A note on antibiotic resistance in the bacterial flora of raw sewage and sewage-polluted River Tigris in Mosul, Iraq

Polluted water samples collected from the River Tigris in the vicinity of a raw sewage outfall were examined for the incidence of antibiotic resistance among coliform bacteria on three occasions during 1983. Eighty percent or more of the coliform bacteria were resistant to one or more antibiotics. At the same time, raw sewage samples were examined for the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were selected for sensitivity testing. Collectively, more than 90% of the 480 strains of the three organisms were resistant to one or more antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin for twenty-nine strains including coliforms, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Serratia sp., Ps. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp., Micrococcus sp., Staph. aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus sp. from raw sewage and polluted River Tigris water was determined and that for Ps. aeruginosa was 250 micrograms/ml. The high incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in natural waters could be related to the widespread use of antibiotics in this locality.     

A note on antibiotic resistance in the bacterial flora of raw sewage and sewage-polluted River Tigris in Mosul, Iraq

Polluted water samples collected from the River Tigris in the vicinity of a raw sewage outfall were examined for the incidence of antibiotic resistance among coli-form bacteria on three occasions during 1983. Eighty percent or more of the coli-form bacteria were resistant to one or more antibiotics. At the same time, raw sewage samples were examined for the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and Escherchia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were selected for sensitivity testing. Collectively, more than 90% of the 480 strains of the three organisms were resistant to one or more antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin for twenty-nine strains including coliforms, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Serratia sp., Ps. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp., Micrococcus sp., Staph. aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus sp. from raw sewage and polluted River Tigris water was determined and that for Ps. aeruginosa was 250 μg/ml. The high incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in natural waters could be related to the widespread use of antibiotics in this locality.     

社区获得性泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析社区获得性泌尿系感染病原菌的种类及对常用抗生素的耐药性。方法收集2008年5月至2013年3月分离自社区获得性泌尿系感染患者中段尿的菌株,分析病原菌种类并测试主要病原菌对常用抗生素的体外敏感性。结果在215株细菌中,以革兰阴性杆菌155株（72. 1% ）为主。分离前5位的细菌为大肠埃希菌（48.4% ）、肠球菌属（10. 7% ）、肺炎克雷伯菌（7.4% ）、链球菌属（6. 0% ）、假丝酵母属（6. 0% ）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中,共63株产ESBL,占52. 5%。产ESBL菌株对头孢替坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因、亚胺培南等5种抗生素的耐药率低于10%,对其他抗生素耐药率则超过70%。不产ESBL的菌株除对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率超过30%外,对其他常用抗生素的耐药率均在10%以下。肠球菌属和链球菌属分别对呋喃妥因和青霉素的耐药率较低（3/23和0/23）,未发现对万古霉素耐药株。结论引起社区获得性泌尿系感染的病原菌以大肠埃希菌为代表的革兰阴性杆菌为主,但由于不同菌株对抗生素的敏感性差异较大,用药之前进行尿培养是避免因抗生素使用不合理造成感染慢性化的一项重要措施。     

Resistance to copper ions and antibiotics in marine heterotrophic bacteria in the coastal waters of Vietnam

Copper and antibiotic resistance was experimentally studied for the first time in marine heterotrophic bacteria that were isolated from microfoulings of copper and copper-alloy test plates in coastal waters of Vietnam. Resistance to copper ions and to at least one of the antibiotics tested was detected in 78.7% of the isolates. A total of 28 models of antibiotic resistance were found in the bacteria. All strains isolated from the foulings of the copper plates were resistant to seven or more antimicrobials. The microfouling communities of copper and copper-alloy plates were dominated by Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Copper and antibiotic resistance was statistically independent of the taxon of the tested bacteria.     

Dispersal routes and species identification of freshwater animals in Northern Europe: A review of molecular evidence

According to genetic data, North European freshwater areas were colonized from refugia along the eastern Atlantic coast, in southern and eastern basins of Baltic Sea, in Siberia, North America, and areas of the Caspian and Black seas. Probably, a refugium also existed in Southern Norway. Colonization from the sea also took place. The taxonomic position of some forms, such as members of the complex groups of Arctic chars and coregonids, was refined in the course of combined studies including morphological analysis and molecular markers.     

Detection of Salmonella spp. in retail raw food samples from Vietnam and characterization of their antibiotic resistance

A study was conducted to examine the levels of Salmonella spp. contamination in raw food samples, including chicken, beef, pork, and shellfish, from Vietnam and to determine their antibiotic resistance characteristics. A total of 180 samples were collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella spp., yielding 91 Salmonella isolates. Sixty-one percent of meat and 18% of shellfish samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp. Susceptibility of all isolates to a variety of antimicrobial agents was tested, and resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin/amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, sulfafurazole, and streptomycin was found in 40.7%, 22.0%, 18.7%, 16.5%, and 14.3% of the isolates, respectively. Resistance to enrofloxacin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and gentamicin was also detected (8.8 to 2.2%). About half (50.5%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and multiresistant Salmonella isolates, resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics, were isolated from all food types. One isolate from chicken (serovar Albany) contained a variant of the Salmonella genomic island 1 antibiotic resistance gene cluster. The results show that antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. in raw food samples from Vietnam is significant.     

379株血培养病原菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解血培养病原菌种类、临床分布及耐药情况。方法对2008年6月至2009年6月的379株血培养病原菌及其药敏情况用WHONET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 379株病原菌中,分离率从高到低依次是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(133/35.1%)、大肠埃希菌(44/11.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(32/8.4%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(30/7.9%)、铜绿假单胞菌(25/6.6%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(18/4.7%)、肠球菌(13/3.4%)和其他(75/22.2%)。这些菌株主要分布在ICU和普外科。药敏结果分析显示:革兰阳性球菌中,未发现利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药株。金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率分别为61.1%和89.5%;屎肠球菌对多数抗生素耐药率超过80%,粪肠球菌对青霉素类抗生素敏感性较高。革兰阴性杆菌中,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株比例分别为36.4%和31.3%,且发现2株耐亚胺培南的肺炎克雷伯菌;鲍曼不动杆菌除对卡那霉素保持敏感外,对其他抗生素的耐药率为50%~100%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松的耐药率为100%,对其他β-内酰胺类抗生素、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率相对较低。结论临床上应规范血培养标本留取方法以减少污染,加强细菌耐药监测、严格抗生素使用,以延缓细菌耐药情况的发生和发展。     

Association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from drinking water

Bacterial isolates from the drinking water system of an Oregon coastal community were examined to assess the association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistance. Positive correlations between tolerance to high levels of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and multiple antibiotic resistance were noted among bacteria from distribution waters but not among bacteria from raw waters. Tolerances to higher levels of Al3+ and Sn2+ were demonstrated more often by raw water isolates which were not typically multiple antibiotic resistant. A similar incidence of tolerance to Cd2+ was demonstrated by isolates of both water types and was not associated with multiple antibiotic resistance. These results suggest that simultaneous selection phenomena occurred in distribution water for bacteria which exhibited unique patterns of tolerance to Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and antibiotic resistance.     

Association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from drinking water.

Bacterial isolates from the drinking water system of an Oregon coastal community were examined to assess the association of metal tolerance with multiple antibiotic resistance. Positive correlations between tolerance to high levels of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and multiple antibiotic resistance were noted among bacteria from distribution waters but not among bacteria from raw waters. Tolerances to higher levels of Al3+ and Sn2+ were demonstrated more often by raw water isolates which were not typically multiple antibiotic resistant. A similar incidence of tolerance to Cd2+ was demonstrated by isolates of both water types and was not associated with multiple antibiotic resistance. These results suggest that simultaneous selection phenomena occurred in distribution water for bacteria which exhibited unique patterns of tolerance to Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ and antibiotic resistance.     

Taxonomic spectrum and antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from bile of patients with cholangitis]

The data on the taxonomic structure and antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from bile of patients with various clinical variants of cholangitis are presented. It was shown that bacteriocholia was registered in 53.3-90.9% of the patients during operations and in 88.9-100% of the patients during the postoperative period. Among bilicultures enterobacteria dominated (93.4% of the cases) with predominance of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. (the total about 70%). The enterobacteria isolates were frequently resistant to ampicillin and amoxycillin/clavulanate (92.6 and 70.4% of the strains respectively), gentamicin and amikacin (74.1 and 22.2%), cefazolin and cefotaxime (88.9 and 37.0%). The resistance to imipenem and ciprofloxacin (7.4%) was rare, that should be considered while prescribing drugs for empirical antimicrobial chemotherapy.     

Migration and isolation during the turbulent Ponto‐Caspian Pleistocene create high diversity in the crustacean Paramysis lacustris

The Ponto‐Caspian brackish‐water fauna inhabits estuaries and rivers of the Black, Azov and Caspian seas and is fragmented by higher salinity waters and a major interbasin watershed. The fauna is known for the high levels of endemism, complex zoogeographic histories, and as a recent source of successful invasive species. It remains debated whether the Black and Azov Sea brackish‐water populations survived unfavourable Pleistocene conditions in multiple separate refugia or whether the two seas were (repeatedly) recolonized from the Caspian. Using microsatellite and mtDNA markers, we demonstrate deep among‐ and within‐basin subdivisions in a widespread Ponto‐Caspian mysid crustacean Paramysis lacustris. Five genetic clusters were identified, but their relationships did not reflect the geography of the region. The Azov cluster was the most distinct (4–5% COI divergence), despite its geographic position in the corridor between Black and Caspian seas, and may represent a new species. In the northern Black Sea area, the Dnieper cluster was closer to the Caspian cluster than to the neighbouring Danube–Dniester–Bug populations, suggesting separate colonizations of the Black Sea. Overall, the data implied a predominant gene flow from the east to the Black Sea and highlight the importance of Caspian Sea transgressions in facilitating dispersal. Yet, the presence of distinct lineages in the Black Sea points to the persistence of isolated refugial populations that have gained diagnostic differences under presumably high mutation rates and large population sizes. The unfavourable Pleistocene periods in the Black Sea therefore appear to have promoted diversification of the brackish‐water lineages, rather than extirpated them.     

Occurrence and antibiotic sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from a group of Jordanian patients with community acquired urinary tract infections

The type and antibiotic sensitivity of urinary tract pathogens may differ in various communities. Of 207 isolates recovered from midstream urine specimens collected from a group of patients with community acquired urinary tract infections (UTI), 86% were species of Enterobacteriaceae. The most frequently recovered pathogens were Escherichia coli (82%), Klebsiella spp. (7.3%), Proteus spp. (6.2%), Enterobacter spp. (3.4%) and Citrobacter spp. (1.1%). High rates of resistance were found against ampicillin (95%), tetracycline (86%), carbenicillin (84%), trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (48%), and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid (45%). For the antibiotics tobramycin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone and gentamicin 7% of the isolates were resistant, while resistance varied from 9-18% for amikacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid and cefuroxime. The incidence of UTI caused by Enterobacteriaceae was three times higher in females than in males, particularly in young and middle age groups (< or = 19 and 20-39 years).     

Role of microbiological surveillance in the choice of antibacterial therapy for intestinal Klebsiella infection in infants

Data on the frequency of intestinal infections caused by Klebsiella spp. in infants at the age of 1 month to 1 year and antibiotic resistance of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca isolates from newborns and infants aged 1 month to 1 year are presented. The frequency of the Klebsiella isolates from the newborns and infants at the age of 1 month to 1 year with acute intestinal infections amounted to 17.7 +/- 1.4 and 42.5 +/- 1.4 per cent, respectively. The majority of the clinical strains had a multiple resistance to 7-9 drugs. The overwhelming majority of the strains were sensitive to gentamicin, monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and polymyxin B.     

广州地区儿童血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性研究

目的探讨儿童血培养病原菌的分布特点及其耐药情况,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法对广州市儿童医院2005年至2006年临床各科室送检血液标本所分离病原菌的分布及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果共检出385株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌208株,占54．0％,革兰阴性菌164株,占42．6％,真菌13株,占3．4％。分离率前6位的病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS,35．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（8．8％）、不动杆菌（5．5％）、大肠埃希菌（4．9％）、铜绿假单胞菌（4、7％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（4．4％）。病原菌的病区分布特点：儿科重症监护病房以不动杆菌等非发酵菌为主要分离菌（占41．7％）,新生儿重症监护病房以CNS为主（40．5％）,血液病区以肠杆菌科细菌为主（35．7％）,新生儿病房及传染病房均以CNS为主要分离菌。CNS对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素耐药率均超过80％,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁和阿米卡星敏感,MRCNS检出率达72.5％。肠杆菌科细菌对哌拉西林、氨苄西林、头孢噻肟及头孢哌酮的耐药率为50％～100％,但对亚胺培南、阿米卡星和诺氟沙星耐药率较低。不动杆菌对广谱青霉素、第3代头孢菌素、氨曲南及庆大霉素的耐药率较高而对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较为敏感。结论凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌是广州地区儿童败血症最主要的病原菌。不同病区检出病原菌种类有较大差异。根据病原菌种类及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药是有效控制感染和减少耐药菌株产生的重要手段。     

Occurrence and patterns of antibiotic resistance in vertebrates off the Northeastern United States coast

The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the marine environment is a growing concern, but the degree to which marine mammals, seabirds and fish harbor these organisms is not well documented. This project sought to identify the occurrence and patterns of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from vertebrates of coastal waters in the northeastern United States. Four hundred and seventy-two isolates of clinical interest were tested for resistance to a suite of 16 antibiotics. Fifty-eight percent were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 43% were resistant to multiple antibiotics. A multiple antibiotic resistance index value ≥0.2 was observed in 38% of the resistant pathogens, suggesting exposure of the animals to bacteria from significantly contaminated sites. Groups of antibiotics were identified for which bacterial resistance commonly co-occurred. Antibiotic resistance was more widespread in bacteria isolated from seabirds than marine mammals, and was more widespread in stranded or bycaught marine mammals than live marine mammals. Structuring of resistance patterns based on sample type (live/stranded/bycaught) but not animal group (mammal/bird/fish) was observed. These data indicate that antibiotic resistance is widespread in marine vertebrates, and they may be important reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the marine environment.     

2000年广州地区常见病原菌耐药性监测

目的：对广州地区临床分离菌进行耐药性监测,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,用whonet软件进行统计和分析。结果：耐甲氧床西林的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分别占50.8%和79.1%,未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌,大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属未发现耐亚胺培南,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的发生率为36.4%和31.7%,肠杆菌属、不动杆菌属对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率较高,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶和亚胺培南仍较敏感。结论：了解细菌耐药的最新动态,对临床合理用药具有重要意义。     

Antibiotic resistance among different species of fecal coliforms isolated from water samples.

The distribution of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and streptomycin among fecal coliforms in sewage, surface waters, and sea water was investigated. The incidence of resistant strains among isolates varied significantly among the water samples, without obvious connection with the water source or the level of pollution. The average frequency of multiple resistance was not always high in the same samples in which the overall resistance was high. The species composition varied considerably in different water samples. A significant correlation was observed between the relative frequency of Klebsiella species and the incidence of ampicillin resistance in water samples. The importance of species composition of fecal coliforms, affected by their source and by the aquatic environment, on the resistance pattern is noted.     

Short Communication: Antibiotic resistance among faecal coliform bacteria isolated from wastewater before and after treatment by an experimental sand filter

During the functioning period of a sand filter, 254 and 234 faecal-coliform strains were isolated from raw wastewater and reclaimed effluent, respectively. When tested for their susceptibility to ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline, 53% of the strains from the raw sewage and 84% of those isolated from the effluent were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The high incidence of drug resistance in the effluent was connected with a high proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii.     

Caspian fauna in fresh waters outside the Ponto-Caspian basin

Summary There are about 335 species belonging to the autochthonous Caspian complex and dwelling in the basin of the Caspian, Black, and Asov seas.Not less than 22 species of this complex are known at present beyond the boundaries of the Ponto-Caspian basin. Most of them (15 species) have emigrated from this basin recently. Some fishes and two invertebrates penetrated into the Mediterranean or even into the oceans via the seas. Other species penetrated into fresh waters of the basin of the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic ocean (and partly of the Arctic seas) doubtless via the natural or artificial( canals) connections between the river-systems of adjacent basins.Remarkably the caspian species which immigrated into the Baltic basin turn out to be very viable, develop in great quantities and depress even some indigenous species. As some of them appeared in the Baltic basin during the last decades and the process of spreading of the Caspian fauna goes on, the intrusion of some more Caspian species may be awaited.There are, however, 6 or 7 species of Caspian origin, dwelling in isolated lakes of Asia Minor or the Balkan peninsula, probably relicts of the ancient (Tertiary?) transgressions of the Pont, what is confirmed by their taxonomic differentiation.Only two Caspian species reached the western hemisphere till now (Cordylophora caspia, Victorella pavida).

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Zusammenfassung Im Bassin der Kaspischen, Schwarzen und Asowschen Meere leben ca. 335 dem autochthonen Kaspischen Komplex angehörende Arten.Zur Zeit sind nicht weniger als 22 Arten dieses kaspischen Komplexes ausserhalb der Grenzen des Pontokaspischen Bassins bekannt. Von ihnen sind 15 Arten in der allerletzten Zeit aus diesem Bassin ausgewandert. Einige Fischarten und zwei Wirbellose sind auf Seewegen in das Mittelmeer oder sogar in Ozeane gelangt. Andere Arten sind in die Süsswasser des Baltischen und Atlantischen (teilweise auch des Arktischen) Bassins zweifellos mittels der natürlichen oder künstlichen (Kanäle) Verbindungen zwischen den Flussystemen eingedrungen.Merkwürdigerweise erweisen sich die ins Baltische Bassin eingedrungenen kaspischen Arten als sehr lebensfähig, vermehren sich in grosser Anzahl und verdrängen sogar einige einheimische Tierarten. Da einige von ihnen im Baltischen Bassin erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten erschienen sind und da die Verbreitung der kaspischen Fauna sich immer weiter erstreckt, sind weitere Invasionen neuer kaspischer Arten zu erwarten.Es gibt aber 6–7 Arten kaspischer Herkunft, die in isolierten Seen Kleinasiens und der Balkanhalbinsel wohnen und wahrscheinlich den Relikten der älteren (tertiären?) Transgressionen des Pont zuzuzählen sind, was auch durch ihre taxonomische Absonderung ersichtlich ist.Nur zwei kaspische Arten (Cordylophora caspia, Victorella pavida) haben bisher die westliche Halbkugel erreicht.

     

Frequency of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, pigmentation, and plasmids in bacteria of the marine air-water interface.

A field investigation of marine coastal waters revealed that the frequency of pigmented bacteria and the occurrence of bacterial antibiotic resistance were higher at the air-water interface than in the bulk water. The differences in the frequency of pigmented colonies at the surface and in the bulk-water samples could not be explained by the degree of cell surface hydrophobicity or by bacterial adhesion to air-water interfaces. Pigmented strains exhibited a higher degree of multiple drug resistance than did nonpigmented strains. However, the frequency of multiple drug resistance in nonpigmented strains was also substantial. An average of 91% of all strains were resistant to more than one antibiotic, and 21% of the bacteria isolated were resistant to five of the eight antibiotics tested. High numbers of plasmid-carrying strains were found among selected surface isolates, but the presence of detectable plasmids could not be correlated with either pigmentation or multiple drug resistance. Furthermore, selected surface isolates were significantly more resistant to mercury than were bulk-water bacteria. The higher frequency of pigmented, antibiotic-resistant, and mercury resistant strains at the air-water interface than in the bulk water are discussed in terms of various forms of selective pressure and genetic exchange at the surface.