半嵌套式PCR技术区别检测犬细小病毒疫苗株和强毒株的研究

Two pairs of PCR primers were designed according to the sequances of the vaccine strain and virulent strain of CPV. Heminested PCR method was established. Result of the first PCR amplification showed the same amplified products of 574bp length, after the second PCR amplification, the virulent strain produced the length 364bp fragment, but the vaccine strain couldn' t produce that. The products of PCR were examined by electrophoresis and restriction enzyme digestion. The result showed the length of the fragment and enzyme sites were as the same as those designed. The PCR assay of CPV was proved to be specific and sensitive. It shows that this method may be used in discriminating the vaccine strain and virulent strain of CPV or monitoring the vaccinated canine in order to aviod disease and financial losing.     

M-PCR： a powerful method for rapid molecular identification of Trichogramma wasps （Hymenoptera： Trichogrammatidae）

Two species-specific primers were designed depending on ITS2 sequence variation of 37 Trichogramma wasps, and these primers were applied to establish an assay,multiplex PCR (M-PCR), for molecular diagnosis of two important Trichogramma wasps,T. confusum and T. dendrolimi, in China. Multiplex-PCR results showed that only target species produced two PCR products, one product of ITS2 region species-specific amplification and one product of its ITS 1 region universal amplification, but other species produced only one ITS1 universal PCR product. Using this method, the target Trichogramma species can be distinguished from other Trichogramma species. Molecular identification based on M-PCR has particular value over morphological technology and other approaches, such as normal molecular and biochemical methods. Furthermore, because M-PCR assay can avoid false negative results, which frequently happen in PCR reaction, this method will be much more accurate and useful for Trichogramma identification, and can be developed as an easy and rapid diagnostic kit applied in the identification and quality monitoring of Trichogramma mass products both in the factory and in the field. Such an easy and rapid diagnostic kit will be valuable in the application of Trichogramma species as a biological control.     

番茄烟粉虱传双生病毒PCR检测

From the conserved regions of the reported nucleotide sequences of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (WTGV), a pair of degenerate primers was designed to anneal to the conserved sequence.The tomato samples infected geminivirus-like from Guangdong were detected by PCR. The results showed that a 356bp specific fragment was amplified from the samples. The specific fragment was cloned and sequenced, and the sequence was compared with all nucleotide sequences in GenBank by Blast of NCBI. The result showed that the fragment belonged to Geminiviridae DNA. So the degenerate primers may be used to detect the WTGV from tomato in Guangdong. Moreover, both of the homology of the fragment between WTGV from tomato in Guangdong and the reported WTGV in the world and WTGV from tomato in Guangxi were under 82%. These results implied that the WTGV from tomato in Guangdong differed from the above-mentioned WTGV.     

Changes of 5＇ Terminal Nucleotides of PCR Primers Causing Variable T-A Cloning Efficiency

T-A cloning takes advantage of the unpaired adenosyl residue added to the 3＇ terminus of amplified DNAs by Taq and other thermostable DNA polymerase and uses a Ilnearlzed plasmld vector with a protruding 3＇ thymldylate residue at each of Its 3＇ termini to clone polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-derived DNA fragments. It Is a simple, reliable, and efficient Ilgatlon-dependent cloning method for PCR products, but the drawback of variable cloning efficiency occurs during application. In the present work, the relationship between variable T-A cloning efficiency and the different 5＇ end nucleotlde base of primers used In PCR amplification was studied. The results showed that different cloning efficiency was obtained with different primer pairs containing A, T, C and G at the 5＇ terminus respectively. The data shows that when the 5＇ end base of primer pair was adenosyl, more white colonies could be obtained In cloning the corresponding PCR product In comparison with other bases. And the least white colonies were formed when using the primer pair with 5＇ cytldylate end. The gluanylate end primers resulted In almost the same cloning efficiency In the white colonies amount as the thymldylate end primer did, and this efficiency was much lower than that of adenosyl end primers. This presumably is a consequence of variability In 3＇dA addition to PCR products mediated by Taq polymerase. Our results offer instructions for primer design for researchers who choose T-A cloning to clone PCR products.     

应用简并引物扩增黑木耳信息素受体基因片段

Degenerate primers, br1-F and br1-R, designed based on the conserved amino acid sequence of STE3 pheromone receptor in Schizophyllum commune, were used to amplify genomic DNA of monkaryotic parental strains(H2, J3) and fifty-nine monokaryons of their F1 progenies in Auricularia auricula. A fragment of the PCR product 811bp in length were amplified from the parental strain H2, nine monokaryons of the H2 mating –type and fifteen ones of the J3 mating –type of F1 progenies. After cloning , sequencing the fragm…     

猪细小病毒VP2蛋白主要抗原表位基因真核表达载体的构建及表达

Using a pair of specific primers designed according to the relevant nucleotide sequences from GenBank, the main antigen domain for VP2 gene of Porcine parvovirus was ampilified with PCR method using the genomic DNA as template. The PCR product was cloned into the expression vector pIREShyg to get a recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pIREShyg-VP2, which was then transfected into the CHO-K1 cells. The expressed product was detected by IFA after the positive cell clone was selected with hygromycin. The result revealed that the main antigen domain for VP2 gene of porcine parvovirus was stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells.     

Preliminary study on the detection of the SARS-CoV specific target cDNA fragments by multiplex PCR

The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was applied to detect the SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus) specific target cDNA fragments in the present study. The target cDNA fragments of SARS-CoV were synthesized artificially according to the genome sequence of SARS-CoV in GenBank submitted by The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and were used as simulated positive samples. Five primers recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) were used to amplify the fragments by single PCR and multiplex PCR. Three target cDNA fragments (121, 182 and 302 bp), as well as the three different combinations of any two of these fragments, were amplified by single PCR. The combination of these three fragments was amplified by multiplex PCR. The re~sults indicated that the multiplex PCR technique could be applied to detect the SARS-CoV specific target cDNA fragments successfully.     

大熊猫苦味受体T2R2 基因的克隆与序列分析

Based on bitter taste receptor T2R2 gene sequence of domesticated dog(AB249685), one pair of primers were designed and used to amplify an approximately 1.1 kb DNA fragment from genomic DNA sample of giant panda by using PCR. The PCR products were ligated into the pMD-18T vector, and then transformed into competent cells of E.coli DH5α. The identified positive clone was sequenced. The result showed that the T2R2 gene of giant panda was 1 008 bp in length, and contained complete exon, and 915 bp, encoding 304...     

Haplosporidiosis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from the French Atlantic coast

Two cases of haplosporidian infection occurred during 1993 in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas from the French Atlantic coast. The localization and ultrastructure of the plasmodia are described. In situ hybridization of infected tissue sections was conducted with DNA probes for oyster-infecting haplosporidians. The Haplosporidium nelsoni-specific DNA probe MSX1347 hybridized with the C. gigas parasite, and the H. costale-specific probe SSO1318 did not hybridize. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the infected tissue sections for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the haplosporidian. PCR amplifications with H. nelsoni-specific primers and with 'universal' actin primers did not yield the expected products of 573 and 700 bp, respectively. A series of primers was designed to amplify short regions of small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) from most haplosporidians. The primers encompass a highly variable region of the SSU rDNA and did not amplify oyster DNA. PCR amplification of the infected C. gigas genomic DNA with these primers yielded the expected-sized product from the primer pair targeting the shortest region (94 bp). This PCR product was sequenced and it was identical to the corresponding SSU rDNA region of H. nelsoni.     

Rapid Detection of Phytophthora nicotianae in Infected Tobacco Tissues and Soil Samples Based on Its Ypt1 Gene

This paper describes the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Phytophthora nicotianae , the causal agent of Phytophthora blight of tobacco and other plants. The PCR primers were designed based on a Ras-related protein ( Ypt 1) gene, and 115 isolates representing 26 species of Phytophthora and 29 fungal species of plant pathogens were used to test the specificity of the primers. PCR amplification with species-specific (Pn) primers resulted in a product of 389 bp only from isolates of P. nicotianae . The detection sensitivity with Pn primers was 1 ng of genomic DNA. Using Ypt 1F/ Ypt 1R as first-round amplification primers, followed by a second round using the primer pair Pn1/Pn2, a nested PCR procedure was developed, which increased the detection sensitivity 100-fold to 10 pg. PCR with the Pn primers could also be used to detect P. nicotianae from naturally infected tobacco tissues and soil. The PCR-based methods developed here could simplify both plant disease diagnosis and pathogen monitoring as well as guide plant disease management.     

Purification and Amplification of DNA from Penaeus monodon-Type Baculovirus (MBV)

The purpose of this paper was to purify and amplify the DNA fragment of Penaeus monodon -type baculovirus (MBV). Using 30-50% caesium chloride gradients, MBV virions and occlusion bodies with density parameters of 1.28-1.29 and 1.32-1.33 g/ml, respectively, were purified. Two oligonucleotide primers have been successfully designed and utilized for the amplification of a DNA fragment of MBV. After 35 amplification cycles of the MBV DNA fragment, a large amount of amplified product with an approximate molecular weight of 600 bp was obtained. This is the first successfully published work on the amplification of MBV using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using the same primers, DNA extracted from MBV noninfected P. monodon, P. japonicus, and P. orientalis had a negative PCR response. However, a positive PCR response was obtained from DNA extracted from MBV-infected postlarval P. monodon. DIG-dot blot hybridization technique using PCR product obtained from the present study as a probe further confirmed that the product is originated from a portion of MBV polyhedrin gene. It is also suggested that PCR product may be beneficial for an accurate and early diagnosis of MBV infection in larval shrimp.     

Construction of species-specific primers for Pseudomonas andropogonis based on 16S rDNA sequences

Approximately 94% of the total 16S rDNA of Pseudomonas andropogonis strain ACH 01053A was sequenced and compared with that of strain ATCC 23061 obtained from the GenBank database. The two sequences were highly homologous with 1·3% difference. Alignment of sequences with those from closely related bacteria revealed two possible regions for design of a specific primer suitable for detection of Ps. andropogonis . Using primers designed to these variable regions in a PCR test, an amplification product of approximately 410 bp was specifically produced by 40 strains of Ps. andropogonis . No other bacterial species showed an amplification product under optimized PCR conditions. As few as 1000 cells per reaction were detected.     

Identification of Y chromosomal PCR marker and production of a selected strain for molecular sexing in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

A laboratory colony was established in order to enable molecular sexing in premature stages in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. We found four male-specific amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) in the planthopper, and sequenced one of the AFLPs along with its 5' flanking region (1,423 bp in total). PCR primers were designed based on the nucleotide sequence information so that the PCR product was present in male planthoppers and absent in female planthoppers. However, we could not completely distinguish males from females, because the PCR amplification product was absent in some of the males screened. We, therefore, established a laboratory colony, in which all males carried this sequence. We can directly sex pre-adult stages in this colony using our PCR primers, making this strain of considerable value for studies that require sex separation in egg and nymphal stages.     

Molecular Detection of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum by Duplex PCR

A duplex PCR technique was developed to detect the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum infection in the tissues of common bean. Based on the differences of 24 internal transcribed spacer, DNA sequences of Colletotrichum spp. retrieved from GeneBank database, one pair of specific primers of CY1/CY2 (CY1: 5'-CTT TGT GAA CAT ACC TAA CC-3'; CY2: 5'-GGT TTT ACG GCA GGA GTG-3'), was designed. The CY1/CY2 primers amplified a single PCR product of 442 bp only from C. lindemuthianum and Colletotrichum orbiculare , not from any other tested species. By using random amplification of polymorphic DNA technique, a product closely associated with C. lindemuthianum was generated. This product was cloned, sequenced and used for designing a species-specific primers of CD1/CD2 (CD1: 5'-ACC TGG ACA CAT AAG TCA AAG-3'; CD2: 5'-CAA CAA TGC CAG TAT CAG AG-3'). The CD1/CD2 primers could distinguish C. lindemuthianum from C. orbiculare by a 638 bp PCR band. A duplex PCR method, combining both primers of CY1/CY2 and CD1/CD2, was used to detect C. lindemuthianum infection. The sensitivity of the detection with this PCR method was 1 pg of pure genomic DNA from the pathogen. Therefore, the PCR-based methods could be used for accurate and rapid detection of C. lindemuthianum from common bean.     

蜡样杆菌（Bacillus cereus）M22 Mn-SOD cDNA片断的克隆

分析不同种细菌Mn SOD氨基酸序列的保守区域 ,设计一对简并引物进行RT PCR扩增 ,产物经T A载体连接转化大肠杆菌JM 1 0 9,筛选阳性克隆、测序并进行同源性分析 ,得到 4 36bpMn SODcDNA片段。根据此片段设计 5′端特异性引物 ,然后进行 5′RACE扩增 ,获得Mn SOD 5′端 387bpcDNA片断。将 2段序列进行拼接获得 5 94bpcDNA片断 ,编码 1 72个氨基酸。对推定氨基酸序列进行BLAST分析 ,结果表明其与炭疽芽孢杆菌 (Bacillusanthracis)同源性为 95 % ,且Gly77,Aly78,Phe86,Gln1 50 和Asp1 51 在已报道的Mn SOD中均存在 ,构成Mn SOD的活性中心。表明该序列为蜡样芽孢杆菌Mn SOD的cDNA序列     

Development of a synthetic positive control which also detects plasmid contamination in diagnostic polymerase chain reaction

This paper describes a technique for the development of a positive control for use in a nested PCR to show that the PCR has worked correctly with both outer and inner primers designed for diagnostic amplification of 618 bp and 317 bp products respectively. This positive control produces a larger product than the diagnostic sample that can be discriminated on an agarose gel. This technique is advantageous over traditional cloning of the diagnostic PCR product itself by: 1) making it visually easy to detect plasmid contamination and thus, prevent false positives from the plasmid; 2) develop a positive control when the target organism is at a very low prevalence so initial detection is not relied on for cloning positive controls. This will ensure the PCR is working correctly prior to diagnostic sampling, reducing false negatives; or 3) for developing a PCR and determining the sensitivity prior to the use of diagnostic samples. The methods used to produce this nested positive control demonstrates how to use large oligonucleotide primers in PCR without non-specific binding occurring.     

油茶白绢病原菌齐整小核菌分子检测的研究

目的：设计特异性引物建立油茶白绢病齐整小核菌的快速分子检测体系。方法：扩增齐整小核菌核糖体DNA ITS区并测定其序列,比较该序列与GenBank中近似种的ITS序列差异,设计了特异性引物BF1和BR2。结果：该引物可以从齐整小核菌中扩增得到约540bp特异性条带,而扩增其它近似或相关菌株时没有相应的特异性条带。在25μL PCR反应体系中,引物BF1和BR2检测灵敏度为1pg浓度DNA。结论：利用设计的BF1和BR2特异性引物结合PCR方法可快速的扩增出齐整小核菌DNA,检测灵敏度为1pg.但在生产实践中诊断油茶白绢病发病前组织中的齐整小核菌还需要进一步研究。     

Simultaneous PCR Detection of the Two Major Bacterial Pathogens of Geranium

Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii ( Xcp ) and Ralstonia solanacearum ( Rs ) are the two most important bacterial pathogens of commercially cultivated geraniums ( Pelargonium spp.), both causing bacterial wilt and leaf spot. Asymptomatic infections are important reservoirs of infections in commercial growing facilities. Our objective was to design a multiplex PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) assay to detect infection by either or both of these pathogens. We used a previously characterized PCR primer pair for Xcp that amplifies a region of 200 bp. In addition, we designed a new primer pair specific for Rs that amplifies a region of 822 bp. With these two primer pairs, we could detect either or both pathogens. As geranium tissue extracts frequently contain inhibitors of the PCR process, a negative PCR could result from either an accurate indication that the plant was pathogen-free or from a false negative assay. We therefore designed `amplification competence' primers, targeting a portion of the geranium 18 s rRNA gene, and generating a 494-bp amplification product that confirms amplification competence and validates a negative assay result. Thus, the triple primer pair multiplex PCR screens for the two most important bacterial pathogens of geraniums simultaneously confirms amplification competence for each geranium sample.