模拟UV-B辐射增强条件下灯盏花居群的生理差异及其遗传背景

在温室条件下,研究了模拟UV-B辐射（280～320 nm）增强对6个灯盏花居群的类黄酮、丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响及其种内差异,并利用ISSR分子标记技术对灯盏花居群进行遗传背景分析.结果表明：在UV-B辐射增强条件下,灯盏花D01、D53、D63和D65居群在成苗期、盛花期和成熟期的类黄酮含量均显著增加,成苗期与盛花期MDA含量显著降低;而D47和D48居群3个生育期的MDA含量和盛花期类黄酮含量均显著增加,成熟期显著降低.D01居群3个生育期的POD、APX活性,成苗期、盛花期CAT活性与盛花期SOD活性均显著升高;D47居群3个生育期的SOD、CAT和APX活性,成熟期POD活性显著下降;D48居群3个生育期的POD、APX活性,成苗期、成熟期的SOD活性均显著下降;D53居群成苗期和盛花期SOD、APX活性,盛花期CAT活性显著增加;D63居群3个生育期的SOD、POD和APX活性均显著上升;D65居群除成熟期的CAT和APX活性没有显著变化外,3个生育期的4种抗氧化酶活性均显著上升.灯盏花居群对UV B辐射增强的响应有明显的种内差异,D01、D53、D63和D65为UV耐性居群,而D47和D48居群的UV敏感性较高.灯盏花居群不同生育期对UV-B辐射的响应为盛花期>成苗期>成熟期.居群间的遗传多样性差异明显,在遗传距离为0.11的水平上,可将D01、D53、D63和D65居群归为一类,D47和D48居群为另一类,这与根据生理响应指数判断的UV耐性与敏感居群的结果基本一致.     

田间增加UV-B辐射对玉米光合生理的影响

自然条件下,分别增加0(CK组)、0.01(R1组)和0.015 J.m-2.s-1(R2组)3种强度的UV-B辐射处理玉米(Zea maysL.),对重庆地区C4植物玉米整个生长期内光合作用的影响进行研究。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射导致玉米幼苗叶片光合色素含量(包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)、Hill反应活力、气孔导度、光合速率下降,且随UV-B辐射强度的增加,玉米幼苗光合作用所受抑制增强,而玉米成株所受影响不大。     

大气二氧化碳倍增对短葶飞蓬生长和有效成分积累的影响

通过对人工倍增CO₂浓度（800±100） μmol·mol^-1与正常CO₂浓度（400±25） μmol·mol^-1条件下短葶飞蓬植株生物量、体内灯盏乙素和总咖啡酸酯含量及产量的比较,探讨了CO₂浓度升高对药用植物短葶飞蓬生物量、有效成分含量及产量的影响.结果表明：CO₂浓度倍增条件下,短葶飞蓬植株生物量增加了22%;总咖啡酸酯及灯盏乙素含量分别增加23%和26%,产量分别增加37.6%和45.3%.不同器官的生物量及有效成分含量对CO₂浓度升高的响应不同.在CO₂浓度倍增条件下,短葶飞蓬植株含氮量减少47.2%,与次生代谢有效成分含量的变化呈反比,符合“碳素/营养平衡假说”;植株生物量与次生代谢产物含量的变化呈正相关,植株生长与次生代谢产物积累之间没有表现出权衡关系.说明合理施用CO₂是可实现短葶飞蓬的优质高产.     

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on plant nutrients and decomposition of spring wheat under field conditions

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in the field under ambient and supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–315 nm) radiation to determine the potential for alteration in plant nutrients, decomposition, leaf quality and dry matter yield. Supplemental UV-B radiation simulating a 12, 20 and 25% stratospheric ozone depletion significantly decreased dry matter yield, but had no significant impact on harvest index. UV-B radiation resulted in an increase of the concentrations of N and K in all plant parts; changes of the concentrations of P, Mg, Fe and Zn varied in a tissue-dependent manner, as the decrease of P in leaves and stems, and its increase in spikes and grains. The mass of N, P, K, Mg, Fe and Zn in various plant parts and whole plant was generally decreased except leaf N mass was increased by enhanced UV-B radiation. Enhanced UV-B radiation decreased the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates in leaves and increased that of holocellulose and soluble proteins. After 60 and 100 days of decomposition of leaves and stems in the field, enhanced UV-B radiation stimulated the loss of organic C. As a consequence, the nutrient content of soils might be less diminished under enhanced UV-B radiation.     

紫外辐射增强对灯盏花内生细菌的影响初探

灯盏花根茎叶表面消毒法后,采用稀释平板法分离灯盏花根茎叶中的内生细菌,对分离菌株进行革兰染色和芽胞染色,结果表明:灯盏花根内生细菌的数量显著或极显著多于叶和茎,紫外辐射极显著减少灯盏花叶和茎中内生细菌的数量.76 %和54 %的灯盏花内生细菌为G~+细菌和含芽胞的细菌,紫外辐射增加灯盏花叶和茎中内生G~+细菌和含芽胞细菌的比例.     

UV-B辐射增强对两种不同抗性水稻叶片光合生理及超显微结构的影响

在UV-B辐射增强条件下,研究了两个不同水稻品种叶片光合作用系统的变化。结果表明：（1）UV-B辐射胁迫使两个水稻品种叶片总叶绿素含量,叶绿素a与叶绿素b（Chla／Chlb）比值下降,叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数改变,光系统Ⅱ活性受抑制,光合作用效率降低,其中Dular受抑制的程度较Lemont大。（2）利用扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）进一步研究表明,UV-B辐射胁迫使水稻叶片气孔器受破坏,叶绿体结构变形,基粒片层排列稀疏紊乱,两个供试品种结构上受破坏的程度与它们光合生理受抑制的程度一致。（3）叶片边缘受破坏的程度较主脉两侧轻,这可能与硅质乳突密度较大有关。（4）两个供试品种叶片表面主脉两侧的硅质乳突数量及其受UV-B辐射影响的特性存在明显的差异,Lemont叶表面的乳突分布密度较大,且在UV-B辐射胁迫下有增加的趋势,而Dular则相反。这说明硅质体的累积特性可能是水稻对UV-B辐射胁迫的适应机制之一。     

云南灯盏花遗传变异的RAPD分析

运用RAPD (randomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA)技术对云南灯盏花 (Erigeronbrevis capus) 6个居群进行分析 ,研究其遗传变异及遗传结构 ,用外类群紫菀对比分析其亲缘关系。随机挑选 16个引物在 6个居群中共产生 2 33条DNA片段 ,其中 192条带具有遗传多态性 ,约占 82 4 0 %。多态位点百分比PPB、等位基因数A、有效等位基因数Ae、Nei’s基因多样性指数H和Shannon多样性指数I在物种水平分别为 82 4 0 %、 1 82 4 0、 1 30 0 5、0 1896、 0 30 2 1;居群的平均值分别为 5 4 2 3%、 1 5 40 1、 1 2 6 91、 0 16 0 7、 0 2 4 6 0。灯盏花的遗传多样性较丰富 ,基因分化系数Gst值为 0 346 0 ,有 6 5 4 0 %的变异来自居群内 ,6个居群的遗传一致度较高 ,在 0 90 37～ 0 972 3之间 ,平均为 0 94 10。利用UPGMA对 6居群聚类分析 ,结果表明 :丘北居群 (YB)和文山居群 (YX)亲缘关系最近 ,小哨居群 (Y )和新平居群 (YA)次之 ,丘北居群 (YB)和腾冲居群 (ZA)亲缘关系最远。遗传关系与各居群地理分布区间的距离大致成正相关     

Effects of ultraviolet-B enhanced radiation and temperature on growth and photochemical activities inVigna unguiculata

Changes in growth characteristics and photochemical activities inVigna unguiculata L. Walp seedlings maintained at constant temperature of 10, 20, 30 and 40 ‡C under control and ultraviolet-B enhanced radiation (UV-B) were investigated. UV-B retarded the shoot elongation and also leaf expansion to a great extent at 30 ‡C but produced only marginal changes at 20 and 40 ‡C. Similar response was also observed with respect to changes in leaf fresh and dry masses and total chlorophyll (Chl) content under these temperatures. At 10 ‡C the total Chl content was 3-fold higher under the treatment than under control conditions. In seedlings growing at 20 and 30 ‡C the overall photosynthetic electron transport (H₂O -> methyl viologen) showed a significant enhancement during the 36-h UV-B treatment and thereafter a gradual reduction. Although a similar trend was found in photosystem 1 (PS1), the inhibition even after 60 h of UV-B treatment was not statistically significant. Photosystem 2 (PS2) activity was inhibited in seedlings treated for 60 h by UV-B at 20 and 30 ‡C. However, no inhibition was observed at 40 ‡C. No detectable photochemical activity was found in seedlings grown at 10 ‡C under either control or UV-B enhanced irradiation although the chloroplasts contained Chl. This work was supported by a Research Associateship to N.N. from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (India) and by a grant from the Ministerio de Education y Ciencia (ref. 5894- AM086772).     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗微管结合蛋白MAP65s的影响

分别采用5 mW/mm2 He-Ne激光辐照、10.08 kJ/m2·d 增强UV-B辐射及二者组合对"临优2018"小麦幼苗进行处理,通过紫外吸收法测定各处理组幼苗中微管结合蛋白MAP65s的含量,并且采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对MAP65s蛋白进行鉴定,进一步分析He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射引起的小麦幼苗微管骨架损伤的修复效应.结果显示:经UV-B处理(B)后,小麦幼苗中的MAP65s蛋白含量低于对照组(CK)(P<0.01);单独激光(L)处理,MAP65s蛋白含量高于对照组(CK)(P<0.05);经He-Ne激光和UV-B复合处理(BL)后,MAP65s蛋白含量高于UV-B处理组,低于CK组.该结果表明:一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照能够促进小麦幼苗微管结合蛋白MAP65s的合成,并且可能在一定程度上修复增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗微管骨架系统造成的损伤.     

Response to heat stress of populations of two Sphagnum species from alpine bogs at different altitudes

Sphagnum mosses are a fundamental component of bog vegetation in northern regions, where these plants play a major role in controlling important ecosystem processes. As heat waves are expected to become increasingly intense and frequent, especially in cold territories, it is important to improve our knowledge of heat resistance in Sphagnum species. We investigated the response to heat stress of S. fuscum and S. magellanicum. Three populations of the two species collected at different altitudes (1090 m, 1870 m and 2100 m) were grown at three daytime temperature levels: 25 °C (AT); 36 °C (MT); 43 °C (HT). The HT treatment decreased concentrations of chlorophyll and nitrogen in the plant tissues, which resulted in lower net CO₂ exchange rates and quantum yield of PS_II. The plants recovered significantly within six days, probably because temperature in the living tissue did not reach lethal thresholds because of the high water content in the plant tissues. Contrary to our main hypothesis, that S. magellanicum had greater resistance to high temperatures because of its more southern distribution, the two species showed much the same response patterns to heat stress. Supporting our second hypothesis, populations of both species originating from the highest site suffered somewhat stronger, although still reversible, damage when grown at HT. Heat stress brought about by heat waves will unlikely have differential effects on these two Sphagnum species. We also conclude that heat waves are unlikely to exert irreversible damage to the Sphagnum layer in bog ecosystems if high temperatures are not coupled with drought.     

Effects of an enhanced ultraviolet-B irradiation on photosynthetic apparatus of several forest coniferous tree species from different locations

The effect of UV-B on the photosynthetic apparatus of coniferous trees: Picea abies (L.) Karst., Picea pungens (Engelm.), Pinus sylvestris (L.), Pinus cembra (L.) and Abies alba (Mill.) was investigated. Three and four-year-old plantlets coming from different latitudes, longitudes and altitudes were used. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse. Two doses of ultraviolet-B irradiation were applied: control=0, low dose=11.32 and high dose=22.64 kJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹ UV-B_BE (biologically effective irradiance of UV-B). Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, chlorophyll and flavonoids content were carried out. Response of forest trees to an increased UV-B radiation depends on species, location of place of pantalets collecting and UV-B dose. Pinus cembra, Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris from high altitude (1000 m a.s.l.) were less sensitive to UV-B than these from plain location. The altitude determined adaptation of forest coniferous trees to an enhanced UV-B radiation much more than the latitudinal gradient. Permanent discoloration was observed only on the young needles of the fir plantlets that were grown in light limiting conditions. Photosynthetic parameters were affected by the UV-B radiation. Both maximal and the steady state fluorescence of chlorophyll were reduced as a consequence of elevated UV-B in case of some species. The chlorophyll content was enhanced, increased or was not affected according to species and to locations. The flavonoids content in the needles increased with chlorophyll content at both UV-B treatments. An opposite trend was found in the control. The increased content of screening pigments in the needles of all the tested coniferous trees was detected. Picea abies and Picea pungens photosynthesis response curves to the light and to the intercellular CO₂ concentration did not change significantly under increased UV-B because of higher concentration in screening pigments in leaves. The increased concentration of flavonoids in forest litter may lead to changes in the biogeochemical cycle in the forest ecosystem.     

Physiological causes of cotton fruit abscission under conditions of high temperature and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation

An experiment was conducted in sunlit controlled environment growth chambers to determine the physiological mechanisms of fruit abscission of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. NuCOTN 33B) grown in high temperature and enhanced ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation. Six treatments included two levels of optimum (30/22°C) and high (36/28°C) day/night temperatures and three levels of biologically effective UV-B radiation (0, 7, and 14 kJ m⁻² per day). Both the temperature and UV-B treatments were imposed from seedling emergence through 79 days after emergence (DAE). High temperature did not negatively affect either leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) or abscission of cotton squares (floral buds with bracts) but significantly decreased boll retention. Plants exposed to 7 kJ UV-B radiation retained 56% less bolls than the 0 kJ UV-B control plants at 79 DAE, despite no significant differences in leaf Pn measured at squaring and flowering. At 53 DAE, leaf Pn of plants grown in high UV-B radiation (14 kJ m⁻² per day) decreased by 11%, whereas total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations in the leaves, floral buds, and young bolls decreased by 34, 32, and 20%, respectively, compared with the control plants. The high UV-B radiation significantly increased square abscission. Square abscission was not related to leaf TNC concentration but closely correlated with TNC in floral buds ( r  = −0.68, P  < 0.001). Young boll abscission was highly correlated with TNC concentrations in both the leaves ( r  = −0.40, P  < 0.01) and the bolls ( r  = −0.80, P  < 0.001). Our results indicate that non-structural carbohydrate limitation in reproductive parts was a major factor associated with fruit abscission of cotton grown under high temperature and enhanced UV-B radiation conditions.     

Photosynthesis of two Arctic macroalgae under different ambient radiation levels and their sensitivity to enhanced UV radiation

The change in optimal quantum efficiency (F _v/F _m) of the Arctic species Laminaria saccharina and Palmaria palmata was investigated in a long-term experiment in situ under different radiation levels during the summer of 1997 in the Kongsfjord (Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, Norway, 78°55.5′N, 11°56.0′E). Whole plants were incubated in an open box system made of UV-transparent Perspex and exposed to solar radiation (λ>295?nm), solar radiation excluding UVB (λ?>?320?nm) and solar radiation excluding UVA?+ UVB (λ?>?400?nm). Increasing radiation levels were simulated by transplantation of the pre-adapted algae from their growth depth at 2?m to a water depth of 1?m. Sensitivity to artificially increased UV radiation was determined by exposure of algae from the three treatments to 6?h of strong UV radiation. P. palmata was relatively insensitive to increasing UV radiation and recovered very fast and almost completely in 2?h. Even plants pre-cultured in ambient radiation levels excluding UVA?+?UVB or UVB only showed no photoinhibition after exposure to extra UV radiation in the laboratory. L. saccharina was, in comparison to P. palmata, more sensitive and showed photoinhibition under solar radiation and solar minus UVB radiation after transplantation from 2 to 1?m water depth. However, after 3?weeks at 1?m depth, F _v/F _m of L. saccharina was equal in all treatments and restored to the original values at the start of the experiment. Sensitivity to extra UV radiation in the laboratory increased in time, although recovery was also fast and occurred within 20?h.     

紫外-B辐射对番茄幼苗生长、POD和IAA氧化酶活性的影响

模拟兰州地区夏季臭氧层减薄12%和20%时增强的UV-B辐射2.54kJ·m-2·d-1 T1 和4.25kJ·m-2·d-1 T2 ,以自然辐射为对照,研究2种辐射对番茄幼苗生长、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量以及过氧化物酶 POD 、吲哚乙酸氧化酶 IAA氧化酶 活性的影响.结果表明:低强度、短时间的辐射 T1,10d 对番茄幼苗生长没有影响,而高强度、长时间的辐射可减少生物量累积,降低株高、壮苗指数、叶绿素a、b和总叶绿素的含量,对叶绿素a/b无显著影响;与对照相比,可溶性蛋白质含量在辐射处理10d和20d时均减低,40d时升高;T2处理使POD活性一直显著高于对照;IAA氧化酶活性在辐射10d和20d时增加,40d时显著低于对照.说明在UV-B辐射下光合下降、IAA分解抑制了番茄幼苗的生长.     

Genetic structure of Native Andean populations from Argentina inhabiting different altitudes

On the basis of erythrocyte and serum protein polymorphisms, we investigated the level of genetic differentiation among 3 Argentinian native populations sharing ethnic and morphological characteristics but inhabiting different altitudes in the Andes. Of the 15 loci studied, 8 are monomorphic. Phenotype distribution of the polymorphic systems are in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for malic enzyme (MOD), where a silent allele was found. The 2 highland populations exhibit a close genetic similarity, probably as a result of intense gene flow. The lowland population shows reduced genetic diversity, which suggests the influence of stochastic phenomena such as the founder effect.     

Effects of artificial ultraviolet-B radiation on experimental aquatic microcosms

1. The effects of prolonged ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation on freshwater communities were studied in indoor microcosms (600 L) with artificial light sources, simulating a clear, shallow, mesotrophic aquatic ecosystem. A range of six intensities (in duplicate) of UVB radiation, ranging from 0 (control) to 9.56 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ at the water surface, was applied for 8 weeks. The UVB radiation levels, attenuation, shading and scattering were comparable to those in Dutch shallow freshwater systems. Physical, chemical and biological variables were monitored weekly.
2. The UVB treatment did not affect the abundance, species composition or biovolume of the phytoplankton or zooplankton communities, nor did it affect the periphyton or the macroinvertebrate community. A few species showed a significant response on some of the sampling dates, but there was no negative UVB effect at the community level. Overall, the ecosystems in the microcosms were not affected by the UVB treatment.
3. In a bio-assay, a laboratory clone of Daphnia pulex , not subjected to UVB radiation, was fed with seston from the microcosms. Daphnia pulex feeding on seston from the control microcosms grew faster, had better survival and better reproduction than D. pulex feeding on seston from the UVB treated microcosms. The phytoplankton–zooplankton interaction may have been influenced by the UVB treatment.
4. The dissolved oxygen content (DOC) concentrations in the microcosms were around 5 mg L^−1. The DOC levels in Dutch systems rarely fall below 10 mg L^−1. This might provide sufficient protection against the detrimental effects of increased UVB radiation.     

Intraspecific differences in physiological response of 20 wheat cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation under field conditions

Field studies were conducted to determine the potential for alterations in physiology and the intraspecific variation in sensitivity of 20 wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation. The supplemental UV-B radiation was 5 kJ m(-2), simulating a depletion of 20% stratospheric ozone. Out of 20 wheat cultivars (from South China, North China and Mexico) tested, 13 showed significant changes in total chlorophyll content. In most of these sensitive species, chlorophyll a content was strongly reduced, and chlorophyll b content decreased in a lesser extent, leading to a decrease in chlorophyll a/b ratio. However, some species had an increased chlorophyll a/b ratio under enhanced UV-B. The effect of UV-B on flavonoid content also showed intraspecific differences, a significant increase for one cultivar, decreases in 12 cultivars and no effect on the other seven cultivars. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of five cultivars was significantly increased, and that of six cultivars significantly decreased. Membrane permeability of 12 cultivars significantly increased, while only that of Dali 905 was significantly decreased. Malonaldehyde (MDA) contents of eight cultivars were increased significantly, while that of three cultivars was significantly decreased. Although large intraspecific differences were found for the different parameters measured, there was no clear correlation between them under UV-B radiation.     

氮、磷、钾施用对灯盏花产量和主要提取物收获量的影响

通过设置N、P、K不同施肥量处理,研究了施肥量差异对灯盏花（Erigeron breviscapus（Vant.）Hand.-Mazz.）的生长指标、产量、3种主要提取物（野黄芩苷、总咖啡酸酯和总黄酮）含量及单位面积收获量的影响。结果表明,增施N、P肥对植株生长指标具有促进作用。随着N、P、K肥施用量的增加,植株产量逐渐升高,且以施N肥的增产幅度最大。一定范围内施用N肥可导致灯盏花3种主要提取物含量降低,而P、K肥的施用则对此没有影响。3种主要提取物单位面积收获量与产量之间呈极显著正相关,N、P、K肥的施用可以提高灯盏花的产量从而增加3种提取物的收获量。N、P、K肥施用量分别为103.5、126.0、112.5 kg/hm²时获得的提取物单位面积收获量最大。