The cell wall-associated inulinase of Kluyveromyces fragilis

The yeast Kluyveromyces fragilis (ATCC 12424) was grown on a 2% inulin-1% yeast extract medium for 36 h and subsequently fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde. The glutaraldehyde treatment did not affect the -fructofuranosidase (inulinase, EC 3.2.1.7) activity of the cells but it did make the cells resistant to chemical and physical treatments that normally release -fructofuranosidase from untreated cells. The enzyme in the treated cells exhibited K_m values for sucrose and raffinose identical to those obtained for the free enzyme. The cell wall of the treated cells exhibited the same diffusion properties for sucrose, raffinose, and inulin as those observed for untreated cells. The -fructofuranosidase was not bound covalently to the cell by the glutaraldehyde treatment. The results support the permeability barrier model for the enzyme retention in the yeast cell wall.     

Secretion and localization of invertase and inulinase in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary Secretion of invertase and inulinase produced by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were investigated under derepression conditions of GALI promoter. Secreted invertase mainly localized in the periplasmic space, but most of inulinase was found in the extracellular culture medium. This high level of extracellular secretion of inulinase was not dependent on the growth phase in which derepression of GALI promoter occurs. Our results indicate that the inulinase polypeptide itself may have a function for the protein secretion into the culture medium.     

Production of extracellular inulinase in high-cell-density fed-batch cultures of Kluyveromyces marxianus

The production of extracellular inulinase (\-1,2-d-fructan fructanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.7) was studied in fed-batch cultures of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 6556 at 30 and at 40° C. At both temperatures, the final biomass concentration exceeded 100 g·l^–1 and more than 2 g enzyme. L^–1 of culture supernatant was produced. The biomass yield on O₂ at 40° C was substantially lower than at 30°C. Nevertheless, at 40° C a growth rate of 0.20 h^–1 could be maintained for a longer period than at 30° C. The unexpected higher O₂-transfer rate at 40°C is probably due to a lower viscosity of the culture broth. The 40°C fermentation took only 33 h as compared to 42 h at 30° C. These results indicate that K. marxianus is a promising host for the extracellular production of heterologous proteins under the control of the inulinase promoter.     

Separation of inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus using reversed micellar extraction

Inulinase from K. marxianus was extracted into a reversed micelle phase of the cationic surfactant BDBAC (n-benzyl-n-dodecyl-n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride) in isooctane/hexanol. The extractions carried out with cells (5.9 g/l) presented a recovery yield of 87% and a purification factor 2.8. Similar values were found for inulinase recovered from the clarified medium (91% recovery yield and 2.8 purification factor). For scaled-up (400-fold) extractions, the recovery of the initial activity reached 77% and the enrichment factor was 2.8.     

Production of inulinase by mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and Kluyveromyces marxianus

Summary Inulinase activity produced by a mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and Kluyveromyces marxianus growing on Jerusalem artichoke powder was investigated. Inulinase produced by this mixed culture had a higher invertase-type activity than inulinase from respective monocultures. When hydrolysis was carried out at 50°C with Jerusalem artichoke exctract (total sugar 16% w/v) at pH 5.0, 90% hydrolysis was achieved after 4 h with 5% v/v of crude cell free enzyme preparation.     

Structure and properties of the extracellular inulinase of Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 6556

In the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus two forms of inulinase were present, namely, an inulinase secreted into the culture fluid and an inulinase retained in the cell wall. Both forms were purified and analyzed by denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With the use of endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H, it was established that the enzyme retained in the cell wall and the enzyme secreted into the culture fluid have similar subunits consisting of a 64-kDa polypeptide with varying amounts of carbohydrate (26 to 37% of the molecular mass). The two forms of inulinase differed in size because of their differences in subunit aggregation. The enzyme present in the culture fluid was a dimer, and the enzyme retained in the cell wall was a tetramer. The differences in oligomerization did not affect the apparent Km values towards the substrates sucrose and raffinose. These findings support the hypothesis that the retention of glycoproteins in the yeast cell wall may be caused by a permeability barrier towards larger glycoproteins. The amino-terminal end of inulinase was determined and compared with the amino terminus of the closely related invertase. The kinetic and structural evidence indicates that in yeasts two distinct beta-fructosidases exist, namely, invertase and inulinase.     

Cloning and analysis of the inulinase gene from Kluyveromyces cicerisporus CBS4857

A highly expressed inulinase gene, KcINU1 was cloned and sequenced from Kluyveromyces cicerisporus CBS4857 a strain which secrets high levels of inulinase into the growth medium. The result of DNA sequencing showed that KcINU1 contained a 1665 bp ORF, coding for a 555 amino acid protein, in which a 23 amino acid signal peptide was included. The sequence has the GenBank Accession no. AF 178979. The analysis of conserved domain in the ORF indicated there was a consensus sequence about 470 amino acids long. The 0.7 Kb promoter and 0.9 Kb terminator were also cloned and sequenced.     

Structure and properties of the extracellular inulinase of Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 6556.

In the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus two forms of inulinase were present, namely, an inulinase secreted into the culture fluid and an inulinase retained in the cell wall. Both forms were purified and analyzed by denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. With the use of endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H, it was established that the enzyme retained in the cell wall and the enzyme secreted into the culture fluid have similar subunits consisting of a 64-kDa polypeptide with varying amounts of carbohydrate (26 to 37% of the molecular mass). The two forms of inulinase differed in size because of their differences in subunit aggregation. The enzyme present in the culture fluid was a dimer, and the enzyme retained in the cell wall was a tetramer. The differences in oligomerization did not affect the apparent Km values towards the substrates sucrose and raffinose. These findings support the hypothesis that the retention of glycoproteins in the yeast cell wall may be caused by a permeability barrier towards larger glycoproteins. The amino-terminal end of inulinase was determined and compared with the amino terminus of the closely related invertase. The kinetic and structural evidence indicates that in yeasts two distinct beta-fructosidases exist, namely, invertase and inulinase.     

产菊糖酶克鲁维酶母Y-85的明胶固定化

克鲁维酵母Ｙ－８５的胞外菊糖酶占其总酶活的２８％,以１０％明胶包埋该酵母,酶活保留率为７３．９％。与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞菊糖酶的最适ＰＨ未改变,但当ＰＨ〈４和ＰＨ〉７时酶活稳定性更高;最适水解温度则升高了５℃,酶的热稳定性也有所提高。游离细胞的Ｋｍ值为９．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,固定化细胞则为１２．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。４℃贮存３０ｄ,固定化细胞酶活无损失,分批反应１０批次,固定化细胞酶活及机械强度保持良好     

一步法发酵菊芋产乙醇菌种的筛选及产酶条件、酶学性质的研究

从腐烂的菊芋及实验室保存的菌种中,选育到一株发酵菊芋产乙醇的菌株克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus Y1。利用正交实验法对克鲁维酵母产菊粉酶的培养基组成及培养条件进行优化,确定培养基组成（g/L）为：菊粉40,酵母粉4,蛋白胨4,尿素1;初始pH5．0,温度30℃,150r／min条件下培养达到最佳产酶效果（57U／mL）。该菌株所产菊粉酶的性质测定结果表明：以菊粉为底物,该菊粉酶最适反应温度为55℃,在60℃以下稳定性很好,高于60℃时酶迅速失活;最适pH为5．0,pH4．6—5．2范围内酶稳定性很好;该酶属于外切型菊粉酶,体积分数为8％的乙醇对酶活力基本没有影响。     

Localization of invertase activities in ricinus communis leaves

Leaf tissue from Ricinus communis possesses cell wall and soluble invertases. These activities may be distinguished on the basis of their optimum pH and K_m and the action of various inhibitors. Ca 84% of the soluble invertase was found in vacuolar preparations.     

Improved ethanol production in Jerusalem artichoke tubers by overexpression of inulinase gene in Kluyveromyces marxianus

Ethanol production from Jerusalem artichoke tubers through a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) strategy using the inulinase-producing yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus is an economical and competitive than that from a grainbased feedstock. However, poor inulinase production under ethanol fermentation conditions significantly prolongs the fermentation time and compromises ethanol productivity. Improvement of inulinase activity appears to be promising for increasing ethanol production from Jerusalem artichoke tubers by CBP. In the present study, expression of the inulinase gene INU with its own promoter in K. marxianus (K/INU2) was explored using the integrative cassette. Overexpression of INU was explored using chromosome integration via the HO locus of the yeast. Inulinase activity and ethanol were determined from inulin and Jerusalem artichoke tubers under fed-batch operation. Inulinase activity was 114.9 U/mL under aerobic conditions for K/INU2, compared with 52.3 U/mL produced by the wild type strain. Importantly, inulinase production was enhanced in K/INU2 under ethanol fermentation conditions. When using 230 g/L inulin and 220 g/L Jerusalem artichoke tubers as substrates, inulinase activities of 3.7 and 6.8 U/mL, respectively, were measured using K/INU2, comparing favorably with 2.4 and 3.1 U/mL, respectively, using the wide type strain. Ethanol concentration and productivity for inulin were improved by the recombinant yeast to 96.2 g/L and 1.34 g/L/h, respectively, vs 93.7 g/L and 1.12 g/L/h, respectively, by the wild type strain. Ethanol concentration and productivity improvements for Jerusalem artichoke tubers were 69 g/L and 1.44 g/L/h, respectively, from the recombinant strain vs 62 g/L and 1.29 g/L/h, respectively, from the wild type strain.     

Agitation,aeration and shear stress as key factors in inulinase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus

Factorial design and response surface analyses were used to optimize the production of inulinase (2,1-β-d-fructan fructanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.7) by Kluyveromyces marxianus ATCC 16045, using sucrose as carbon source. Effects of aeration, agitation and type of impeller (disk turbine, marine, pitched blade) were studied in a batch stirred reactor. Two factorial designs 2² were carried out. Agitation speed varied from 50 to 550 rpm (revolution per minute), aeration rate from 0.5 to 2.0 vvm (air volume/broth volume·minute). It has been shown that the enzyme production was strongly influenced by mixing conditions, while aeration rate was shown to be less significant. Additionally, the increase in the agitation speed is limited by the death rate, which increases drastically at high speeds, lowering the enzyme production. Also, the impeller type has significant influence in the production, the disk impeller at 450 rpm and aeration at 1.0 vvm led to an activity of 121 UI/mL, while the pitched blade was shown to be the best impeller for this process, leading to the best production, 176 UI/mL, at 450 rpm and 1.0 vvm. The maximum shear stress for inulinase production was about 0.22 Pa, since higher values cause higher cell death rates, affecting the enzyme production. The same results were confirmed with another microorganism, which was also sensible to shear stress. Therefore, it has been concluded that in some cases, mainly when the microorganism is sensible to shear stress, the interaction between mass transfer and mechanical stress should be considered in scale up processes.     

Production, purification and characterization of an extracellular inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus var. bulgaricus

The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus var. bulgaricus produced large amounts of extracellular inulinase activity when grown on inulin, sucrose, fructose and glucose as carbon source. This protein has been purified to homogeneity by using successive DEAE-Trisacryl Plus and Superose 6HR 10/30 columns. The purified enzyme showed a relative molecular weight of 57 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and 77 kDa by gel filtration in Superose 6 HR 10/30. Analysis by SDS-PAGE showed a unique polypeptide band with Coomassie Blue stain and nondenaturing PAGE of the purified enzyme obtained from media with different carbon sources showed the band, too, when stained for glucose oxidase activity. The optimal hydrolysis temperature for sucrose, raffinose and inulin was 55°C and the optimal pH for sucrose was 4.75. The apparent K _m values for sucrose, raffinose and inulin are 4.58, 7.41 and 86.9 mg/ml, respectively. Thin layer chromatography showed that inulinase from K. marxianus var. bulgaricus was capable of hydrolyzing different substrates (sucrose, raffinose and inulin), releasing monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. The results obtained suggest the hypothesis that enzyme production was constitutive. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 25, 63–69. Received 17 November 1999/ Accepted in revised form 30 May 2000     

Immobilization of inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 using modified sodium alginate beads

An experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effect of the concentrations of sodium alginate, glutaraldehyde and activated coal on the immobilization of inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571. The experimental condition of 20?g/L of sodium alginate, 50?mL/L of glutaraldehyde and 30?g/L of activated coal led to the highest specific activity (2,063.5?U/mg of protein), corresponding to an enhancement of about 26 times compared to the activity of the free enzyme (79.1?U/mg of protein). The effect of pH and temperature on the immobilized enzyme activity was also evaluated, showing optimal activities at pH of 5.5 and 55?°C. The study of storage of immobilized inulinase in different temperatures showed that the extract kept its initial activity after 43?days of storage at 40 and 50?°C and after 138?days of storage either at 4 or 25?°C.     

Cloning and sequencing of the inulinase gene of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus ATCC 12424.

Cell wall inulinase (EC 3.2.1.7) was purified from Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus (formerly K. fragilis) and its N-terminal 33-amino acid sequence was established. PCR amplification of cDNA with 2 sets of degenerate primers yielded a genomic probe which was then used to screen a genomic library established in the YEp351 yeast shuttle vector. One of the selected recombinant plasmids allowed an invertase-negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant to grow on inulin. It was shown to contain an inulinase gene (INU 1) encoding a 555-amino acid precursor protein with a typical N-terminal signal peptide. The sequence of inulinase displays a high similarity (67%) to S. cerevisiae invertase, suggesting a common evolutionary origin for yeast beta-fructosidases with different substrate preferences.     

Mycocin sensitivity patterns of Kluyveromyces species: Kluyveromyces sensu lato vs. Kluyveromyces sensu stricto

The Kluyveromyces species reassigned to the genera Lachancea and Vanderwaltozyma are insensitive to five mycocins secreted by Pichia membranifaciens. The remaining Kluyveromyces species including species transferred to the genera Kazachstania, Nakaseomyces, and Tetrapisispora are sensitive to them. Only the neotype strain is insensitive to mycocins among Kluyveromyces lactis cultures.     

马克斯克鲁维酵母菌菊粉酶的异源表达及低聚果糖制备工艺优化

【目的】低聚果糖是新型的食品和保健品原料,具有广阔的市场需求。以菊粉酶水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的酶法工艺是先进的绿色制造。本研究旨在获得高产的菊粉酶菌株及以菊粉为原料酶法制备低聚果糖的优化工艺。【方法】采用基因工程手段克隆马克斯克鲁维酵母菌(Kluyveromyces marxianus)的菊粉酶基因,实现其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达;测定菊粉酶在不同p H、温度、金属离子和底物浓度等条件下的酶活变化趋势,获得最佳的反应参数;通过高效液相色谱法检测水解产物,获得不同酶量水解产物各组分分布。【结果】菊粉酶工程菌株在10 L发酵罐中的产菊粉酶活达1 570 U/m L、蛋白质含量为2.75 g/L发酵液;菊粉酶最适反应参数为:在体积为1 L的反应体系中,p H 5.0、反应温度50°C、含0.2 mmol/L Mg2+以及菊粉浓度为8%。在该条件下,酶量为10 U时菊粉被完全水解。水解产物中单糖和二糖含量仅为9.25%,而低聚果糖(C3-C8)含量为90.75%,且C3-C5低聚果糖含量高达72.92%。【结论】克隆了K.marxianus菊粉酶基因并实现了高效表达,获得了水解菊粉制备低聚果糖的最佳工艺条件。为菊粉酶的大量生产及低聚果糖的酶法制备奠定了良好的基础。     

Investigation of mechanisms of interaction between inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus and the matrices of ion-exchange resins and fiber

It is established that ion exchange resins AV-17-2P, KU-2, AV-16-GS, AM 21A, IMAC-HP, PUROLITE and fiber VION KN-1 can be applied as carriers for inulinase immobilization. The analysis of IR spectra for an enzyme, carriers and heterogeneous enzyme preparations showed that inulinase binding to matrices of various carriers occurs in general through electrostatic interactions. It is assumed that the mechanisms of interaction between inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus and the matrices of cation and anion exchange polymers differ essentially from each other: different sites of protein molecule take part in adsorption that causes various conformational reorganizations in an enzyme molecule.