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1.
Bradley Law Leroy Gonsalves Patrick Tap Trent Penman Mark Chidel 《Austral ecology》2015,40(8):886-897
Landscape‐scale monitoring is a key approach for assessing changes in indicators. However, great care needs to be taken to collect rigorous data and avoid wasting resources in long‐term programmes. Insect‐eating bats are diverse, functionally important and are often proposed as indicator species of environmental health. We used acoustic (ultrasonic) data from pilot bat surveys undertaken in forests and woodlands to optimize sampling effort to produce precise estimates of bat activity and occupancy. We also carried out simulations to evaluate the statistical power of different sampling designs to detect changes in activity and occupancy levels of individual bat species. There was little gain in precision for estimates of bat activity by sampling beyond five to six detector nights. To ensure spatial heterogeneity was sampled around a monitoring point, three detectors for two nights or two detectors for three nights would be required. This level of sampling was also sufficient to be 90% certain of recording occupancy for 11 of 12 taxa. Power simulations revealed that a sampling design using two detectors per monitoring point for two nights could detect a 30% decline within 10 years with 90% power for all species, except the white‐striped free tail bat (Tadarida australis), using either changes in activity levels or occupancy. However, fewer years were required when using occupancy. Setting detectors either on‐flyways or off‐flyways contributed only minor differences to the time taken to reach 90% power for both occupancy and activity levels, though sampling both locations has major implications for interpreting trends in bats. We suggest that bat activity levels are more sensitive for detecting change than occupancy because one pass or 1000 passes can be recorded per night by an acoustic detector, and this is not differentiated by occupancy. Bats can be monitored cost‐effectively and should be included in monitoring programmes. 相似文献
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Rosemary Hohnen Brett P. Murphy Jody A. Gates Sarah Legge Chris R. Dickman John C. Z. Woinarski 《Conservation Science and Practice》2019,1(1):e4
Reliable and cost-effective monitoring methods are a critical component of conservation management practices that work to prevent the extinction of threatened species. We evaluated the best means of monitoring the threatened Kangaroo Island dunnart (Sminthopsis fuliginosus aitkeni, hereafter KI dunnart). Variation in detection probability and cost was examined between four trapping methods. We then compared the occupancy of the KI dunnart in a 2017–2018 survey to a survey from 1999 to 2001. Across the 2017–2018 survey, the KI dunnart was detected at only five sites and was detected most frequently using camera traps on drift fence lines. The taxon was estimated to occupy 27% (95% confidence interval: 7–65%) of sites in the eucalypt woodlands of western KI. Of the methods that have successfully detected KI dunnarts, cameras on fence lines were the most cost-effective. Power analysis suggests that future monitoring surveys in spring and autumn must survey at least 55 sites to be capable of detecting a 60% decline in the KI dunnart population, and 26 sites to detect an 80% decline. Ongoing intensive monitoring is required to assess the population trajectory of the taxon and support its persistence on the island in the long term. 相似文献
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纵向岭谷区地处我国西南部, 是以南北走向为主的山系河谷区。纵向山系、河谷的特殊环境格局的“通道-阻隔”作用及其关联效应使其成为动物南来北往的重要生态走廊和东西扩散的阻隔, 孕育着孟加拉虎(Panthera tigris tigris)、滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)、怒江金丝猴(R. strykeri)、高黎贡白眉长臂猿(Hoolock tianxing)、西黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus concolor)、扭角羚(Budorcas taxicolor)等珍稀濒危哺乳动物。西南纵向岭谷区兽类及雉类红外相机监测平台始建于2011年, 由中国科学院昆明动物研究所牵头。监测区主要覆盖西藏东南部的墨脱地区、高黎贡山、芒市、铜壁关、碧罗雪山、白马雪山、普达措、无量山、哀牢山、澜沧勐矿、西双版纳勐养子保护区和黄连山。目前已建立35个监测样区, 包括自然保护区、国家公园、非保护地等多种类型。截至2019年12月, 共完成803个红外相机监测位点的调查和监测。有效相机工作日约37.92万天, 获得独立有效照片26.99万张。共识别出7目20科60种大中型野生哺乳动物和15种雉类, 包括国家I级重点保护野生动物22种, 国家II级重点保护野生动物27种, IUCN受威胁物种24种, 《中国脊椎动物红色名录》受威胁物种41种。建议今后加强对孟加拉虎、亚洲象(Elephas maximus)等旗舰动物的监测, 服务国家公园规划和生物多样性保护, 深入研究人类活动对大中型哺乳动物群落的影响。 相似文献
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Assessments of spatial patterns of biodiversity change are essential to detect a signature of anthropogenic impacts, inform monitoring and conservation programs, and evaluate implications of biodiversity loss to humans. While taxonomic diversity (TD) is the most commonly assessed attribute of biodiversity, it misses the potential functional or phylogenetic implications of species losses or gains for ecosystems. Functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) are able to capture these important trait‐based and phylogenetic attributes of species, but their changes have to date only been evaluated over limited spatial and temporal extents. Employing a novel framework for addressing detectability, we here comprehensively assess a near half‐century of changes in local TD, FD, and PD of breeding birds across much of North America to examine levels of congruency in changes among these biodiversity facets and their variation across spatial and environmental gradients. Time‐series analysis showed significant and continuous increases in all three biodiversity attributes until ca. 2000, followed by a slow decline since. Comparison of avian diversity at the beginning and end of the temporal series revealed net increase in TD, FD, and PD, but changes in TD were larger than those in FD and PD, suggesting increasing biotic homogenization of avian assemblages throughout the United States. Changes were greatest at high elevations and latitudes – consistent with purported effects of ongoing climate change on biodiversity. Our findings highlight the potential of combining new types of data with novel statistical models to enable a more integrative monitoring and assessment of the multiple facets of biodiversity. 相似文献
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Eric Alfonsi Eleonore Méheust Sandra Fuchs Fran?ois-Gilles Carpentier Yann Quillivic Amélia Viricel Sami Hassani Jean-Luc Jung 《ZooKeys》2013,(365):5-24
In the last ten years, 14 species of cetaceans and five species of pinnipeds stranded along the Atlantic coast of Brittany in the North West of France. All species included, an average of 150 animals strand each year in this area. Based on reports from the stranding network operating along this coast, the most common stranding events comprise six cetacean species (Delphinus delphis, Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba, Globicephala melas, Grampus griseus, Phocoena phocoena)and one pinniped species (Halichoerus grypus). Rare stranding events include deep-diving or exotic species, such as arctic seals. In this study, our aim was to determine the potential contribution of DNA barcoding to the monitoring of marine mammal biodiversity as performed by the stranding network.We sequenced more than 500 bp of the 5’ end of the mitochondrial COI gene of 89 animals of 15 different species (12 cetaceans, and three pinnipeds). Except for members of the Delphininae, all species were unambiguously discriminated on the basis of their COI sequences. We then applied DNA barcoding to identify some “undetermined” samples. With again the exception of the Delphininae, this was successful using the BOLD identification engine. For samples of the Delphininae, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial control region (MCR), and using a non-metric multidimentional scaling plot and posterior probability calculations we were able to determine putatively each species. We then showed, in the case of the harbour porpoise, that COI polymorphisms, although being lower than MCR ones, could also be used to assess intraspecific variability. All these results show that the use of DNA barcoding in conjunction with a stranding network could clearly increase the accuracy of the monitoring of marine mammal biodiversity. 相似文献
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Sam S. Cruickshank Christoph Bühler Benedikt R. Schmidt 《Conservation Science and Practice》2019,1(7):e54
Data collected by volunteers are an important source of information used in species management decisions, yet concerns are often raised over the quality of such data. Two major forms of error exist in occupancy datasets; failing to observe a species when present (imperfect detection—also known as false negatives), and falsely reporting a species as present (false-positive errors). Estimating these rates allows us to quantify volunteer data quality, and may prevent the inference of erroneous trends. We use a new parameterization of a dynamic occupancy model to estimate and adjust for false-negative and false-positive errors, producing accurate estimates of occupancy. We validated this model using simulations and applied it to 12 species datasets collected from a 15-year, large-scale volunteer amphibian monitoring program. False-positive rates were low for most, but not all, species, and accounting for these errors led to quantitative differences in occupancy, although trends remained consistent even when these effects were ignored. We present a model that represents an intuitive way of quantifying the quality of volunteer monitoring datasets, and which can produce unbiased estimates of occupancy despite the presence of multiple types of observation error. Importantly, this allows the quality of volunteer monitoring data to be assessed without relying on comparisons with expert data. 相似文献
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Jan Decher 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1997,6(7):1007-1026
This article considers the conservation of relict natural habitat in West Africa, especially habitat preserved in traditional
sacred groves. Government-sanctioned conservation is contrasted with local grassroots efforts of conservation. Evidence for
the ecological value of sacred groves is based on results of a field study of small mammal communities conducted on the Accra
Plains of Ghana and on published sources on the conservation and use of sacred groves from various countries. The study employed
standard mark-and-recapture techniques for the sampling for terrestrial small mammals, and mist netting for the sampling of
bat communities. Pragmatic approaches combining conservation and sustainable use are considered, as are traditional values
that have preserved the sacred groves in the past for up to several hundred years in some cases. In part because these groves
shelter unique small mammal and plant communities, traditional values and protection mechanisms should be integrated into
the newly emerging cultural and religious contexts. The issues encountered during this study reveal that effective conservation
involving local peoples requires a concerted interdisciplinary effort.
This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Joseph S. Cutler Juan Andrés Olivos Brian Sidlauskas Ivan Arismendi 《Conservation Science and Practice》2020,2(2):e151
Data scarcity impedes a comprehensive impact assessment of the 38 dams currently proposed within the highly biodiverse central African nation of Gabon. Here, we present a multiple-species MaxEnt distribution modeling approach to assess species richness for freshwater fishes at the landscape level and demonstrate its utility in identifying proposed dam sites in Gabon that fall in highly diverse areas. We modeled habitat suitability for 202 of Gabon's fresh and brackish water fish species based on georeferenced presence data from museum specimens and a set of ecologically meaningful environmental conditions. We removed poor performing species from the model and compiled the distributions of 114 well-performing species to generate a new metric, the species pseudorichness index (pR), defined as the cumulative number of species that are highly suited to the habitat in a given segment of river. We used pR as a proxy for true species richness and use this metric to evaluate the distribution of freshwater fish diversity relative to the proposed dam development in Gabon. We found that more than 80% of the proposed dams in Gabon overlap with areas of high pR, implying that planned hydroelectric development in Gabon may disproportionately affect high diversity areas. These dams deserve more focused baseline assessments and conservation action. This approach provides a rapid way to initiate a landscape-scale assessment of freshwater fish diversity to inform conservation decisions in areas that are species rich, but data poor. 相似文献
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《Journal for Nature Conservation》2014,22(3):265-271
It is commonly understood that the cumulative impact of increased habitat destruction on biological systems does not scale linearly. Despite this, current environmental decision-making strategies often fail to incorporate these non-linearities because impact assessments are regularly performed independently without considering contributions to future cumulative impacts, which are, instead, externalised to the environment. Here we used a stochastic modelling framework to examine the effect of three decision-making strategies – externalised, individually-borne and shared cumulative costs – on the number of species driven to extinction by the development of a region. We also tested how different levels of vulnerability (quantified as the correlation between development benefits and species richness) and irreplaceability (expressed as the average area of occupancy of an assemblage) influence the outcomes of development. Overall, the inclusion of cumulative impacts in our simulations resulted in the destruction of fewer patches and, as a consequence, more modest benefits obtained from developments. Moreover, these patterns were strongest when cumulative costs were shared by all developers. The most striking finding was that the distinction between decision-making strategies was highest in landscapes of high vulnerability and irreplaceability. Environmental decision-makers are recommended to commit to a strategy for incorporating the cumulative costs of development because, as this study suggests, this affects the endpoints of conservation and development considerably; especially in the most vulnerable and irreplaceable landscapes. 相似文献
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生物多样性保护是实现生态系统可持续发展的前提,生物多样性保护成效评估是生物多样性监管的基础,科学、有效的评估能够明显提升生物多样性保护与管理水平,并显著改善区域生态环境。总体来看,现有的保护成效评估主要围绕自然保护地、生态环境和生物多样性等研究对象的状态和变化两个层面开展,评估指标体系的侧重点逐渐由管理成效向保护成效转变,评估方法基本涵盖了全球、地区、国家和单个自然保护地等多种空间尺度。然而,由于缺乏统一的指标体系和评价方法,导致区域间的评估结果难以比较,因此多尺度集成评估也难以开展。近年来,全国生物多样性监测网络和数据库的建立,以及多种新技术(如遥感、环境基因组学等)在生物多样性监测中的应用,使得宏观生态系统和微观基因水平的多层次连续监测成为可能。基于此,建议未来我国生物多样性保护成效评估应在认真总结全球生物多样性保护成效评估理论和方法的基础上,加强全国生物多样性监测网络的建设,发展适合中国区域特点的跨学科的综合保护成效评估指标体系。定期的生物多样性保护成效评估,有助于全面了解我国生物多样性保护现状及发展趋势,进而为生物多样性保护和管理决策提供支持和服务,也为中国履行生物多样性公约、实现联合国可持续发展目标提供数据和技术支持。 相似文献
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Francesco de Bello Pavel Fibich David Zelený Martin Kopecký Ondřej Mudrák Milan Chytrý Petr Pyšek Jan Wild Dana Michalcová Jiří Sádlo Petr Šmilauer Jan Lepš Meelis Pärtel 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(12):4088-4101
Ecological theory and biodiversity conservation have traditionally relied on the number of species recorded at a site, but it is agreed that site richness represents only a portion of the species that can inhabit particular ecological conditions, that is, the habitat‐specific species pool. Knowledge of the species pool at different sites enables meaningful comparisons of biodiversity and provides insights into processes of biodiversity formation. Empirical studies, however, are limited due to conceptual and methodological difficulties in determining both the size and composition of the absent part of species pools, the so‐called dark diversity. We used >50,000 vegetation plots from 18 types of habitats throughout the Czech Republic, most of which served as a training dataset and 1083 as a subset of test sites. These data were used to compare predicted results from three quantitative methods with those of previously published expert estimates based on species habitat preferences: (1) species co‐occurrence based on Beals' smoothing approach; (2) species ecological requirements, with envelopes around community mean Ellenberg values; and (3) species distribution models, using species environmental niches modeled by Biomod software. Dark diversity estimates were compared at both plot and habitat levels, and each method was applied in different configurations. While there were some differences in the results obtained by different methods, particularly at the plot level, there was a clear convergence, especially at the habitat level. The better convergence at the habitat level reflects less variation in local environmental conditions, whereas variation at the plot level is an effect of each particular method. The co‐occurrence agreed closest the expert estimate, followed by the method based on species ecological requirements. We conclude that several analytical methods can estimate species pools of given habitats. However, the strengths and weaknesses of different methods need attention, especially when dark diversity is estimated at the plot level. 相似文献
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Thomas J. Rodhouse Sara Rose Trent Hawkins Rogelio M. Rodriguez 《Conservation Science and Practice》2021,3(7):e435
Bat conservation has been impeded by a lack of basic information about species' distributions and abundances. Public participation in closing this gap via citizen (community) science has been limited, but bat species that produce low-frequency calls audible to the unaided human ear provide an overlooked opportunity for collaborative citizen science surveys. Audible bats are rare in regional faunas but occur globally and can be under-surveyed by traditional methods. During 2019–2020, we were joined by community members to conduct aural surveys and expand our knowledge of rare audible desert bats in western North America through a structured survey design broadly adaptable for practitioners across the globe where audible bats occur. Our study was integrated into a statistically robust but flexible master sample in use by the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat), ensuring representativeness of data contributions. We used survey results to update a Bayesian species distribution model for the rare spotted bat, Euderma maculatum, accounting for imperfect detection and including land cover occupancy predictors. Detection probability was estimated ~0.7 ± 0.1. Informative priors from a previous attempt to model E. maculatum were leveraged with the new citizen science data to support spatial predictions of occurrence previously impeded by data sparsity and which reinforced the biogeographic importance of arid cliffs and canyons. Our results are preliminary but encouraging, and future surveys can scale up through the NABat design structure and Bayesian modeling framework. We encourage future surveys to use recording devices to obtain voucher calls and double-observer methods to address false-positive detection errors that arise with inexperienced volunteers. Our design and model supported approach to integrating citizen science surveys into bat conservation programs can strengthen both the scientific understanding of rare species and public engagement in conservation practices. 相似文献
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Kendall R. Jones Amrei von Hase Hugo M. Costa Hugo Rainey Naseeba Sidat Benjamin Jobson Thomas B. White Hedley S. Grantham 《Conservation Science and Practice》2022,4(6):e12686
Human activities such as urbanization, infrastructure and agriculture are driving global biodiversity declines. In an attempt to balance economic development goals with biodiversity conservation, governments and industry apply a decision-making framework known as the mitigation hierarchy, with a goal of achieving no net loss or net gain outcomes for biodiversity. Successful application of the mitigation hierarchy requires biodiversity assessments and spatial planning to inform the design of mitigation policies, identify priority areas for biodiversity conservation and impact avoidance, assess the biodiversity impacts of developments, and identify appropriate mitigation measures including offsetting residual impacts. However, guidance on the necessary data and assessment techniques is often lacking, especially in countries where formal mitigation policies do not exist or are in their infancy. Here, we discuss and demonstrate analyses that can help answer some key questions for formulating effective mitigation policies and applying the mitigation hierarchy. We focus on data and analyses that can inform the avoidance and offset steps in particular, and demonstrate these techniques using a case study in Mozambique. While these analyses will not replace field-based assessments for projects, they offer rapid, low-cost approaches to support scoping and development of mitigation policy, planning and decision-making, especially in relatively data-poor regions. 相似文献
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Jeremy S. Simmonds Amrei von Hase Fabien Quétier Susie Brownlie Martine Maron Hugh P. Possingham Mathieu Souquet Sophus O. S. E. zu Ermgassen Kerry ten Kate Hugo M. Costa Laura J. Sonter 《Conservation Science and Practice》2022,4(3):e12634
Increasingly, government and corporate policies on ecological compensation (e.g., offsetting) are requiring “net gain” outcomes for biodiversity. This presents an opportunity to align development with the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework's (GBF) proposed ambition for overall biodiversity recovery. In this perspective, we describe three conditions that should be accounted for in net gain policy to align outcomes with biodiversity recovery goals: namely, a requirement for residual losses from development to be compensated for by (1) absolute gains, which are (2) scaled to the achievement of explicit biodiversity targets, where (3) gains are demonstrably feasible. We show that few current policies meet these conditions, which risks undermining efforts to achieve the proposed Post-2020 GBF milestones and goals, as well as other jurisdictional policy imperatives to halt and reverse biodiversity decline. To guide future decision-making, we provide a supporting decision tree outlining net gain compensation feasibility. 相似文献
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Shauna L. Mahajan Louise Glew Erica Rieder Gabby Ahmadia Emily Darling Helen E. Fox Michael B. Mascia Madeleine McKinnon 《Conservation Science and Practice》2019,1(7):e44
As conservation shifts to meet the challenges of our globalized world, approaches for planning and evaluating interventions must evolve to account for the increasing complexity of conservation problems and the dynamic, multiscalar relationships between humans and the environment. Systems thinking offers approaches that could help conservation be more adaptive, transparent, and evidence-based. Using case studies and the literature, we trace the evolution of systems thinking and demonstrate how systems mapping could support the process of planning and evaluating interventions. Systems mapping helps disentangle the context of conservation and encourage collaborative planning that integrates diverse views. It can also change the way interventions are characterized and communicated by emphasizing the systems targeted for change as opposed to actions. Last, it can encourage evidence-based decision-making by identifying indicators attune to complexity, prompting discussion on knowledge gaps, and filling gaps through qualitative mapping or computational modeling. Integrating systems thinking in practice will help practitioners foster the capacity for learning and adaptation required for conservation to deliver global results. 相似文献