LC-MS/MS法同时测定大鼠血浆中地榆皂苷Ⅰ和地榆皂苷Ⅱ的血药浓度及其药代动力学

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同时测定大鼠血浆中的地榆皂苷Ⅰ和地榆皂苷Ⅱ,并在此基础上研究这两种活性物质在大鼠体内的药代动力学。样品前处理采用沉淀蛋白法,选用Ultimate XB-C8色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,3μm,Welch,USA),采用Sciex 4000 Q-TRAP型三重四级杆串联质谱,电喷雾(ESI)源,多级反应监测(MRM)负离子模式。血浆中地榆皂苷Ⅰ和地榆皂苷Ⅱ的标准曲线线性范围均为1～2 000 ng/mL(相关系数R0.995),本方法灵敏、快速且稳定。大鼠口服给予地榆标准品后,吸收较快,绝对生物利用度(F_(abs))较小。所建立的方法可准确、快速、灵敏地检测大鼠血浆中地榆皂苷Ⅰ和地榆皂苷Ⅱ的血药浓度,适用于临床前的药代动力学研究。     

人参皂苷Rg3药代动力学及抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

人参皂苷Rg3是存在于天然药物人参中的一种四环三萜皂苷,研究表明人参皂苷Rg3具有确切的抗肿瘤活性,在诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、增强免疫功能等方面具有显著作用。本文通过查阅近年来相关文献,概括人参皂苷Rg3药效学及药代动力学研究进展,探讨人参皂苷Rg3抗肿瘤的作用机理以及体内吸收、分布、代谢、排泄规律,并在此基础上结合现代中药理论对今后人参皂苷Rg3的研究方向进行了展望。     

西洋参茎叶化学成分及生物利用度的研究

应用多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,从西洋参茎叶中分离得到10个化合物,经理化性质和光谱数据分析鉴定分别为:拟人参皂苷RT4(1)、拟人参皂苷RT5(2)、24(R)-Ocotillol苷元(3)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1(4)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rg1(5)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rg2(6)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2(7)、20(R)-人参皂苷Rh2(8)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3(9)、拟人参皂苷F11(10)。化合物1和3为首次从西洋参茎叶中分离得到。首次建立和认证了20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3肌内注射的生物利用度的测定方法,采用本文方法测定犬肌注20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3的生物利用度为96.7%,为20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3的新药开发提供了临床前药代动力学依据。     

人参皂苷Rh_4对小鼠移植性肿瘤的抑制作用

本文阐述了三七中人参皂苷Rh4的体内抗肿瘤作用。建立S180肉瘤和肝癌H22荷瘤小鼠动物模型,将接种后的小鼠随机分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组及人参皂苷Rh4高、中、低剂量组,采用腹腔给药和灌胃给药两种方式,观察人参皂苷Rh4对小鼠移植性肿瘤的体内抑制作用以及对动物免疫器官重量的影响。结果表明:采用腹腔注射给药和灌胃给药,人参皂苷Rh4各剂量组对S180肉瘤小鼠和肝癌H22小鼠肿瘤生长均有抑制作用。与阴性对照组比较,当人参皂苷Rh4剂量为4.5 mg/kg灌胃给药时,对肉瘤S180的抑制率为47.84%(P0.01);当Rh4剂量为10.0 mg/kg腹腔注射给药时,对肝癌H22的抑制率为52.72%(P0.01)。人参皂苷Rh4对荷瘤小鼠免疫器官未见明显影响。     

皂苷类药物的制剂研究进展

皂苷类药物普遍分子量比较大,水溶性好,但不易透过细胞膜难以被人体吸收,因此口服制剂体内生物利用度较低.近年来对单体皂苷及总皂苷类药物制剂方面的研究越来越多,随着新型的给药系统和新辅料的出现,皂苷类药物在体内的生物利用度大大提高.本文主要介绍以单体皂苷或总皂苷活性部位为主药的制剂研究进展,以期为该类成分的进一步研究提供思路.     

人参总皂苷渗透泵控释片的片芯处方研究

目的:以中药人参的有效部位人参总皂苷为模型药物,进行人参总皂苷渗透泵片的片芯处方研究,以确定其最终片芯处方.方法:采用单因素考察法,从制剂的成型和体外释药特征角度,对人参总皂苷渗透泵片片芯的稀释荆、黏合剂、渗透活性物质和润滑荆进行了筛选.结果:人参总皂苷渗透泵片的最终片心处方为:人参总皂苷提取物100mg,乳糖235mg,淀粉118mg,氯化钠33mg,滑石粉3%～6%.结论:该片心处方辅料来源广泛,利于片心成型,并具有较好的体外释药行为,为人参总皂苷渗透泵控释片的进一步研究打下了基础.     

竹节参总皂苷抑制急性低压缺氧大鼠脑和心肌损伤的形态学观察

在模拟海拔8000米高空的急性低压缺氧条件下,研究了竹节参总皂苷对Wistar大鼠的脑、心肌组织和细胞损伤的预防效果.实验结果表明未给药的阴性对照组Wistar大鼠的脑和心肌组织以及细胞均遭到了严重损伤.而竹节参总皂苷和红景天提取物给药组的Wistar大鼠,其脑和心肌组织以及细胞的损伤程度明显减轻.其中竹节参总皂苷给药组的效果最明显.     

参附注射液五种活性成分在正常和慢性心力衰竭大鼠的药动学研究

比较参附注射液中五种人参皂苷活性成分在正常和慢性心力衰竭两种模型大鼠体内的药动学过程。取SD大鼠6只以盐酸阿霉素复制慢性心力衰竭模型,作为模型组;另取6只大鼠给药等体积生理盐水,作为正常组。分别对两组尾静脉注射参附注射液,制备血浆样品,UPLC-DAD法测定五种人参皂苷成分的血药浓度,Win Nonlin6.3软件计算药动学参数并进行比较。发现给药后模型组大鼠体内的人参皂苷Rg_1、Re、Rb_1、Rc和Rd的C_(max)、AUC_(last)明显升高,Cl/F明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结果表明慢性心力衰竭会影响大鼠体内参附注射液的五种人参皂苷成分的药动学特征。     

乙烯对绞股蓝皂苷生物合成关键酶基因表达和皂苷含量的影响

以药食两用植物绞股蓝为材料,研究了植物激素乙烯对绞股蓝皂苷生物合成关键酶基因表达及皂苷含量的影响.该文采用荧光定量PCR技术,检测了乙烯利处理后绞股蓝不同器官中皂苷生物合成关键酶基因GpFPS、GpSS和GpSE的表达水平;采用分光光度法及HPLC技术,测定了乙烯利处理对绞股蓝总皂苷和皂苷单体Rb1、Rb3和Rd含量的...     

西南银莲花皂苷的抗肿瘤作用

目的：对西南银莲花中抑制人癌细胞生长的主要活性成分3－O－鼠李糖基（2）[葡萄糖基（4）]阿拉伯糖基－齐墩果酸（皂苷2）等进行动物体内抗癌活性试验研究。方法：用小鼠肉瘤S180实体模型观测腹腔注射和灌服两种给药途径的抑瘤率,结果:ip皂苷2为10mg/kg时抑瘤率为48．9％,po皂苷2为125,200和500mg/kg时抑瘤率分别为32．6％,39．3％和48．1％,但均不同程度地出现动物死亡,结论：不论腹腔注射[还是灌服给药,皂苷2对小鼠肉瘤S180生长均具有一定的抑制作用,但在有效剂量下已表现出一定的毒性。     

Saponin as regulator of biofuel: implication for ethnobotanical management of diabetes

There has been a sharp rise in the global prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and their comorbid conditions within the last decade prompting significant research into possible causes and cure via therapeutic intervention and lifestyle adjustments. Here, the molecular bases of antidiabetic plants used in the prehistorical treatment of diabetes and obesity are reviewed with particular focus on saponin as the phytotherapeutic principle. Until recently, the phytotherapeutic potentials of saponins have been masked in the heterogeneity of phytochemicals co-extractable during traditional preparations. With improved technique of purification and cutting edge biological assay methods, saponins have emerged as a regulator of primary biofuel availability through direct interaction with energy metabolism, cell signaling, and gene expression. Specific cases of lipoprotein lipase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma/phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI-3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt) activation, adiponectin gene upregulation, fatty acid binding protein 4 repression (FABP4), and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) membrane exocytosis have been documented which provide molecular basis for hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity manifestations observed in experimental animals following saponin treatment. Although intensified research is required to characterize the pharmacophoric features in saponins exhibiting these interactions, however, this preliminary lead is valuable if the world will be free of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis in no distant future.     

百合皂苷类化学成分提取及药理活性研究进展

百合属植物化学成分多样,近年来成为天然产物化学研究的重点。文中着重对百合中重要化学成分百合皂苷的提取方法、化学成分及药理活性进行综述,为百合皂苷的开发利用提供参考。     

巨尾桉叶中皂苷的提取分离及其抗氧化活性研究

开展了从巨尾桉叶中提取皂苷的工艺优化研究.考察了温度、时间,溶剂用量对皂苷得率的影响,并对粗提物进行纯化.结果表明,巨尾桉叶皂苷的优化条件是:提取温度61.8℃,提取时间5.02h,溶剂与巨尾桉叶的液料比为20.09∶1,皂苷的提取得率(g/g)为5.51％.提取物经大孔树脂-丙酮沉淀联用分离法纯化后皂苷含量由16.22％提高到50.35％.对粗提物、大孔树脂纯化物和大孔树脂吸附-丙酮沉淀纯化物进行抗氧化活性研究.结果表明,它们对DPPH自由基的最大清除率分别为83.02％、84.20％和85.62％,对过氧化氢的最大清除率分别为80.10％、55.02％和48.21％,对超氧阴离子自由基的最大清除率分别为16.62％、13.43％和10.01％.     

Characterization of quillaja bark extracts and evaluation of their purity using liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry

In the course of development of semi-preparative liquid chromatographic methods for the isolation of individual quillaja saponins from Quillaja saponaria (L.), some commercially available quillaja bark extracts revealed a distinctive and characteristic pattern of additional peaks in the chromatogram that could not be attributed to saponins commonly present in quillaja. To identify these peaks, analytical procedures based on HPLC coupled with high resolution MS detection were optimized which allowed the identification of the additional saponins Mi saponin A, Mi saponin B, Mi saponin C, madhucoside A and madhucoside B. These compounds are known to be the main saponins of the Indian plant Madhuca longifolia (L.). Tandem MS experiments were performed for the unambiguous assignment of the sapogenin. Madhuca saponins yielded a characteristic fragment of protobassic acid, whereas quillaja saponins showed a fragment of quillaic acid as expected. In addition, samples from madhuca seed kernels were analysed to verify the origin of the characteristic chromatographic peak pattern observed frequently in commercially available quillaja bark extracts.     

甾体皂甙研究新进展

本文介绍近年来（１９８１－１９９１）甾体皂甙研究的一些新进展,包括新发现的结构新颖和具有显著生理活性的化合物,及其现代分离方法和结构鉴定中所采用的新技术。     

乌拉尔甘草根的结构与皂苷类成分积累关系研究

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位和植物化学方法,对不同发育阶段的乌拉尔甘草根中的皂苷类成分的积累变化规律进行了研究,为进一步揭示甘草药材质量形成的内在机制并指导优质甘草栽培提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)乌拉尔甘草中皂苷类成分主要存在于根的韧皮薄壁细胞和射线细胞中,韧皮部中皂苷含量高于木质部和根皮,而且根的次生生长与皂苷类成分的积累具有一定的相关性.(2)不同生长年限的乌拉尔甘草根中的总皂苷含量存在差异,3年生甘草根中总皂苷含量高于2年生和1年生甘草根.     

Two new triterpene saponins from the roots of Ilex pubescens

Two new triterpene saponins, namely, ilexpublesnin S (1) and T (2), and six known saponins were isolated from the roots of Ilex pubescens. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic methods (IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). Sugar residues obtained after acid hydrolysis were identified through TLC and HPLC. Compound 1 contains a 24-aldehyde group, which is rare for triterpene saponins from Ilex.     

皂苷及其体内代谢产物的分析方法研究进展

皂苷（saponins）是中药中重要的有效成分之一,含有该类成分的中草药种类繁多。近年来对其研究也越来越广泛和深入,研究表明该类成分在治疗多种疾病,如抗炎、抗肿瘤、祛风湿等方面都具有良好的发展前景。主要介绍了皂苷及其体内代谢产物的分析方法研究进展,以期为该类成分的进一步研究提供思路。     

Novel acetylated triterpenoid saponins in a chromatographic fraction from Quillaja saponaria Molina

Six novel fucose 3-O-acetylated saponins, with a quillaic acid aglycone, were isolated from a bark extract from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree. In addition, a saponin with a novel aglycone (phytolaccagenic acid) and a novel fatty acyl group [(S)-2-methylbutanoyl] for Quillaja saponins was found. The compounds were characterised using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and chemical methods.     

Saponins in Calendula officinalis L. – Structure, Biosynthesis, Transport and Biological Activity

Trends in research on Calendula officinalis L. saponins performed in Department of Plant Biochemistry at Warsaw University are reviewed. Calendula officinalis, a well known medicinal plant, contains significant amounts of oleanane saponins, which form two distinct series of related compounds, called “glucosides” and “glucuronides” according to the structure of the respective precursor. Both series differ in the pathway of their biosynthesis and further metabolism, i.e. the rate of formation and stages of possible degradation; distribution in the single cell and in the whole plant, including accumulation sites; and the possible physiological role played in the plant according to appropriate biological activities.