内蒙古察右前旗庙子沟新石器时代颅骨的人类学特征

本文所报道的１７例新石器时代人类颅骨出土于内蒙古自治区右前旗的庙子沟遗址,其年年代相当于仰韶文化晚期阶段。对该组颅骨的观察和测量结果表明,庙子沟新石器时代居民的体质特征与现代东亚蒙古人种最为接近。     

河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代人类牙齿形态特征的观察与研究

本文应用牙齿人类学的研究方法,对出自河北阳原姜家梁遗址的新石器时代居民的牙齿形态特征进行了研究。采用“亚利桑那州立大学牙齿人类学系统”进行牙齿形态观察,应用“平均差异度”(MMD)距离公式计算出姜家梁组与其他各对比组的MMD距离系数以估计群体间的相似程度,并根据MMD矩阵对18组人群进行聚类分析和因子分析。本文研究结果表明,姜家梁居民的牙齿形态特征属于中国型牙(Sinodonty),但自身又具有某些独特的特征,如铲形上颌中央门齿和单根上颌第一前臼齿等特征的出现率很高。综合来看,姜家梁组在铲形上颌中央门齿、双铲形上颌中央门齿、单根上颌第一前臼齿和第一臼齿转向皱纹这4项性状上具有很高的出现率;上颌第一臼齿釉质延伸、上颌第三臼齿退化、三根下颌第一臼齿和下颌第二臼齿四尖这四项性状出现率处于中等水平。与同时代的下王岗组和庙子沟组比较而言,姜家梁组与庙子沟组的关系更为密切,有研究表明姜家梁组居民与庙子沟组居民具有较为相近的头骨形态特征,本文研究结果表明两者具有较为接近的牙齿形态特征,这说明在体质特征上相近的人群在头骨形态特征和牙齿形态特征方面的表现可能较为一致,但只通过这两个对比组的比较结果而下此结论还为时过早,尚有待于积累更多的同类型族群的相关牙齿人类学资料验证之。     

内蒙古察右前旗庙子沟新石器时代人类牙齿的形态观察

本文所报道的新石器时代人类牙齿标本采集自内蒙古自治区乌兰察布盟察右前旗的庙子沟遗址。该遗址的年代相当于仰韶时代的晚期。所收集到的牙齿标本共计576枚(上颌274枚,下颌302枚),均系恒齿,分别属于31例个体。其中包括男性11例,女性15例,另外5例为未成年个体,性别不详。     

长阳青铜时代与大同北魏朝代人类牙齿的形态变异

本文记述了湖北长阳县深潭湾青铜时代和山西大同市郊北魏朝代两处墓葬遗址出土的人类牙齿形态变异的状况,提供人们对牙齿形态种种变异的认识,探索非测量性牙齿特征在研究种族和人群之间关系中的意义。     

福建漳平奇和洞发现的新石器时代早期人类头骨

2011年在福建漳平奇和洞发现的距今1万年左右的新石器时代早期人类遗骸"奇和洞III号",是迄今在福建地区发现的最早、最完整的古人类头骨,为探讨华南更新世晚期向全新世过渡阶段人类的体质特征及现代人群的形成与分化提供了重要的研究材料。本文对这件头骨进行了研究,奇和洞III号为35岁左右的男性个体,牙齿龋病严重,推测当时人类的经济模式主要以农耕为主。通过与更新世晚期柳江、山顶洞101号及14组新石器时代人类头骨的比较,发现奇和洞III号头骨兼有更新世晚期人类及新石器南、北方居民的混合体质特征:奇和洞III号头骨长而脑量大,似更新世晚期人类;其高而狭窄的面部、宽阔而低矮的鼻部,呈现出不同于南、北方人群的特殊体质特征。主成分分析显示,奇和洞III号与对比的新石器时代各组在头骨的测量数据上没有表现为明显的南、北地区间差异,但在头骨的测量指数或形状上存在时代和地区间的不同。本文研究为新旧石器过渡阶段人类体质特征的变异提供了进一步证据。     

河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代遗址头骨非测量性状的观察与研究

本文对河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代遗址头骨进行了非测量性状的观察。选择了在时间和空间上与之相关的12个人群作为研究对比组,求出各对比组之间的平均差异度（MMD）值,以MMD值为基础进行了聚类分析和主坐标分析。结果表明,姜家梁新石器时代居民在非测量性状上有着比较明显的特点：既与其它某些人群（特别是与贝加尔人群、华北组）有着某种联系,但现在还没有证据说明这种联系的密切程度以及是何种方式的联系;同时,姜家梁组可能是因为还存在着某些独立的特征（比如其较高的或者较低的非测量性状特征）,使之不能完全地归入到某种人群中去。我们期待从这一地区及其周邻地区发现更多的古人骨材料,以期从研究中得出更细致的结论。     

湖北长阳青铜时代人类乳齿特征的研究

对在湖北长阳县深潭湾崖葬墓出土的青铜时代人类乳齿形态特征的观察研究显示在人类恒齿出现的大多数具有种族识别价值的形态特征在乳齿有相等程度的表现,其中部分特征的出现率和表现程度高于恒齿。与其他地区人群相比,长阳青铜时代人类乳齿特征在总体上与东北亚人类具有的“中国型牙齿”特征接近。同时,在个别牙齿特征上呈现出南亚蒙古人种的特点。作者对产生这种现象的原因进行了分析。本文还就长阳青铜时代人类乳齿测量数据的表现特点进行了探讨。     

陕西陇县战国时代人类牙齿形态特征

本文记述了陕西县出土的战国时代人类牙齿形态特征。数据对比和统计分析显示：与华北新石器时代人类相比,陇县人类牙齿形态特征除具有典型蒙古人种的共同特点外,与现代华北人更为接近。作者认为在近一万年内华北地区人类在体质特征上经历了某种规律性的演化过程,其表现特点是朝向现代华北人的方向转变。这一过程反映了东北亚地区人类在这一特定时间内体质特征的微观演化趋势。     

内蒙古察右前旗庙子沟遗址新石器时代人骨的稳定同位素分析

稳定同位素分析技术近年来发展为复原古代民族食物结构、社会经济模式的有效手段。本文在应用该技术对庙子沟新石器时代遗址出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示,庙子沟新石器时代居民日常饮食习惯中保持着相当比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中以C4类植物为主。结合其他相关资料,我们认为该组居民是以农业生产方式为主,狩猎业、采集业和渔猎业在经济生活中占据重要地位。本文的研究结果可以为复原新石器时代北方农牧交错带居民的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

湖北郧西黄龙洞更新世晚期人类牙齿

对2004—2006年在湖北省郧西县黄龙洞发现的7枚更新世晚期人类牙齿进行了观测与分析, 在此基础上与相关的化石人类及近代现代人类标本进行了对比。本研究发现:黄龙洞人类牙齿总体特征与现代人接近, 同时也保留部分可能属于更新世晚期人类的特点, 包括前部牙齿(侧门齿与犬齿)尺寸及粗壮程度都明显大于现代人。黄龙洞人类牙齿呈现的铲形门齿、双铲形门齿及臼齿釉质延伸说明,当时人类已经具有了东亚人群的典型牙齿形态特征。     

亚洲地区人类群体亲缘关系：活体测量数据统计分析

本文采用多元统计方法分析了亚洲地区２５个人群的活体测量资料以探讨亚洲地区各人类群体之间的相互关系,数据分析结果显示这一地区的人类按活体特征的差异可以划分为两大类型。包括中国、朝鲜、日本等东北亚的人类构成一个组群;东南亚的人类形成另一个组群。南亚地区的人类在分类上与东南亚的人类接近但仍呈现一些特殊性。日本列岛的人类具有两种体质特征类型。本岛居民与东北亚人类接近;而包括阿伊努、硫球群岛岛民及台湾土著在     

Dental perspectives on the population history of Southeast Asia

This article uses metric and nonmetric dental data to test the "two-layer" or immigration hypothesis whereby Southeast Asia was initially occupied by an "Australo-Melanesian" population that later underwent substantial genetic admixture with East Asian immigrants associated with the spread of agriculture from the Neolithic period onwards. We examined teeth from 4,002 individuals comprising 42 prehistoric and historic samples from East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Melanesia. For the odontometric analysis, dental size proportions were compared using factor analysis and Q-mode correlation coefficients, and overall tooth size was also compared between population samples. Nonmetric population affinities were estimated by Smith's distances, using the frequencies of 16 tooth traits. The results of both the metric and nonmetric analyses demonstrate close affinities between recent Australo-Melanesian samples and samples representing early Southeast Asia, such as the Early to Middle Holocene series from Vietnam, Malaysia, and Flores. In contrast, the dental characteristics of most modern Southeast Asians exhibit a mixture of traits associated with East Asians and Australo-Melanesians, suggesting that these populations were genetically influenced by immigrants from East Asia. East Asian metric and/or nonmetric traits are also found in some prehistoric samples from Southeast Asia such as Ban Kao (Thailand), implying that immigration probably began in the early Neolithic. Much clearer influence of East Asian immigration was found in Early Metal Age Vietnamese and Sulawesi samples. Although the results of this study are consistent with the immigration hypothesis, analysis of additional Neolithic samples is needed to determine the exact timing of population dispersals into Southeast Asia.     

Heterochronic quantitative microevolution: Dental divergence in aboriginal Americans

Studies of tooth crown morphology alone have proven valuable in defining human population differentiation. We test the hypothesis that quantitative comparisons of more complex whole tooth structure may prove informative in understanding human diversity. Three disparate populations in Native American genetic history were compared: Kodiak Island Western Eskimos, Peruvian Inca Amerindians, and Southeast Asians. Enamel depth (an increasing gradient extended from Southeast Asians to the Inca) and root parameters were the most discriminating variables. The observed microevolution appears to result from variation in timing of known X-linked, Y-linked, and autosomal genes that affect either ameloblast or odontoblast differentiation. The dental traits were sexually dimorphic, the effect being more pronounced in aboriginal Americans, with male teeth having robust roots and thin enamel compared to female. Southeast Asians were isometrically related. The prominence of sexual dimorphism and the importance of sex-linked genes in the determination of the dental phenotypes suggest that sexual selection was one evolutionary force acting on early Asian populations. Subsequently, the selection appears to have been relaxed in Southeast Asians. Observed divergence of tooth shape among the populations, i.e., differences in the appropriation process of tooth primordia, was mainly the consequence of genetic drift modulating heterochronic regulators of homeotic genes. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Major features of Sundadonty and Sinodonty, including suggestions about East Asian microevolution, population history, and late Pleistocene relationships with Australian aboriginals

The eight diagnostic morphological traits of the Sundadont and Sinodont divisions of the Mongoloid dental complex are identified. Intra- and intergroup variation for these crown and root features is plotted. The univariate frequency distributions provide useful evidence for several suggestions about East Asian prehistory, dental microevolution, and intergroup relationships. The case for local evolution of Sundadonty is strengthened by finding Australian teeth to be very similar to this pattern. Australian Aboriginal teeth are also generally like those of Jomonese and some Ainus, suggesting that members of the late Pleistocene Sundaland population could have initially colonized Sahulland as well as the continental shelf of East Asia northward to Hokkaido.     

Dental morphology of the early Hoabinian, the Neolithic Da But and the Metal age Dong Son civilized peoples in Vietnam

The early Hoabinian, the Neolithic Da But and the Dong Son (early Metal age) civilized peoples in northern Vietnam were investigated based on dental morphology and were compared with specimens from surrounding Northeast and Southeast Asia including Australians and Melanesians. In both the metric and nonmetric tooth traits, the Hoabinian and Da But specimens had dental features similar to the prehistoric Southeast Asians and the Australo-Melanesians, but also had partially Northeast Asian characteristics. On the other hand, the Northeast Asian features become distinct in the dentition of the Dong Son people, which have close ties with the modern Vietnamese. Thus, the Vietnamese, as well as the other modern Southeast Asians and Japanese, are considered to be a blend of indigenous Southeast Asians who are closely related to the Australo-Melanesian lineage, and migrants from Northeast Asia.     

东亚中更新世古人类下颔第二臼齿釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和釉质厚度分布

东亚中更新世古人类在头骨、下颌骨、牙齿等解剖部位表现出不同程度的形态多样性,中期成员代表为直立人,而晚期成员的演化地位具有较大争议。为进一步了解东亚中更新世古人类内部的形态变异特点和为东亚中更新世晚期古人类分类提供依据,本文使用微分同胚的表面匹配（Diffeomorphic Surface Matching, DSM）和形态测量图（Morphometric map）对下颌第二臼齿（M₂）釉质-齿质连接面的形状和齿冠侧面釉质厚度分布模式进行了量化分析。结果显示：1）东亚中更新世古人类与晚期人属成员（尼安德特人和现代人）存在较明显的形态差别;2）该时段晚期的东亚古人类相对中期直立人在侧面釉质厚度分布规律上具有独特性,并在釉质-齿质连接面的三维形状上与晚期人属成员更加接近。本文在以往对东亚中更新世古人类牙齿内外结构单个性状研究的基础上,使用三维形态测量方法进一步量化了M₂釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和侧面釉质厚度分布模式两项重要特征的变异特点,这对未来该时段同类型牙齿的形态鉴定以及解决东亚中更新世晚期古人类的分类地位具有一定意义。     

The dentition of New Britain West Nakanai Melanesians. VIII. Peopling of the pacific

The dental crown morphology and size of 48 male West Nakanai, New Britain, Melanesians is described and compared with other Pacific and Asian dental samples. The West Nakanai dentition is like those of other Melanesians, much less like those of Polynesians and Micronesians, and very dissimilar to teeth of modern and Neolithic Southeast Asians. It is suggested that the origin of the modern Melanesian dental pattern (large but simplified teeth) was probably in Melanesia, not Southeast Asia as the orthodox view of a Hoabinhian-Australmelanesian relation claims.     

Extreme climate,rather than population history,explains mid‐facial morphology of northern asians

Previous studies have examined mid‐facial cold adaptation among either widely dispersed and genetically very diverse groups of humans isolated for tens of thousands of years, or among very closely related groups spread over climatically different regions. Here we present a study of one East Asian and seven North Asian populations in which we examine the evidence for convergent adaptations of the mid‐face to a very cold climate. Our findings indicate that mid‐facial morphology is strongly associated with climatic variables that contrast the temperate climate of East Asians and the very cold and dry climate of North Asians. This is also the case when either maxillary or nasal cavity measurements are considered alone. The association remains significant when mtDNA distances among populations are taken into account. The morphological contrasts between populations are consistent with physiological predictions and prior studies of mid‐facial cold adaptation in more temperate regions, but among North Asians there appear to be some previously undescribed morphological features that might be considered as adaptive to extreme cold. To investigate this further, analyses of the seven North Asian populations alone suggest that mid‐facial morphology remains strongly associated with climate, particularly winter precipitation, contrasting coastal Arctic and continental climates. However, the residual covariation among North Asian mid‐facial morphology and climate when genetic distances are considered, is not significant. These findings point to modern adaptations to extreme climate that might be relevant to our understanding of the mid‐facial morphology of fossil hominins that lived during glaciations. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:449–462, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

西安鱼化寨史前婴幼儿乳齿的特征

本文通过对西安鱼化寨史前婴幼儿乳齿特征的观察研究,发现人类乳齿与恒齿在种族识别方面具有相同的价值,且乳齿齿冠部分形态特征相较于恒齿表现的更加鲜明。统计分析结果显示,鱼化寨婴幼儿乳齿形态与东北亚人群具有的"中国型牙"接近,同时兼有少量东南亚人群具有的"巽他型牙"特征,这与同时期关中地区其他古代人群颅骨上反映的种族特征基本一致。笔者对这种现象产生的原因进行了分析。此外,本文还针对鱼化寨婴幼儿乳齿的测量数据进行了分析和探讨。     

Craniofacial affinities of Mariana Islanders and Circum-Pacific peoples

Metric craniofacial variation was studied in a number of skeletal samples that originated from the Mariana Islands and circum-Pacific regions. The broad comparisons including East/Southeast Asians, Polynesians, Melanesians, and Australians confirm the relationships between Mariana Islanders and East/Southeast Asians on the one hand and Polynesians on the other hand. A transformation of Melanesians into western Micronesians is not supported. The result of the principal component analysis indicates that the cranial morphological pattern of Mariana people shares the intermediate characteristics between those of typical East/Southeast Asians and several groups falling as outliers to more predominant Asian populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:411–425, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.