特征及遗传表现进行了研究。结果显示:(1)甜瓜不同变种亲本成熟果实的香气组成特征差异很大,硬皮甜瓜(var.cantalupensis)变种(Charentais)香气成分主要以酯类物质为主,与呼吸跃变性状紧密相连;九碳醛类化合物是影响越瓜(var.conomon)变种八棱脆(Balengcui)的重要化合物;非呼吸跃变类型的冬甜瓜(var.inodorus)变种皇后(Queen)的特征性物质是九碳醇类化合物;其它类物质含量(OASPC)是香瓜变种(var.makuwa)甜宝(Tianbao)的一个主要特征。(2)对11个香气组成等性状进行主成分分析结果显示,前3个主成分累积贡献率达77.80%,PC1主要与酯类物质含量、香气种类数、醇类含量及醛类物质含量等呈显著相关关系,PC2则主要与其他类物质含量及乙烯释放速率显著相关,据此可将不同变种及组合区分开。(3)不同类型的香气类物质在不同变种的杂交组合中表现趋势不同,大部分的酯类化合物含量在F1代果实中居于双亲之间,且偏向于高亲值,而醛类、醇类以及其它类化合物在F1代均表现为接近低亲值。     

湖南产樟树不同部位精油分析(英文)

从湖南樟树花、嫩叶以及根皮三个部位中提取挥发油,通过GC／MS分析鉴定了其中含量占95％以上的40个化合物。采用ABTS’和LPO两种方法研究了三种精油的体外抗氧化能力,结果显示三种精油均表现较强的清除自由基和脂质过氧化物能力,三种精油清除能力均为根皮〉嫩叶〉樟花。     

Chemical Composition and Biological Studies of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. Growing in Tunisia

The chemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase and anti‐tyrosinase activities of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts of Beta vulgaris subsp. maritime (L.) Arcang . from Tunisia have been evaluated. The chemical composition of the oil (yield 0.037% [w/w]), determined by GC‐FID and GC/MS is reported for the first time. Twenty five components, accounting for 98.1% of the total oil have been identified. The oil was characterized by a high proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (39.2%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (30.3%) and one apocarotenoids (26.3%). The main compounds were γ‐irone (26.3%), α‐cadinol (12.1%), T‐cadinol (10.6%), bicyclogermacrene (10.4%) and δ‐cadinene (6.0%). The isolated oil was tested for its antioxidant activity using the DPPH^·, ABTS^+·, catalase, and paraoxonase assays and also for its cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, and anti‐tyrosinase activities. The essential oil exhibited high antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 0.055 ± 0.006 mg/ml) and important result oncatalase (524.447 ± 2.58 Units/mg protein). Furthermore, it exerted a significant cytotoxic effect against A549 cell line, with IC₅₀ = 42.44 ± 1.40 μg/ml. The results indicate that the essential oil of B. vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang . aerial parts may be used in future as an alternative to synthetic antioxidant agents, with potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Polyamine metabolism and in vitro cell multiplication and differentiation in leaf explants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

Arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), diamine oxydase (DAO) free amine and conjugated amine titers were estimated in leaf explants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. var. Spinder cultivated in vitro in relation to hormone treatment. Addition of benzyladenine (BA) to a basal medium caused the formation of buds on the explants. BA plus 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) caused callus formation and proliferation. Formation of roots was obtained by addition of indolylacetic acid (IAA). Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities increased during the first days of culture when cell multiplication was rapid, followed by a sharp decline as the rate of cell division decreased and differentiation took place. DAO activities increased rapidly in proliferating and growing organs and decreased during maturity. This increase was concomitant with ADC and ODC activities and polyamine content (free and conjugated polyamines). The biosynthesis and oxidation of polyamines which occurred simultaneously in physiological states of intense metabolism such as cell division or organ formation were directly correlated. In callus cultures DAO activity was blocked throughout development and regulated neither the cellular levels of polyamines nor polyamine conjugates. Levels of polyamine conjugates were high in callus cultures throughout development. In foliar explants cultivated on a medium promoting callus, inhibition of ODC activity by DFMO (-DL-difluoromethylornithine, a specific enzyme-activated ODC inhibitor) resulting in an amide deficiency facilated the expression of differentiated cell function; substantial activation of DAO was observed until the emergence of the buds. On a medium promoting bud formation, -OH ethylhydrazine (DAO inhibitor) promoted callus formation without differentiation. In this system DAO activity was blocked and there were high levels of polyamines, especially polyamine conjugates, throughout the culture period. The relationship among free and conjugated polyamines related biosynthetic enzyme activities, DAO activities, cell division and organ formation is discussed.Abbreviations ADC = arginine decarboxylase - ODC = ornithine decarboxylase - DOA = diamine oxidase - DFMA = -DL-difluoromethylarginine - DFMO = -DL-difluoromethylornithine - Put = putrescine     

Identification and assay of pyrethrins in Chrysanthemum cinerariefolium calli

Summary Callus from four clones of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium have been investigated for pyrethrins biosynthesis. Calli from disc-flowers, bud-flowers, stems and leaves of clone HY D were cultivated. Best growth was obtained by initiating the culture on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3% sucrose, 1% agar, 4 ppm -naphtoxy acetic acid (ANA) and 0.4 ppm 6- benzyl aminopurine (BAP) for 28 d, then transfering explants on i.e. at the beginning of the stationnary phase. Disc-flowers calli from two high-producers clones (HY C and HY D) and two low-producers clones (SY A and SY B) were also cultivated. Pyrethrin amounts found in callus cells showed a direct relationship between parental clone synthesis ability and callus cell production. Selection of high-producers clones is thus essential for optimisation of pyrethrin synthesis.     

宁夏枸杞果皮蜡质微形态及蜡质组分研究北大核心CSCD

果实制干是宁夏枸杞炮制的主要过程,宁夏枸杞不同品种在制干特性方面存在一定的差异。该研究以宁夏枸杞栽培中制干差异较大的品种‘宁杞1号’(易制干)和‘宁杞5号’(不易制干)果实为材料,采用扫描电镜技术和GC-MS技术对2个宁夏枸杞品种不同发育时期(青果期、色变期、成熟期)的果实果皮结构以及果皮蜡质微形态、含量和组分进行了观测,从果皮蜡质微形态及组分的积累变化初步揭示枸杞果皮蜡质的积累规律,以明确不同枸杞品种果皮蜡质组分差异,为不同品种适宜促干剂的筛选以及促干剂的合理使用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)‘宁杞1号’和‘宁杞5号’枸杞表皮细胞外侧细胞壁均呈现脊状突起的结构,在果实青果期脊状突起不连续,脊和脊之间排列紧密;随着发育时期的延后,脊状突起的连续性逐渐增强,且脊与脊之间的间距逐渐变宽,蜡质呈膜状覆盖于凸起的脊和两脊之间的沟内。(2)‘宁杞1号’和‘宁杞5号’两个枸杞品种在果实发育过程中,果皮单位面积蜡质含量均呈先下降后上升的趋势,在成熟期单位面积蜡质含量最高,且‘宁杞1号’3个发育时期果皮单位面积蜡质含量均高于同期‘宁杞5号’,呈现出与扫描电镜观察到的蜡质分布基本一致的变化趋势。(3)2个品种3个时期的果实表皮蜡质组分均由烷烃类、酮类、醇类、酸类、醛类、酯类和碘代烷烃类组成,两品种青果期和色变期果皮蜡质组分相同,主要由烷烃类、醇类和碘代烷烃类组成,它们成熟期的果皮蜡质组分主要由烷烃类、醇类和酯类组成。(4)主成分分析结果显示,3个生育时期‘宁杞5号’果皮蜡质组分多为烷烃类物质,较‘宁杞1号’更利于阻挡果实水分的散失。研究发现,影响枸杞果实制干的原因在于枸杞果皮蜡质含量、结构和蜡质组分,烷烃类组分能够有效阻止果实体内水分的散失,‘宁杞5号’果皮蜡质中烷烃组分含量更高,果皮保水性更强,致果实不易制干。     

藏荠营养器官解剖结构及其与环境的关系

藏荠属十字花科植物,生长于高山冰缘地带,为典型的高山耐寒植物。采用石蜡切片方法对藏荠的根、茎和叶3种营养器官的解剖结构进行观察分析,以揭示其形态与环境适应性的关系。结果显示:藏荠在长期的演化过程中,根、茎和叶均具有发达的通气组织;叶片表面有明显的蜡质层和表皮毛;栅栏组织为2～4层,海绵组织明显减少;根横切面呈"车轮形",具有明显的带状加厚和发达的腔髓组织;根和茎的表皮细胞和皮层细胞均有类似"质壁分离"现象。研究表明,藏荠在结构上具有明显抵御大风、低温、干旱等逆境的生态适应特征,这些独特的结构可能是其长期适应高山冰缘环境的结果。