蛇毒纤溶酶原激活剂TSV-PA在昆虫细胞中的表达

将蛇毒TSV PA基因插入昆虫杆状病毒供体质粒pFastBacHTa中 ,在粉纹夜蛾Tn 5B1 4细胞中进行表达。SDS PAGE分析结果表明 ,表达产物为分子量 33kD的TSV PA蛋白 ,Western印迹分析也证实了此结果。酶活力测定结果表明 ,昆虫细胞表达的TSV PA蛋白具有较高活性     

PA28γ及其胞浆定位突变体在HepG2中的表达

本研究采用RT-PCR法从293T细胞中克隆得到PA28γcDNA全长序列,并将该片段亚克隆到pMD-18T载体中,利用定点突变获得核定位序列缺失突变的PA28γ突变体,分别将野生型(WT)和突变型(MT)PA28γ基因克隆到真核表达载体pDsRed1-C3中,脂质体法转染293T细胞,荧光显微镜观察发现,在293T细胞中,PA28γWT定位在胞核中,而PA28γMT定位在胞浆中;再将野生型和突变型PA28γ基因分别克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)Flag中,用脂质体法將其转染HepG2細胞.Western印迹检测结果表明,PA28γWT和PA28γMT蛋白在HepG2细胞中获得了高效表达,建立了高表达PA28γWT和PA28γMT蛋白的HepG2细胞系.这些结果的获得,为进一步研究人类PA28γ基因的功能奠定了基础.     

灵芝细胞中磷脂酸互作蛋白鉴定

灵芝是名贵药用真菌,三萜是灵芝的关键药效成分。前期研究发现,磷脂酶D (Phospholipase D,PLD) 产生的磷脂酸 (Phosphatidic acid,PA) 可调控三萜合成,为进一步阐明PA调控灵芝三萜合成的分子机制,研究采用PA-beads富集结合LC-MS/MS技术,鉴定灵芝细胞中PA互作蛋白,结果共鉴定到了19个PA互作蛋白,主要包括细胞色素P450单加氧酶 (GL22084)、特异性蛋白激酶MAPK (GL23765)、过氧化氢酶和细胞表面疏水性蛋白等。通过基因克隆、原核表达载体构建、蛋白诱导表达和分离纯化,获得了融合GST标签的GL22084和GL23765蛋白,采用GST-pull down实验,验证了灵芝GL22084和GL23765蛋白与PA互作。研究结果揭示了灵芝细胞中PA互作蛋白,为后续解析PLD介导的PA信号分子调控灵芝三萜合成的分子机理奠定了基础;同时,鉴定到的PA互作蛋白也为其他物种的PLD/PA信号通路相关研究提供借鉴。     

LFn融合蛋白表达载体的构建及转导融合蛋白进入细胞的研究

LFn包括炭疽致死因子(LF)的1—254位氨基酸残基,它可以在PA存在时将融合在其C端的外源蛋白/多肽带入细胞.将LFn的编码序列分别导入pas22和pET21a表达载体中,构建了LFn融合蛋白表达载体pas22 LFn和pET21 ＬＦn.将绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因插入LFn融合蛋白表达载体中,并在其C端融合6个His序列,表达及纯化了LFn EGFP融合蛋白.细胞实验表明,表达的LFn EGFP在PA存在时可以有效地进入细胞.这为今后研究PA和LFn在理论和应用研究中作为“运用工具”的使用打下了基础     

新型高密度发酵基因工程菌G830

运用PCR方法,从磷酸乙酰转移酶（Pta）－乙酸激酶（Ack)代谢途径缺失菌株E.coliPA1染色体上,扩增出天氨酸激酶－1-高丝氨酸脱氢酶－I（thrA）和高丝氨酸激酶（thrB）基因部分序列,构建了整合型重组质粒pVHb-Kan;应用染色体－质粒同源重组的方法,将透明颤菌血红蛋白（Vitreoscila haemoglobin,VHb)基因整合到大杆菌PA1染色体上的thr操纵子,构建了新型整合工程菌G830。在高密度发酵条件下,G830的细胞呼吸强度、能量代谢、最高菌密度和细胞干重,均明显优于对照菌株PA1和BL21;重组蛋白脯氨酰内肽酶在G830和PA1中获得稳定高表达;重组菌生长状况及发酵指标均与空宿主菌基本一致且表达质粒能维持较好的稳定性。整合型vhb的表达及乙酸代谢途径（Pta-Ack）的缺陷,改善了宿主在贫氧条件下的生长,且促进了重组蛋白的表达。该工程菌具有良好的氧耐受力,且乙酸积累得到大幅度降低,可作为适于高密度发酵的基因工程菌。     

PA28γ及其胞浆定位突变体的构建及在肝癌细胞HepG2中的表达

目的：野生型PA28γ和核定位序列突变的PA28γ真核表达质粒并检测其在人肝癌细胞株HepG2中的表达,为进一步研究PA28γ的功能提供实验基础。方法：采用RT-PCR法从293T细胞中克隆得到PA28γ cDNA开放阅读框全长序列,并将该片段亚克隆到pMD-18T载体中,在该载体中利用定点突变获得核定位序列缺失的克隆。分别将野生型（WT）和突变型（MT）PA28γ克隆克隆到真核表达载体pDsRed1-C3中,脂质体法转染293T细胞确定两种克隆的细胞定位。再将野生型和突变型PA28γ分别克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)Flag中,构建好的真核表达质粒采用脂质体法转染人肝癌细胞株HepG2,经G418筛选、Western Blot鉴定后,获得分别高表达野生型PA28γWT和PA28γMT的HepG2细胞系。结果：双酶切及DNA测序结果表明,成功克隆和构建了含PA28γWT和PA28γMT的pDsRed1-C3和pcDNA3.1(-)Flag重组质粒;荧光显微镜观察证实在293T细胞中pDsRed1-C3/PA28γWT定位在胞核中而pDsRed1-C3/PA28γMT定位在胞浆中;Western Blot检测HepG2/ pcDNA3.1(-)Flag/PA28γWT和HepG2/ pcDNA3.1(-)Flag/PA28γMT,证实所筛选的HepG2细胞高表达相应目标蛋白。结论：成功构建了高表达野生型PA28γ和胞浆定位PA28γ的HepG2细胞系,为进一步研究人类PA28γ基因的功能奠定了基础。     

ut-PA抗PAI-1突变体的构建及在sf-9细胞中的表达

为使嵌合分子 ut- PA获得抗 PAI- 1抑制作用的性质 ,将删除了编码 u- PA中 R1 78- R1 79-H1 80 - R1 81的 1 2个核苷酸的 u- PA c DNA[u- PA( 1 ) ]的 Bam H - Eco R 部分酶切片段 ,克隆到含嵌合蛋白 ut- PA基因的转移载体 p VL 1 392 - ut- PA的相应位点中 ,构建了一个含有新的嵌合蛋白基因 ut- PA( 1 )的转移表达载体 p VL1 392 - ut- PA( 1 ) .在昆虫病毒表达系统 sf- 9细胞中表达该嵌合蛋白基因 ,表达上清具有纤溶性 ,用血纤维蛋白平板法和 S2 4 44 显色底物法分别测得活力为 2 4 8IU/ml和 380 IU/ml     

重组含有Epstein-Barr病毒潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)基因的杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中的表达

用杆状病毒表达系统重组病毒,在昆虫细胞中表达了完整的含有ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ１基因３个外显子开放读码框架的长２．３ｋｂ的ｃＤＮＡ片段。用重组病毒感染Ｓｆ９细胞,用免疫荧光染色,结果表明：４８小时表达重组蛋白,７２小时细胞较完整,免疫荧光染色强阳性,９６小时后细胞出现破碎。我们采集７２小时的组织培养上清和细胞破碎裂解液,分别采用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ、ＨＰＬＣ分子筛法,用免疫蛋白印迹法实验证明,表达的蛋白能被抗ＬＭＰ１的单克隆抗体所识别,测定表达蛋白的分子量为６０ｋＤ。经蛋白含量扫描图分析,采用Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ－７５柱初步纯化表达的ＬＭＰ１蛋白,将后者进行裸鼠体内致瘤实验,未见肿瘤生长。     

ut-PA抗PAI-1突变体的构建及在sf-9细胞中的表达

为使嵌合分子 ut- PA获得抗 PAI- 1抑制作用的性质 ,将删除了编码 u- PA中 R1 78- R1 79-H1 80 - R1 81的 1 2个核苷酸的 u- PA c DNA[u- PA( 1 ) ]的 Bam H - Eco R 部分酶切片段 ,克隆到含嵌合蛋白 ut- PA基因的转移载体 p VL 1 392 - ut- PA的相应位点中 ,构建了一个含有新的嵌合蛋白基因 ut- PA( 1 )的转移表达载体 p VL1 392 - ut- PA( 1 ) .在昆虫病毒表达系统 sf- 9细胞中表达该嵌合蛋白基因 ,表达上清具有纤溶性 ,用血纤维蛋白平板法和 S2 4 44 显色底物法分别测得活力为 2 4 8IU/ml和 380 IU/ml     

PTIP相关蛋白1在小鼠睾丸发育过程中的表达及定位

目的探索PTIP相关蛋白1(PTIP associated protein 1,PA1)在小鼠睾丸发育过程中的表达定位。方法采用RTPCR、实时定量PCR和免疫组织化学方法,对PA1在小鼠睾丸不同发育阶段的表达及定位进行检测。结果 RT-PCR和实时定量PCR结果显示,PA1 m RNA在1w、2w、4w、8w、12w、18w和24w的小鼠睾丸中均有表达,且其表达量在2w时达到最高峰,在小鼠性成熟(8w)以后,PA1的表达量趋于平稳。ABC法免疫组织化学染色显示PA1在1w、2w、4w和8w小鼠睾丸各级生精细胞、支持细胞和间质细胞的胞核中均有表达,免疫荧光双标进一步确定PA1表达于支持细胞和间质细胞。结论 PA1可能在维持生精细胞的正常分化及调节睾丸内分泌的平衡中起重要作用。     

The contribution of residues 192 and 193 to the specificity of snake venom serine proteinases

Snake venom serine proteinases, which belong to the subfamily of trypsin-like serine proteinases, exhibit a high degree of sequence identity (60-66%). Their stringent macromolecular substrate specificity contrasts with that of the less specific enzyme trypsin. One of them, the plasminogen activator from Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom (TSV-PA), which shares 63% sequence identity with batroxobin, a fibrinogen clotting enzyme from Bothrops atrox venom, specifically activates plasminogen to plasmin like tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), even though it exhibits only 23% sequence identity with t-PA. This study shows that TSV-PA, t-PA, and batroxobin are quite different in their specificity toward small chromogenic substrates, TSV-PA being less selective than t-PA, and batroxobin not being efficient at all. The specificity of TSV-PA, with respect to t-PA and batroxobin, was investigated further by site-directed mutagenesis in the 189-195 segment, which forms the basement of the S(1) pocket of TSV-PA and presents a His at position 192 and a unique Phe at position 193. This study demonstrates that Phe(193) plays a more significant role than His(192) in determining substrate specificity and inhibition resistance. Interestingly, the TSV-PA variant F193G possesses a 8-9-fold increased activity for plasminogen and becomes sensitive to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.     

The stratagem utilized by the plasminogen activator from the snake Trimeresurus stejnegeri to escape serpins

The plasminogen activator isolated from the venom of the snake Trimeresurus stejnegeri (TSV-PA) triggers plasmin production, along with tissue-type plasminogen activators (t-PA) and urokinase (u-PA). The half-life of TSV-PA in plasma is remarkable. We unveil in this paper two of the molecular mechanisms allowing TSV-PA to escape inhibition by plasma serpins. The first involves a phenylalanine at position 193 (chymotrypsinogen numbering system). Phe(193) distinguishes TSV-PA from nearly all trypsin-like proteinases, having glycine at this position. A mutant of TSV-PA (F193G), in which Phe(193) had been replaced by a glycine, was inactivated by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and alpha(2)-antiplasmin 100-fold more rapidly than the wild-type enzyme. The second mechanism originates from the 37-loop of TSV-PA. Swapping the 37-loop of TSV-PA for either that of t-PA or that of u-PA also increased dramatically the rate of inactivation by PAI-1. Loop swapping and F193G mutations were additive, resulting in a rate of inactivation by PAI-1 that was 4 orders of magnitude higher than for the wild-type enzyme. The potential role of Phe(193) and of the 37-loop in the immunity of TSV-PA toward alpha(1)-antitrypsin and antithrombin is also discussed.     

Insights into the substrate specificity of a novel snake venom serine peptidase by molecular modeling

The cDNA encoding BthaTL, a serine peptidase from the venom of the snake Bothrops alternatus, was cloned and sequenced. The deduced primary structure shows over 62% of identity with snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (SVTLEs), molecules with high substrate specificity toward different natural substrates. Indeed, a phylogenetic reconstruction by two different methods clustered this enzyme close to other SVTLEs. These enzymes generally affect the hemostatic system in several ways, and therefore are used as tools in pharmacology and clinical diagnosis. A three-dimensional model of BthaTL was built by homology modeling using TSV-PA (Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom plasminogen activator) crystal structure as template. BthaTL model showed that the typical catalytic triad conformation of serine peptidases was preserved. The calcium coordination ligands were absent or adopt an unfavorable conformation, preventing interactions with metals. On the other hand, the Asp97-Arg174 saline bridge of TSV-PA was not found and its specificity determinant Phe193 is replaced by a Gly in BthaTL. The substitution of essential residues in the neighborhoods of the catalytic site cleft of BthaTL indicates that these two proteins do not share the same enzymatic specificity, what means that BthaTL will probably not activate plasminogen. Such observations may be helpful in the understanding of the molecular mechanism for substrate specificity of these enzymes.     

The pathway mediating insulin's effects on pyruvate dehydrogenase bypasses the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase

The effect of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was examined in two different cell types that over expressed either normal or defective human insulin receptors, RAT 1 embryonic fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Insulin stimulated pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in cells that expressed normal insulin receptors (RAT 1 HIRc, and CHO-WT and CHO-T cells), or receptors in which lysine 1018 in the ATP-binding site of the tyrosine kinase domain was exchanged for alanine (RAT 1 A/K1018 and CHO-mut cells). For both rat and hamster cell lines, the insulin dose-response curves from cells that expressed the mutant receptors were identical to those from the appropriate controls that over expressed the normal insulin receptors. Insulin failed to stimulate pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in CHO-delta cells, which expressed a mutant human insulin receptor that was truncated by 112 amino acids at the carboxyl terminal of the beta chain. Control studies verified that all the cells used in this study exhibited the expected phenotypes with respect to the number of insulin receptors which they expressed, insulin-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity, and the biological consequences of inactivating the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase. These findings show that the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase does not play an obligatory role in the insulin signaling pathway that stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.     

On the modeling of snake venom serine proteinase interactions with benzamidine-based thrombin inhibitors

Pit viper venoms contain a number of serine proteinases that exhibit one or more thrombin-like activities on fibrinogen and platelets, this being the case for the kinin-releasing and fibrinogen-clotting KN-BJ from the venom of Bothrops jararaca. A three-dimensional structural model of the KN-BJ2 serine proteinase was built by homology modeling using the snake venom plasminogen activator TSV-PA as a major template and porcine kallikrein as additional structural support. A set of intrinsic buried waters was included in the model and its behavior under dynamic conditions was molecular dynamics simulated, revealing a most interesting similarity pattern to kallikrein. The benzamidine-based thrombin inhibitors alpha-NAPAP, 3-TAPAP, and 4-TAPAP were docked into the refined model, allowing for a more insightful functional characterization of the enzyme and a better understanding of the reported comparatively low affinity of KN-BJ2 toward those inhibitors.     

Expression and characterization of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II from cloned cDNAs in Chinese hamster ovary cells

cDNAs containing the entire coding regions of the alpha and beta subunits of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) were isolated from a rat cerebrum cDNA library, ligated into an expression vector under the control of SV40 early promoter and introduced into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To investigate the role of the alpha and beta subunits and their functional domains in CaM kinase II activity, the properties of the kinases expressed in the transfected cells were studied. CaM kinase II activity was detected in the transfected cells when the alpha and beta cDNAs were introduced into CHO cells simultaneously. RNA transfer blot and protein immunoblot analyses demonstrated the expression of the mRNAs and proteins of both alpha and beta subunits in the cloned cells. When alpha or beta cDNA was introduced into CHO cells separately, a significant level of the enzyme activity was also expressed, indicating that the alpha and beta subunits exhibited enzyme activity individually. The apparent Km values for ATP and MAP 2 were almost the same for the alpha subunit, beta subunit, alpha beta complex, and brain CaM kinase II. However, there was a slight difference in the affinity for calmodulin between the expressed proteins. The alpha and beta subunits expressed in the same cells polymerized to form alpha beta complex of a size similar to that of brain CaM kinase II. The alpha subunit also polymerized to form an oligomer, which showed almost the same S value as that of alpha beta complex and brain CaM kinase II. In contrast, the beta subunit did not polymerize. The alpha subunit, beta subunit, alpha beta complex, and brain CaM kinase II were autophosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Ca2+ and calmodulin, which resulted in the appearance of Ca2+-independent activity. The Ca2+-independent activity was 60-75% of the total activity as measured in the presence of Ca2+ plus calmodulin. To examine the functional relationship of peptide domains of the subunits of CaM kinase II, deleted cDNAs were introduced into CHO cells and the properties of the expressed proteins were studied. In cells transfected with alpha or beta cDNA from which the association domain was deleted, a significant level of kinase activity was expressed. However, the expressed proteins showed hardly any autophosphorylation and the appearance of Ca2+-independent enzyme activity was very low, indicating that the association domain was essential for the autophosphorylation and for the appearance of the Ca2+-independent activity.     

Artifact-inducing enrichment of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid on anion exchange resins

Methods for the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human lung mononuclear cells (LMCs) have been proposed previously. This study describes a method that allows the separation of lymphocyte-rich LMCs from rats. Trypan blue was applied to determine cell viability. White blood cell and differential cell counts were also performed. Relationships between nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase, EC 3.6.1.5) activities expressed in milligrams of protein, millions of cells, and millions of viable cells were examined as linear correlations. The lung tissue yielded 82.46% lymphocytes, 8.6% macrophages, 2.20% monocytes, and 1.27% polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). In LMCs, a very strong correlation was observed as follows: between NTPDase activity, as determined using ATP or ADP as a substrate, expressed in milligrams of protein and that expressed in millions of cells (r ? 0.91), between that expressed in milligrams of protein and that expressed in millions of viable cells (r ? 0.91), and between that expressed in millions of cells and that expressed in millions of viable cells (r ? 0.98). Based on our results, we affirm that NTPDase activity could be expressed in millions of viable cells, millions of cells, or milligrams of protein.     

Differential expression of alkaline phosphatase and ATPase activities in human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29.18 during differentiation

The expression and cytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase and Na+-pump sites were investigated in the human adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29.18 during differentiation. In the undifferentiated state, HT-29.18 cells expressed ATPase activity on plasma membrane whereas they displayed no alkaline phosphatase activity. In differentiated HT-29.18 cells, strong alkaline phosphatase activity was present on the apical membrane, whereas ATPase activity was restricted to the basolateral membrane. Intra- and intercellular lumina (cysts) observed in undifferentiated cells were devoid of both enzyme activities. In differentiated cells, cysts bearing well developed microvilli were strongly positive for alkaline phosphatase activity, while this activity seemed to be lacking in cysts without microvilli. ATPase activity was not found in either type of structure. Finally, HT-29.18 differentiated cells expressed, at pH 9.0, a p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity six-fold greater than that of undifferentiated cells.     

Immunochemical identification of the chick HPRT gene transferred from chick erythrocytes to mammalian somatic cells

Immunochemical methods were used to identify the genetic origin of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) expressed in heteroploid, HPRT-deficient mouse (A9) cells and Chinese hamster ovary (K627) cells, after these cells were fused with chick embryo erythrocytes and selected for resistance to hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium. All of the HAT-selected clones produced HPRT activity which was immunoprecipitable by an antiserum specific for chick HPRT, but not by an antiserum specific for mouse and hamster HPRT. Furthermore, the HPRT activity in these clones was electrophoretically indistinguishable from chick liver HPRT and clearly different from mouse liver HPRT. These data provide evidence that the HPRT activity expressed in cell hybrids produced by the fusion of HPRT-negative mammalian cells and chick erythrocytes containing genetically inactive nuclei is indeed coded by the chick HPRT gene and that an avian gene can be stably incorporated and correctly expressed in a mammalian cells.