冰核细菌Erwinia ananas 110冰核基因克隆和序列分析*

从作者自行分离的冰核细菌(Erwinia ananas 110)中克隆到我国第1个细菌冰核基因,并完成其序列测定和分析。所克隆基因编码区全长3921bp,编码1306aa,氨基酸序列明显分为3个区即N-端(161aa)、C-端(41aa)的单一序列区和中部的高度重复序列R区(1104aa),以16氨基酸为重复单元的R区占整个编码序列的84.5％。序列分析表明我们所克隆的基因为一个新冰核基因,将其命名为iceA,该基因已在GenBank上登录,登录号为:AF387802。     

冰核微生物中冰核基因重复序列PCR分析

在本试验的条件下,Pseudomonoas svringae inaZ基因产生的蛋白的主要重复基元的编码区：5’－GCCGGTTATGGCAGCACGCTGACC－3’序列既在冰核真菌、细菌中存在,也在非冰核真菌、细菌中存在,即冰核细菌、真菌和非冰核细菌、真菌都有扩增产物,并且产物呈多态性,同一个种不同菌株间也呈多态性,说明该引物不适合用于鉴定真菌、细菌中冰核基因是否存在,也不能用于区分冰核真菌和非冰核真菌以及分区冰核细菌和非冰核细菌,更不能根据其扩增片段的量和大小说明冰核真菌、细菌冰核活性的强弱。     

冰核微生物中冰核基因重复序列PCR分析*

在本试验的条件下 ,PseudomonoassvringaeinaZ基因产生的蛋白的主要重复基元的编码区 :5’-GCCGGTTATGGCAGCACGCTGACC- 3’序列既在冰核真菌、细菌中存在 ,也在非冰核真菌、细菌中存在 ,即冰核细菌、真菌和非冰核细菌、真菌都有扩增产物 ,并且产物呈多态性 ,同一个种不同菌株间也呈多态性 ,说明该引物不适合用于鉴定真菌、细菌中冰核基因是否存在 ,也不能用于区分冰核真菌和非冰核真菌以及区分冰核细菌和非冰核细菌 ,更不能根据其扩增片段的量和大小说明冰核真     

冰核细菌及冰核基因的应用研究进展

引起水由液态变为固态的物质称为冰核或成核剂。冰核种类繁多,目前已发现4属23种或变种的细菌、4属11种或变种的真菌和1种病毒,它们都具成冰活性。细菌冰核是一类蛋白质,也称冰蛋白,由细菌冰核基因编码。作为生物冰核领域的研究重点,冰核细菌的研究已涉及到促冻杀虫、防霜冻、植物病害等多个领域;同时冰核细菌已成功地应用于人工降雪、制冷和高敏检测等方面,具有广阔的应用前景。主要对冰核细菌的应用研究现状和发展进行综述。     

一种新型的报告基因—冰核基因

冰核基因 (ＩｃｅＮｕｃｌｅａｔｉｏｎＡｃｔｉｖｅｇｅｎｅ ,ＩＮＡｇｅｎｅ)是从冰核细菌中克隆的编码冰核蛋白的基因 ,它编码的冰核蛋白具有很强的冰核活性。当ｉｎａ基因与目的基因一起转入生物体后 ,可以通过冰核活性的测定来检测目的基因是否表达。冰核基因与通常的报告基因有着根本意义上的不同 ,它对信号的检测不是由于酶的催化反应 ,而是一种物理过程 (水的液 固状态的改变 )。ｉｎａ基因克服了其它报告基因的一些缺点 ,扩大了报告基因应用范围[1] 。现在 ,已经有很多研究植物 细菌相互作用的实验室应用ｉｎａ基因作为报告基因[4]…     

康宁木霉K801纤维素酶cbh2基因的克隆及序列分析

通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术扩增得到纤维素高产菌株康宁木霉Trichoderma koeningiiK801纤维二糖水解酶（CBHII)基因全序列,并克隆p GEM-Teasy Vector。序列分析表明,所克隆的cbh2基因长1611bpq,包含了纤维二糖解酶基因的完整编码区序列,并含有三个真核生物典型的内含子序列,其中四个外显子序列共同编码一个471aa的蛋白质。该序列是国内首次克隆得到的cbh2编码区全序列,与国外报道的T.reesei已知序列的同源性达到99．89％,只有两上碱基差别,而推测的氨基酸序列只有一个位置疏水性氨基酸之间发生替代,在推测的氨基酸序列上发现3个潜在的N－糖基化位点。     

康宁木霉K801纤维素酶cbh2基因的克隆及序列分析*

通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术扩增得到纤维素高产菌株康宁木霉Trichoderma kningii K801纤维二糖水解酶（CBHII）基因全序列,并克隆到pGEM-Teasy Vector。序列分析表明,所克隆的cbh2基因长1611bp,包含了纤维二糖水解酶基因的完整编码区序列,并含有三个真核生物典型的内含子序列,其中四个外显子序列共同编码一个471aa的蛋白质。该序列是国内首次克隆得到的cbh2编码区全序列,与国外报道的T. reesei已知序列的同源性达到99.89％,只有两个碱基差别,而推测的氨基酸序列只有一个位置疏水性氨基酸之间发生替代,在推测的氨基酸序列上发现3个潜在的N-糖基化位点。     

康宁木霉K801纤维素酶cbh2基因的克隆及序列分析

通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术扩增得到纤维素高产菌株康宁木霉Trichoderma k■ningii K801纤维二糖水解酶（CBHII）基因全序列,并克隆到pGEM-Teasy Vector。序列分析表明,所克隆的cbh2基因长1611bp,包含了纤维二糖水解酶基因的完整编码区序列,并含有三个真核生物典型的内含子序列,其中四个外显子序列共同编码一个471aa的蛋白质。该序列是国内首次克隆得到的cbh2编码区全序列,与国外报道的T. reesei已知序列的同源性达到99.89％,只有两个碱基差别,而推测的氨基酸序列只有一个位置疏水性氨基酸之间发生替代,在推测的氨基酸序列上发现3个潜在的N-糖基化位点。     

冰核活性细菌基因的研究进展及其应用

冰核活性细菌是一类可以诱导过冷水结冰而导致霜冻灾害的细菌,它已成为一种重要的生物资源获得广泛的研究与开发,在基础理论和应用研究方面取得了较大进展。近些年来,许多国家的学科研究者对于冰核基因的研究与开发开展了大量的工作。自1985年克隆出了第一个冰核基因后,目前已经从冰核细菌中克隆了8个冰蛋白基因并完成了测序。冰核活性细菌及基因资源具有广阔的研究开发的价值,且具有良好的应用前景。所以,对于冰核活性基因的结构特点及近年来的研究现状有个总体了解是很有必要的。本文主要介绍了冰核活性基因及其应用方面的研究进展情况。     

甜菜NADH-NR基因的克隆和序列分析

利用同源序列克隆方法从标准偏高糖型甜菜品种甜研7号(Ty7)中获得氯素诱导NADH-NR基因片段,通过RACE技术克隆NADH-NR基因全长序列.该基因ORF长度2 718 bp,编码905个氨基酸,包括147 bp的5'UTR和382 bp的3' UTR,GenBank上的注册号为EU163265,基因编码蛋白的等电点为6.12,推测分子量大小为102 kD,C端(778-891 aa)有一个跨膜区域.基因编码多肽含有3个氧化还原功能区:钼辅因子功能区(eukary NR Moco,93 - 478aa),Fe-血红素结合区(Cytb5,535 -608 aa),FAD结合区(FAD binding 6,653 -760 aa).在甜研7号NR下游的氨基酸残基中含有NADH-NR特有的CGPPP-M基序,说明该蛋白以NADH为电子供体.通过比对,甜研7号的NADH-NR基因与菠菜NADH-NR基因同源性最高,为86.18％.经Southem杂变检验,甜研7号中NADH-NR基因以低拷贝数存在.经基因组克隆分析,甜研7号NADH-NR含有3个内含子,4个外显子.     

Molecular cloning of an ice nucleation gene from Erwinia ananas and its expression in Escherichia coli

Abstract An approximately 7 kbp genomic DNA fragment was cloned from an ice nucleation-active (ina) strain of Erwinia ananas and defined as to its restriction enzyme site. When the DNA fragment was introduced into E. coli MM294, a potent ice nucleation activity was expressed. Both 0.7 kbp truncation from the 5'-end and 1.7 kbp truncation from the 3'-end were also effective in expressing the ice nucleation activity in E. coli . Therefore, the resulting DNA fragment of approximately 5 kbp was considered to be an ina gene and named ina A. It existed as a unique gene in this strain of E. ananas . No corresponding ina gene existed in an ice nucleation-inactive strain of E. milletiae .     

细菌冰核基因的应用研究

细菌冰核基因的应用研究已成为生物冰核领域的研究热点,研究涉及细菌细胞表面展示、促冻杀虫、报告基因、病原微生物高敏检测、作物抗寒育种等多个领域,显示良好应用前景。通过对国外在该方面的研究现状的综述,和我们在冰核基因促冻杀虫研究方面重要进展的介绍,对今后我们拟开展的这一研究工作进行了展望。     

冰核真菌的冰核活性及其种类鉴定*

作者从1993年起至今,从已分离和搜集到的500多株真菌中筛选出在-5℃具有冰核活性的真菌6株,它们-5℃的冻滴率高低顺序为F9502（100%）=F9501（100%）＞F9401（96％）=AS3．494（96%）＞F9801（94%）＞F9802（92%）,结冰点高低顺序为F9502（-2．7℃）＞F9501（-3．4℃）＞F9401（-4.4℃）＞AS34594（-4.5℃）＞F9801（-4．7℃）＞F9402（-4．8℃）,以F9502菌株活性强而稳定。经鉴定确定：F9401和F9402菌株为FusartumSportFichioldesSherb．;AS3．4594菌株为FavenaceumSacc．;F9501和F9502菌株为F.gramlnearumSchwabe;F9801菌株为F．monilijormeSheldon。F．Sportrlchloides和F．graminearum作为冰核真菌未见报道。本结果为揭示冰核真菌与植物冻害关系及冰核真菌开发应用研究提供了菌种资源,有重要应用价值。     

冰核细菌表达冰核蛋白特性的研究

选用１００２５Ａ和ＱＦ－９５－Ｆ１９两株分离自杨树的冰核活性细菌,探讨了两株菌不同生长阶段与它们冰核活性表达的特性。实验结果显示,冰核活性细菌在ＭＰＤＡ培养液中表达冰核蛋白的特性及活性与细菌浓度、菌龄以及培养的环境条件相关,两株菌在表达冰核活性时对培养基的营养组分没有表现出特殊的要求。同时还进一步阐明了不同生长温度冰核活性细菌对冰核蛋白表达的影响。     

云南植物上冰核活性细菌鉴定

从云南植物上分离到９２株冰核活性细菌,并进行了鉴定。其中菠萝欧文氏菌６１株,占６６．３％;草生欧文氏菌２株,占２．２％;丁香假单胞菌２１株,占２２．８％;黄瓜角斑病菌２株,占２．２％;菜豆荚斑假单胞菌６株,占６．５％。云南省冰核活性细菌的优势种类是菠萝欧文氏菌,其次是丁香假单胞菌类。     

ICE NUCLEATION IN SEAWEEDS IN RELATION TO VERTICAL ZONATION1

The ice nucleation temperatures of thallus fragments of different macroalgal species were investigated. The samples were collected from the littoral zone on a rocky shore in Trondheimsfjord, central Norway. Thallus fragments of species growing in the upper parts of the eulittoral zone had lower ice nucleation temperatures than those of species living in the lower eulittoral zone and in the upper sublittoral zone. Samples collected in the winter had lower nucleation temperatures than samples from the same species collected in the summer, which indicates that the seaweeds are removing or inactivating ice nucleators as a part of their cold hardiness strategy.     

Unusual pattern of bacterial ice nucleation gene evolution

Bacterial ice nucleation activity (INA+ phenotype) can be traced to the product of a single gene, ina. A remarkably sparse distribution of this phenotype within three bacterial genera indicates that the ina gene may have followed an unusual evolutionary path. Southern blot analyses, coupled with assays for ice-nucleating ability, revealed that within four bacterial species an ina gene is present in some strains but absent from others. Results of hybridization experiments using DNA fragments that flank the ina gene suggested that the genotypic dimorphism of ina may be anomalous. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from a total of 14 ina+ and ina- bacterial strains indicated that the ina+ bacteria are not monophyletic but instead phylogenetically interspersed among ina- bacteria. The relationships of ina+ bacteria inferred from ina sequence did not coincide with those inferred from the 16S data. These results suggest the possibility of horizontal transfer in the evolution of bacterial ina genes.      

A kinetic model describing cell growth and production of highly active, recombinant ice nucleation protein in Escherichia coli

A structured kinetic model, which describes the production of the recombinant ice nucleation protein in different conditions, was applied. The model parameters were estimated based on the variation of the specific growth rate and the intracellular product concentration during cultivation. The equations employed relate the cellular plasmid content or plasmid copy number with the cloned-gene expression; these correlations were successfully tested on the experimental data. The optimal nutrient conditions for the growth of Escherichia coli expressing the inaZ gene of Pseudomonas syringae were determined for the production of active ice nucleation protein. The kinetics of the cultures expressing the inaZ gene were studied in a bioreactor at different growth temperatures and nutrient conditions.     

Immunological characterization of ice nucleation proteins from Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Erwinia herbicola.

Antibodies were raised against the InaW protein, the product of the ice nucleation gene of Pseudomonas fluorescens MS1650, after protein isolation from an Escherichia coli clone. On Western blots (immunoblots), these antibodies recognized InaW protein and InaZ protein (the ice nucleation gene product of Pseudomonas syringae S203), produced by both E. coli clones and the source organisms. The InaZ protein appeared in P. syringae S203 during stationary phase; its appearance was correlated with the appearance of the ice nucleation-active phenotype. In contrast, the InaW protein occurred at relatively constant levels throughout the growth phases of P. fluorescens MS1650; the ice nucleation activity was also constant. Western analyses of membrane preparations of P. syringae PS31 and Erwinia herbicola MS3000 with this antibody revealed proteins which were synthesized with development of the nucleating phenotype. In these species the presence or absence of the nucleating phenotype was controlled by manipulation of culture conditions. In all nucleation-positive cultures examined, cross-reacting low-molecular-weight bands were observed; these bands appeared to be products of proteolytic degradation of ice nucleation proteins. The proteolysis pattern of InaZ protein seen on Western blots showed a periodic pattern of fragment sizes, suggesting a highly repetitive site for protease action. A periodic primary structure is predicted by the DNA sequence of the inaZ gene.