骆驼蓬醇提取物杀虫活性初步研究

骆驼蓬全草醇粗提物分为石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水溶性5部分,提取得率分别为4.6%、1.7%、0.3%、4.8%、7.6%.分别配成2.0g·L-1至0.1g·L-1一系列梯度浓度,采用浸叶法进行小麦蚜虫的杀灭活性试验,48h后,结果表明,浓度越高,活性越大,其中在2.0g·L-1处理时水部分和氯仿部分活性非常明显,小麦蚜虫校正死亡率可达95.46%、90.83%.另外化学成分系统预试结果表明茎叶含有丰富的生物碱,黄酮,酚性成分等.     

30种药用植物提取物杀虫杀菌活性研究

采用微量点滴法和载毒叶片饲喂法测定30种药用植物乙醇提取物对粘虫3龄幼虫的触杀、胃毒以及拒食活性。结果表明,供试样品在50mg·mL-1浓度下均无明显的触杀或胃毒作用,但卡瓦胡椒和川陈皮对试虫有一定的拒食活性,其中卡瓦胡椒24h拒食中浓(AFC50)为4.12mg·mL-1,48h为9.12mg·mL-1。采用抑制菌丝生长速率法和抑制孢子萌发法测定离体杀菌活性的结果表明,供试样品在2mg·mL-1浓度下,卡瓦胡椒和厚朴对供试病原菌均有较强抑制作用。毒力测定结果表明,卡瓦胡椒对玉米大斑病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、小麦根腐病菌、油菜菌核病菌4种病原真菌菌丝生长抑制的有效中浓(EC50)分别为108、258、290、205mg·L-1,厚朴分别为208、331、345、408mg·L-1;卡瓦胡椒对玉米大斑病菌、玉米小斑病菌、烟草赤星病菌3种病原真菌抑制孢子萌发的有效中浓(EC50)分别为155、195、268mg·L-1,厚朴则分别为151、242、241mg·L-1。根据以上结果,我们认为卡瓦胡椒和厚朴的乙醇提取物具有较高的杀菌活性,其有效成分值得进一步研究。     

藜芦杀虫活性的初步研究

先后以乙醇、氯仿和正丁醇为溶剂,提取了熊耳山区植物藜芦根茎中的活性物质。得到3个提取物:乙醇提取物、氯仿萃取物和正丁醇萃取物,产率分别为2.93%、1.14%和0.58%。测定了3种溶剂萃取物对粘虫、蚜虫、朱砂叶螨和蚊幼虫的毒杀活性。结果说明:这几种提取物都具有良好的毒杀效果。氯仿提取物对3龄粘虫有很强的拒食作用;乙醇提取物对4龄蚊幼虫的杀虫活性最高;3种溶剂萃取物对蚜虫的毒杀能力大小次序为:氯仿提取物>正丁醇提取物>乙醇提取物;对朱砂叶螨的毒杀力大小为:乙醇提取物>氯仿提取物>正丁醇提取物。采用试管反应法和层析法对藜芦根茎提取物进行化学成分预试,结果显示:乙醇提取物、氯仿提取物和正丁醇提取物中均含有生物碱类活性物质。     

鄂西特有植物提取物的杀虫活性

首次报道悬铃木叶苎麻、龟背竹、李叶绣线菊、扇脉杓兰、鞘柄木、青牛胆、仙茅和大叶金腰的杀虫活性。质量分数为1%的(下同)千里光茎、李叶绣线菊花、龟背竹、扇脉杓兰茎叶、悬铃木叶苎麻和鞘柄木叶甲醇提取物对舍蝇Musca domestica vicinaMacquart 48 h的致死率在70%以上,其中千里光茎为96.55%。仙茅、扇脉杓兰和李叶绣线菊花对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)种群60 d繁殖抑制率达50%以上,其中最高仙茅为83.52%。仙茅和李叶绣线菊花对赤拟谷盗30 d的毒杀率在60%以上。悬铃木叶苎麻对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera lituraFabricius 3龄幼虫48 h的拒食率为84.00%。李叶绣线菊花、青牛胆、悬铃木叶苎麻和大叶金腰对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guen?e)3龄幼虫具较好拒食效果,其中,李叶绣线菊花48 h对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的拒食率为81.17%,这几种植物还引起试虫体重不增加、化蛹延迟、畸形蛹或部分蛹死亡现象。所筛选植物对致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinguefasciatusSay 4龄幼虫48h的毒杀率均低于20%。以甲醇冷浸提取法对所采集的植物材料进行冷浸提取时,提取率分布在1.92%至12.92%之间。     

小桐子果壳提取物杀虫活性的生物测定

以水、乙醇、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚为溶剂,采用冷浸法对小桐子果壳进行粗提,并分别测定各粗提物对豌豆长管蚜和菜青虫的毒力,从中筛选出毒力最强的粗提物进一步对菜青虫进行作用方式的测定.6种溶剂粗提物对豌豆长管蚜和菜青虫的毒力测试结果表明:三氯甲烷提取物和乙醇提取物的活性显著高于其它溶剂提取物,且两种提取物对豌豆长管...     

蓖麻提取物的杀虫作用研究进展

随着食品安全和发展低碳农业的需要,植物源农药的研究受到了空前的关注。在众多植物源杀虫剂中,蓖麻(Ricinus communis L.)由于其价廉易得、杀虫谱广、杀虫效果好、使用简单方便等优点,逐渐引起人们的高度重视。本文主要从蓖麻毒素粗提物、蓖麻毒蛋白和蓖麻碱的生物效应进行综述,并对其应用发展前景、使用过程中存在的问题与相应的解决办法进行了讨论。     

14种菊科植物提取物对菜青虫的杀虫活性

用胜红蓟、黄花蒿、青蒿、艾蒿、鬼针草、三叶鬼针草、鱼眼草、小鱼眼草、紫茎泽兰、千里光、希签草、万寿菊、肿柄菊、苍耳等１４种菊科植物的石油醚、氯仿、丙酮、乙醇、甲醇和水提取物对菜青虫５龄幼虫的生测结果表明,黄花蒿、青蒿、艾蒿、鱼眼草、小鱼眼草、紫茎泽兰、万寿菊等７种菊科植物甲醇和乙醇提取物具有较高的杀虫活性。此结果为进一步从菊科植物中提取,分离和筛选高活性杀虫活性成分奠定了基础。     

灰毛豆甲醇提取物的杀虫活性

研究灰毛豆(Tephrosia purpurea)各部位提取物的杀虫活性及其作用方式。结果表明,灰毛豆对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus Skuse幼虫、菜青虫Pieris rapae(L.)、斜纹夜蛾Prodenialitura(Fabricius)幼虫和黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata(Fabricius)成虫都有杀虫活性。灰毛豆种子、树皮、根皮、豆荚、枝条和树叶的甲醇提取物对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫24h的LC50值分别是22.1,97.7,36.6,142.6,165.6和618.3mg.L-1,树干木质部没有杀虫活性;灰毛豆种子、树皮和根皮甲醇提取物对3龄菜青虫24h的触杀毒力LC50值分别是232.1,206.3和236.7mg.L-1;种子、树皮、根皮、枝条、树叶和豆荚对3龄菜青虫的24h胃毒毒力LC50值分别是192.6,168.4,249.7,524.5,1001.0,和510.7mg.L-1。在取食或接触有提取物的叶碟后,5龄菜青虫会出现取食量减少和生长发育变慢的亚致死现象。这些研究结果表明,灰毛豆除茎干木质部以外的其它各部位均含有杀虫活性成分,其作用方式为胃毒和触杀。     

苍耳等48种植物提取物的杀虫活性

采用浸虫法测定了48种植物的丙酮提取物对小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella L．）的杀虫活性,并研究了苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum Patrin．）不同溶剂提取物对小菜蛾和棉蚜（Aphis gossypii Glover）的触杀作用以及苍耳丙酮提取物不同溶剂萃取物对小菜蛾的触杀作用。结果表明,在供试的48种植物中,500g·L^-1黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L）、泽漆（Euphorbia helioscopia L．）、夏至草[Lagopsis supina（Steph．ex Willd．）Ik．-Gal．ex Knorr．]、苍耳及律草[Humulus scandens（Lour．）Merr．]的丙酮提取物对小菜蛾的杀虫活性较强。在苍耳的不同溶剂提取物中,苍耳丙酮提取物的杀虫活性最强,乙醇和乙酸乙酯提取物的杀虫活性次之。另外,50g·L^-1苍耳丙酮提取物的氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾的杀虫活性最强,24h和48h的校正死亡率分别为88．33％和91．67％。     

Studies on the Origin of the Traditional Chinese Drug Fuxiong and Its Relationships with Ligusticum chuanxiong and L. sinense

The vegetative characters of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. cv. Fuxiong are described in comparison with L. chuanxiong Hort. and L. sinense Oliv. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of the three taxa were studied in root tip cells by Feulgen’s squash method. Their karyotypes are determined as follows: L. chuanxiong, K(2n)=22=16 m+ 4sm+2st (sat); L. chuanxiong cv. Fuxiong, K(2n)=33=24 m+6sm+3st (sat); L. sinense, K(2n)=22=12 m+6sm+2sm (sat)+2st (sat). The karyotypic similarities are found between L. chuanxiong and its cultivariety, butthe former is a diploid while the latter probably is a homologous triploid.     

墨兰花朵发育和衰老生理的初步研究

目的：了解墨兰花朵的发育和衰老生理,为控制黑兰花期提供科学依据。方法：测定不同发育期的墨兰花瓣的干重／鲜重、呼吸速率、过氧化物酶活性及可溶性糖含量。结果：黑兰花朵在由花蕾发育到衰老的过程中,上述指标呈现出一定的变化规律。     

大花蕙兰与墨兰种间杂交子房培养研究初报

大花蕙兰与墨兰种间远缘杂交是培育具香味、易开花、早开花、抗性强的大花蕙兰品种的有效途径之一。本研究以大花蕙兰为母本,墨兰为父本进行种间杂交,共设计三个杂交组合。结果显示,同一组合子房不同离体时间培养萌发率差异明显,且不同组合间最适宜子房培养的离体时间有所差异。三个杂交组合最适宜的子房离体时间分别为授粉后90 d、120 d及100 d,萌发率分别为80.0%、80.0%及60.0%。     

大花蕙兰与墨兰杂交结实率研究初报

取3个大花蕙兰品种与1个墨兰品种进行自交与杂交。共设计10个组合,成功获得4个杂交组合;共授粉257朵花,成功获得21个果荚,结实率为8.1%。大花蕙兰与墨兰杂交正反交的结实率差异不大。各组合果荚生长曲线走势大致相同,授粉后10~12 d,子房开始膨大,并于60~80 d趋于平稳。大部分落果于授粉后30d内发生,部分于生长中后期黄化脱落,双亲遗传物质的不协调性及栽培管理可能是重要影响因素。     

The Effect of Low Temperature during Imbibition on Germination Characteristics of Tetracentron sinense (Tetracentraceae) Seeds

In this paper, the effects of low temperature, soil moisture and freezing time on the germination of Tetracentron sinense Oliv. seeds were studied by simulating wild environment conditions, and the factors influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population were discussed. The results are as follows: (1) The imbibition process of Tsinense seed can be divided into four stages, the water absorbing capacity of Tsinense seed after imbibition would increase with the increase of soil moisture, and the seeds would be fully imbibed under the condition of 30% soil moisture; (2) The germination rate, germination force and water content of Tsinense seed increased with the increase of storage time, and the vigor index gradually decreased after increasing before; (3) At different low temperature, the germination rate of Tsinense seed reached the highest when the soil moisture is 20% or 30%; (4) When treated at 20% soil moisture for 2-4 days or 21-28 days, 0℃ is best for the germination rate of Tsinense seed; when treated at 30% soil moisture for 14-28 days, -7℃ is best fort he germination rate of Tsinense seed; (5) When treated at the same condition of freezing time, the germination rate of seeds in fallen leaves had no significant difference with the decrease of low temperature; under the same condition of low temperature (0℃ low temperature except), the germination rate increased after frozen 28 days. The results showed that there is no significant influence of low temperature during imbibition on germination characteristics of Tetracentron sinense seeds and indicating that low temperature during imbibition is not the main factor influencing the natural regeneration of Tsinense population.     

广西隆安蔗区环境地球初步研究

 通过对广西隆安县甘蔗产区不同地层甘蔗生长状况和产量的调查,划分甘蔗生长的适宜地层,并通过母岩、土壤、甘蔗植株中31种元素含量的分析,研究植物与地球化学环境之间的关系,确定对甘蔗生产产生影响的元素。结果是：不同地层上甘蔗产量差异显著,以C3为优势区,C2、D2d2为次优势区,D3、Qp为劣势区,对甘蔗生产有明显促进作用的营养元素有K、Na、B、N;对甘蔗产量的提高有抑制影响的元素有As、Cr、Cu、Ca。     

Study on Structure and Localization of Acid Phosphatase of Mycorrhizal Root of Cymbidium sinense (Orchidaceae)

The microstructure and ultrastructure of mycorrhizal root of Cymbidum sinenese (Andr.) Wild were studied. The results showed that this species possesses the typical root structure of orchids. There is no passage cells in the exodermis of root. Mycorrhizal fungi invade into the cortex by destroying the velamen and exodermal cells, and form pelotons in cortical cells. The hyphae colonizing cortical cells were separated from the cortical cells by electron- lucent material and cortical cell plasma membrane and digested. They often gathered to form clumps. Localization of acid phosphatase revealed that this enzyme possessed higher activity in the cortical cells containing hyphae. Many products of it also occurred on cortical cell plasma membrane surrounding hyphae and degenerated hyphae cell wall. Higher acid phosphatase activity was observed in many vesicles in the cortical cells infected by fimgi. These enzyme vesicles gathered around the invaded hy-phae and often fused with each other, or with cortical cell plasma membrane surrounding hyphae to digest these hyphae. It means cortical cells were able to release hydrolytic enzyme to digest the invaded hyphae.     

川芎HPLC—APCI—MS特征图谱方法研究

建立川芎中药高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱（HPLC-DAD-APCI—MS）特征指纹图谱的分析方法。采用HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS联用技术,对川芎甲醇提取物中活性成分进行了分离和初步鉴定,并对10批不同来源的川芎样品和1批当归样品进行分析,建立川芎有效部位的特征图谱。本文所建立的色谱方法精密度、重现性、稳定性良好,采用APCI—MS共计鉴定出川芎甲醇提取物中10种有效成分,酚酸类化合物为：ferulic acid;苯酞类化合物：senkyunolide I、senkyunolide H、senkyunolide A、3-butylphthalide、coniferylferulate、Z-ligustilide、E—butyli—denephthalide;苯酞二聚体类化合物：riligustilide、levistolide A。该方法是川芎药材质量控制的可靠方法。     

墨兰菌根的结构及酸性磷酸酶定位研究

利用光学显微镜、电子显微镜及细胞化学方法,对墨兰菌根的结构和酸性磷酸酶定位进行了初步研究。结果表明墨兰具有典型的兰科植物根结构,发现该兰花的根的外皮层不具薄壁通道细胞,菌根真菌通过破坏部分根被和外皮层细胞而侵入根的皮层细胞并在细胞内形成菌丝结,侵入的菌丝被染菌皮层细胞质膜和电子透明物质包围,进一步被消化并聚集成衰败菌丝团块。酸性磷酸酶在染菌皮层细胞及包围菌丝的皮层细胞质膜和衰败菌丝细胞壁上有强烈的酶反应,衰败菌丝周围分布有许多单层膜的含酶小泡,它们可相互愈合形成大的含酶泡或与包围菌丝的质膜融合,类似于兰科植物共生原球茎中观察到的现象。说明皮层细胞可主动释放水解酶参与对菌丝的消化     

Study on Leaf Anatomy and Photosynthesis of Cymbidium sinense

The leaf surface of Cymbidium sinense(Andr.) Willd was covered with cuticle and wax. The stomata were distributed in the dorsum of the leaf, the density being 100–130 mm-2 There was a stomatal cover on each stoma. The mesophyll was not differentiated into spongy tissue and palisade tissue. No chloroplast was observed in the vascular bundle sheath cells. The chloroplast in the mesophyll cells had well developed grana, with lightly stacked thylakoids and osmiophilic granules. The highest quantum yield of functional leaf was 0.082. The light compensation point of photosynthesis was about 5 μE·m-2·s-1, the light saturation point was about 200 μE·m-2·s-1. The photosynthetic ra,e of Cymbidium sinense was very low, generally 2.0–2.6 μmol CO2· m-2·s-1. The optimum temperature of photosynthesis of one-year-old leaf was 25℃. The photosynthe,ic rate of the three-year-old leaf declined with temperature rise. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b was about 2.7. The CO2 compensation point of photosynthesis was 105–220 ppm. All these data show that Cymbidium sinense belongs to the typical shade plants with low photosynthetic rate and high CO2 compensation point that explains that the growth of Cymbidium sinense is slow in nature.