BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DINOSAUR EGGSHELLS (Ⅰ)─THE STRESS ANALYSIS OF THE DINOSAUR EGGSHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE

Inrecentyears,severalstudieshaveindicatedthattheconductanceofwatervaporandrespiratorygases,estimatedfrommeasurementsofdinosaureggshellandporegeometry,canprovideevidencefortheenvironmentalconditionssurroundingembryosduringincubation(Seymour,1979;Williamsetal.,1984;Mou,1992).Inparticular,ithasbeensuggestedfromsomepapersaboutdinosaureggshellsthatthelastextinctionofdinosaurswou1dberelatedtotheirreproduction(Erben,1970;Erbenetal.,1979;Zhao,1978,1990,1994;Zhao,Yeetal.,1991;Zhao,Wangetal.,1993).T…     

BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DINOSAUR EGGSHELLS (Ⅱ)──TWO BREAKING TYPES OF THE DINOSAUR EGGSHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE

Thedinosaursburytheireggsinsandorearthforincubation.Assumingthatexertingexterna1forcesontheseeggswithinthenestareequa1distributionpressure,i.e.NQo=NBdi=O.Aftertreatingthestatisticalfiguresofthedinosaureggshe-lls,anon-dimensiona1contourcurveforinulacanbeobtained:inwhichUsingnumericalmethodsubstitutesthedifferentialwithcentraldifference:Thusthethreedifferenceexpressionsofcurvatureradiusoftheeggshe1lcanbeobtained:Usingnondimensionparameters:inwhichNoandNearenondimensi0nalinternalf0rcesal0ngth…     

DOES THE ABUNDANCE OF HOVERFLY (SYRPHIDAE) MIMICS DEPEND ON THE NUMBERS OF THEIR HYMENOPTERAN MODELS?

We tested the prediction that, if hoverflies are Batesian mimics, this may extend to behavioral mimicry such that their numerical abundance at each hour of the day (the daily activity pattern) is related to the numbers of their hymenopteran models. After accounting for site, season, microclimatic responses, and general hoverfly abundance at three sites in northwestern England, the residual numbers of mimics were significantly correlated positively with their models nine times of 17. Sixteen of 17 relationships were positive, itself a highly significant nonrandom pattern. Several eristaline flies showed significant relationships with honeybees even though some of them mimic wasps or bumblebees, perhaps reflecting an ancestral resemblance to honeybees. There was no evidence that good and poor mimics differed in their daily activity pattern relationships with models. However, the common mimics showed significant activity pattern relationships with their models, whereas the rarer mimics did not. We conclude that many hoverflies show behavioral mimicry of their hymenopteran models.     

NEW SPECIES OF EUMOLPIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM THE HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS, YUNNAN(Ⅰ)

In this paper three species of Eumolpidae are described as new. All the type specimens were collected by the Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Hengduan Mountains, Academia Sinica, 1981;and deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.     

DO REEFS DRIVE DIVERSIFICATION IN MARINE TELEOSTS? EVIDENCE FROM THE PUFFERFISH AND THEIR ALLIES (ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES)

A major challenge in evolutionary biology lies in explaining patterns of high species numbers found in biodiversity hot spots. Tropical coral reefs underlie most marine hot spots and reef-associated fish faunas represent some of the most diverse assemblages of vertebrates on the planet. Although the standing diversity of modern reef fish clades is usually attributed to their ecological association with corals, untangling temporal patterns of codiversification has traditionally proved difficult. In addition, owing to uncertainty in higher-level relationships among acanthomorph fish, there have been few opportunities to test the assumption that reef-association itself leads to higher rates of diversification compared to other habitats. Here we use relaxed-clock methods in conjunction with statistical measures of species accumulation and phylogenetic comparative methods to clarify the temporal pattern of diversification in reef and nonreef-associated lineages of tetraodontiforms, a morphologically diverse order of teleost fish. We incorporate 11 fossil calibrations distributed across the tetraodontiform tree to infer divergence times and compare results from models of autocorrelated and uncorrelated evolutionary rates. All major tetraodontiform reef crown groups have significantly higher rates of diversification than the order as a whole. None of the nonreef-associated families show this pattern with the exception of the aracanid boxfish. Independent contrasts analysis also reveals a significantly positive relationship between diversification rate and proportion of reef-associated species within each family when aracanids are excluded. Reef association appears to have increased diversification rate within tetraodontiforms. We suggest that both intrinsic factors of reef habitat and extrinsic factors relating to the provincialization and regionalization of the marine biota during the Miocene (about 23-5 MY) played a role in shaping these patterns of diversity.     

ONE NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS EVΥNNIS FROM CHINA ( PERCIFORMES, SPARIDAE)

记述了采自闽南-台湾浅滩渔场的鲷科鱼类1新种,单长棘犁齿鲷Evynnis mononematos sp.nov..新种的犁骨有数颗圆锥状小齿,为犁齿鲷属所特有的特征.其背鳍仅第3鳍棘末端呈显著的丝状延长这一特征可与本属已知种E.cardinalis和E.tumifrons相区别.     

PARASITIC COPEPODS FROM FISHES OF CHINA——Ⅲ. CALIGOIDA, CALIGIDAE (2)

In early summer, 1957, a small collection of parasitic copepods was obtained from the body surface of certain marine fishes along the coast of peichihli Bay. From the material obtained, four species belonging to the genus Lepeophtheirus and one species to the genus Caligus, have been identified.     

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS SINOCΥCLOCHEILUS (CYPRINIFORMES, CYPRINIDAE) FROM GUANGXI, CHINA

2011年7月,在中国广西隆林县天生桥镇红水河水系一洞穴采集到2尾标本.经鉴定为金线鲃属Sinocyclocheilus 1新种,曲背金线鲃Sinocyclocheilns flexuosdorsalis sp.nov..新种背鳍分支鳍条8根,头背部交界处隆起,具前突状结构,并向下贴近顶骨.吻较长.这些特征可与属内其他种相区别.     

TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRΥODEMA FIEBER (ORTHOPTERA, OEDIPODIDAE) FROM -HMALAYA REGION

记述采自西藏喜马拉雅山地区痂蝗属2新种,伪透翅痂蝗Bryodema pseudohyalinala sp.nov.及康马痂蝗Bryodema kangmarensis sp.nov..附有中国痂蝗属分种检索表.新种的模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室.     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF “ALBUMINURIA” (PROTEINURIA)

“Albuminuria” is an inadequate term; proteins other than albumin commonly appear in the urine.Proteinuria seems to depend upon failure of the tubules to reabsorb protein which has filtered through glomeruli. Its occurrence may be the result of abnormal plasma proteins, glomeruli or tubules. Proteinuria need not always be the result of a renal lesion, but may actually cause one.When proteinuria is discovered, it should arouse curiosity about the patient in general, not merely about his kidneys. Other clinical information is needed in order that treatment be directed appropriately.     

PROPERTIES OF ARABINONUCLEIC ACIDS (ANA & 20′F-ANA): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF ANTISENSE THERAPEUTICS THAT INVOKE RNASE H CLEAVAGE OF RNA

Inversion of configuration of the C2′ position of RNA leads to a very unique nucleic acid structure: arabinonucleic acid (ANA). ANA, and its 2′-fluoro derivative (2′ F-ANA) form hybrids with RNA that are capable of activating RNase H, resulting in cleavage of the RNA strand. In this paper, we review the properties of duplexes formed between ANA (or 2′F-ANA) and its RNA complement. These studies support the notion that RNase H is sensitive to the minor groove dimensions of the hybrid substrate.     

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS DICTΥOPHARINA MELICHAR (HEMIPTERA, FULGOROIDEA, DICTYOPHARIDAE) FROM CHINA

记述采自中国海南、贵州、广东的短象蜡蝉属Dictyopharina Melichar(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,象蜡蝉科,象蜡蝉亚科)1新种,即六突短象蜡蝉D.hexasaca sp.nov..编制了短象蜡蝉属分种检索表,提供了新种的鉴别特征图.新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所.     

A STUDY OF THE GENUS POLΥOMMATUS LATREILLE (LEPIDOPTERA, LYCAENIDAE) FROM CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS,WITH A NEWLY RECORDED SPECIES FROM CHINA

记述长白山区眼灰蝶属4种,其中兹眼灰蝶Polyommatus tsvetaevi (Kurentzov,1970)为中国新纪录种,编制分种检索表,提供成虫照片和外生殖器特征图.因阿眼灰蝶Polyommatus amanda和酷眼灰蝶Polyommatus semiargus在长白山的亚种名均为amurensis,因此,amurensis Tutt,1909就成为amurensis(Staudinger,1892)的次同名,需要提出替代名Polyommatus semiargus changbaishanensis nom.nov.