Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Chinese in Modern Malaya. Victor Purcell
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The National Status of the Chinese in Indonesia. Donald E. Willmott     

Book Review

Book reviewed in this article:
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Social Anthropology in Polynesia. F elix M. K eesing
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Social Anthropology in Melanesia. A. P. E lkin .     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Handbook for Industry Studies. Everett E. Hagen
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Japanese Factory: Aspects of Its Social Organization. James G. Abegglen     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Handbook of West African Art. William R. Bascom and Paul Gebauer
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Les Civilisations Africaines. Denise Paulme
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Contribution a l'Étude de l'Histoire de l'Ancien Royaume de Porto-Novo. A. Akindélé and C. Aguessy     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Azande, and Related Peoples of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Belgian Congo . P. T. W. B axter and A udrey B utt .
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho . I. M. L ewis .     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY. The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture. John C. Ewers. (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 159.) Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1955. xv, 358 pp., 17 plates, 33 figs. $2.75.
The Indian and the Horse. Frank Gilbert Roe. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955. xvi, 434 pp., illus. $5.00.     

Masculinity and nationalism: gender and sexuality in the making of nations

Richard G. Fox (ed.), NATIONALIST IDEOLOGIES AND THE PRODUCTION OF NATIONAL CULTURE, Washington: American Anthropological Association, 1990, 177 pp., $17.00.

Michael Watson (ed.), CONTEMPORARY MINORITY NATIONALISM, London: Routledge, 1990, 277 pp., £35.00.

Christie Davies, ETHNIC HUMOR AROUND THE WORLD, A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990, 404 pp., $39.95.

Elizabeth Fox‐Genovese, WITHIN THE PLANTATION HOUSEHOLD: BLACK AND WHITE WOMEN OF THE OLD SOUTH, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, 544 pp., $34.95 and $12.95 (paper).

Darlene Clark Hine, BLACK WOMEN IN WHITE: RACIAL CONFLICT AND COOPERATION IN THE NURSING PROFESSION, 1890–1950, Btoomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989, 264 pp., $35.00 and $12.95 (paper).

Pnina Werbner, THE MIGRATION PROCESS, Oxford: Berg, 1989, 391 pp., $56.00.

Elaine Pinderhughes, UNDERSTANDING RACE, ETHNICITY AND POWER: THE KEY TO EFFICACY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, New York: The Free Press; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989, 269 pp., £20.00.

Paul B. Pedersen, Juris G. Draguns, Walter J. Lonner, Joseph E. Trimble, COUNSELLING ACROSS CULTURES, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989, (third edition), xii + 402 pp., £14.35 (paper).

Roland Littlewood and Morris Lipsedge, ALIENS AND ALIENISTS: ETHNIC MINORITIES AND PSYCHIATRY, London: Unwin Hyman, 1989, (second edition), xvii + 334 pp., £32.00 and £10.95 (paper).

H. Russell Bernard and Jesús Salinas Pedraza, NATIVE ETHNOGRAPHY; A MEXICAN INDIAN DESCRIBES HIS CULTURE, London: Sage Publications, 1989, 648 pp., £62.00 (Illustrated).     

Phylogenetic analysis of hampala fishes (subfamily Cyprininae) in Malaysia inferred from partial mitochondrial cytochrome B DNA sequences

This study examined 396 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 110 individuals belonging to the genus Hampala, a group of freshwater cyprinids that inhabit Southeast Asia. The samples were taken from various locations throughout Sarawak, Sabah, and peninsular Malaysia. The nucleotide sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analyses by using the neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods. All three methods revealed the reciprocally monophyletic relationship of Hampala macrolepidota to the other Hampala forms, thus strongly supporting its status as a distinct species. Phylogenetic analysis also discovered the existence of two H. bimaculata lineages endemic to Borneo: (1) a newly identified species from the southern and central part of Sarawak assigned as H. bimaculata Type A and (2) the previously described H. bimaculata from northern Sarawak and the west coast of Sabah assigned as H. bimaculata Type B. However, the status of H. sabana and an intermediate form were not elucidated. The results suggest that the intermediate form from the Tawau population is actually a subpopulation of H. sabana, while the highly divergent intermediate form from Kalabakan could represent a cryptic species. The sharing of H. macrolepidota haplotypes in the southern peninsular Malaysia and southern and central Sarawak samples (Hm1 and Hm2) reflected the recent disconnection of the two regions, during the late Pleistocene. Overall, the partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was useful for resolving the phylogenetic relationships among Hampala fishes in Malaysia.     

A new species of Gonystylus (Thymelaeaceae) from Sarawak, Borneo

A new species, Gonystylus othmanii Tawan (Thymelaeaceae) from Sarawak (Borneo) is described and illustrated. It is considered to be endemic to Sarawak. The morphological differences between the new species and related taxa are included.     

Three new species of Etlingera (Zingiberaceae) from Borneo

Three new species from northern Borneo are described: Etlingera rubromarginata from Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah; E. belalongensis presently only known from the Temburong District of Brunei; and E. corrugata presently only known from Danum Valley, Sabah.     

Extreme Differences in Forest Degradation in Borneo: Comparing Practices in Sarawak,Sabah, and Brunei

The Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak are global hotspots of forest loss and degradation due to timber and oil palm industries; however, the rates and patterns of change have remained poorly measured by conventional field or satellite approaches. Using 30 m resolution optical imagery acquired since 1990, forest cover and logging roads were mapped throughout Malaysian Borneo and Brunei using the Carnegie Landsat Analysis System. We uncovered ∼364,000 km of roads constructed through the forests of this region. We estimated that in 2009 there were at most 45,400 km² of intact forest ecosystems in Malaysian Borneo and Brunei. Critically, we found that nearly 80% of the land surface of Sabah and Sarawak was impacted by previously undocumented, high-impact logging or clearing operations from 1990 to 2009. This contrasted strongly with neighbouring Brunei, where 54% of the land area remained covered by unlogged forest. Overall, only 8% and 3% of land area in Sabah and Sarawak, respectively, was covered by intact forests under designated protected areas. Our assessment shows that very few forest ecosystems remain intact in Sabah or Sarawak, but that Brunei, by largely excluding industrial logging from its borders, has been comparatively successful in protecting its forests.     

Identification and Characterization of Malaysian River Catfish, Mystus nemurus (C&V): RAPD and AFLP Analysis

This work represents the first application of the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique and the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique in the study of genetic variation within and among five geographical populations of M. nemurus. Four AFLP primer combinations and nine RAPD primers detected a total of 158 and 42 polymorphic markers, respectively. The results of AFLP and RAPD analysis provide similar conclusions as far as the population clustering analysis is concerned. The Sarawak population, which is located on Borneo Island, clustered by itself and was thus isolated from the rest of the populations located in Peninsular Malaysia. Both marker systems revealed high genetic variability within the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Sarawak populations. Three subgroups each from the Kedah, Perak, and Sarawak populations were detected by AFLP but not by RAPD. Unique AFLP fingerprints were also observed in some unusual genotypes sampled in Sarawak. This indicates that AFLP may be a more efficient marker system than RAPD for identifying genotypes within populations.     

Plasmodium knowlesi from archival blood films: Further evidence that human infections are widely distributed and not newly emergent in Malaysian Borneo

Human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi have been misdiagnosed by microscopy as Plasmodium malariae due to their morphological similarities. Although microscopy-identified P. malariae cases have been reported in the state of Sarawak (Malaysian Borno) as early as 1952, recent epidemiological studies suggest the absence of indigenous P. malariae infections. The present study aimed to determine the past incidence and distribution of P. knowlesi infections in the state of Sarawak based on archival blood films from patients diagnosed by microscopy as having P. malariae infections. Nested PCR assays were used to identify Plasmodium species in DNA extracted from 47 thick blood films collected in 1996 from patients in seven different divisions throughout the state of Sarawak. Plasmodium knowlesi DNA was detected in 35 (97.2%) of 36 blood films that were positive for Plasmodium DNA, with patients originating from all seven divisions. Only one sample was positive for P. malariae DNA. This study provides further evidence of the widespread distribution of human infections with P. knowlesi in Sarawak and its past occurrence. Taken together with data from previous studies, our findings suggest that P. knowlesi malaria is not a newly emergent disease in humans.     

Besprechungen

Book reviewed in this article:
Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Begründet von P aul S orauer . Herausgegeben von O. A ppel , H. B lunck , B. R ademacher und H. R ichter
Arx, J. A. von, The genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture.
Turner, G. J., Fungi and plant diseases in Sarawak.
Sachs, L., Statistische Methoden.     

Revision of the southeast Asian genus Sageraea (Annonaceae)

Sageraea consists of 9 species, two of which are newly described: S. sarawakensis from Sarawak and S. zeylanica from Sri Lanka. Its distribution ranges from India to the Philippines and Indonesia. Sageraea is closely related to Stelechocarpus , with which it shares the imbricate aestivation of the sepals and petals. Further characteristics are the usually glabrous plants, the coriaceous leaves, the thick, fleshy stamens, and ovules or seeds in 2 series.     

Orchidantha inouei (Lowiaceae), a new species from Borneo

A new species, Orchidantha inouei , is described from Sarawak. Two types of paracladium in the inflorescence are reported with a discussion on the inflorescence morphology of Lowiaceae.     

Conservation of some rare and endangered plants from Peninsular Malaysia

Malaysia has approximately 15,000 species of vascular plants. Its flora is distributed between two major geographical regions; Peninsular Malaysia on mainland Asia and the states of Sabah and Sarawak on the island of Borneo. Peninsular Malaysia has over 8,300 plant species and Sabah and Sarawak in a recent estimate have about 12,000 species. Total species endemism for Peninsular Malaysia is about 30%; its tree endemism is 26.3%. For Sabah and Sarawak, the endemism level is higher, recently revised figures gave a tree species endemism of 42.1%. Malaysia has recently published its national strategy for plant conservation, which now forms the basis of conservation activities for the country. Since 2004, we have been running a project entitled “Conservation Monitoring of Rare and Threatened Plants of Peninsular Malaysia”, in which conservation status assessment is scored for a number of families. Results of the assessment of 458 taxa included 46.1% in some threat category. Detailed conservation studies are in progress for 33 species of threatened plants. Initial work on these species include spatial distribution studies at regional level based on herbarium records, and at a more local level, population studies to determine demography of populations. Regular phenological observations were also made for many of the species.     

Trophic Ecology of Ansonia latidisca at Gunung Penrissen,Sarawak, North-Western Borneo

Dietary data on Ansonia latidisca, the little known Bornean Rainbow Toad, are presented, through an investigation of a population at Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, ...     

Five new species of Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) from Borneo

Recent collections from Sabah and Sarawak have revealed a wide species diversity among the Bornean members of the genus Zingiber. Four previously unknown and one incompletely known species of the genus are presented. Z. vinosum is a lowland species characterized by its burgundy colour of the lower surface of the leaves. Z. lambii was collected in primary lowland forest on ultramafic soil while Z. argenteum was collected in primary lowland forest on limestone. Both are characterized by their silvery leaves and orange inflorescences. Z. pendulum, found in primary mountain forest, has pending leafy stems and a deeply split labellum with very well developed side-lobes. Z. latifolium, found in secondary mountain forest, is vegetatively distinct by its broad leaves with a densely pubescent margin Z. vinosum, Z. Iambii, Z. pendulum and Z. latifolium are from Sabah and Z. argenteum is from Sarawak.