Enzymic activity of salivary amylase when bound to the surface of oral streptococci

The enzymatic activity of salivary amylase bound to the surface of several species of oral streptococci was determined by the production of acid from starch and by the degradation of maltotetraose to glucose in a coupled, spectrophotometric assay. Most strains able to bind amylase exhibited functional enzyme on their surface and produced acid from the products of amylolytic degradation. These strains were unable to utilise starch in the absence of salivary amylase. Two strains failed to produce acid from starch, despite the presence of functional salivary amylase, because they could not utilise maltose. Strains that could not bind salivary amylase failed to produce acid from starch. In no case was all the bound salivary amylase active, and two strains of Streptococcus mitis which bound amylase did not exhibit any enzyme activity on their cell surface. The ability to bind amylase may confer a survival advantage on oral bacteria which inhabit hosts that consume diets containing starch.     

Screening of marine actinobacteria for amylase enzymes inhibitors

Amylase inhibitor producing actinobacteria were isolated and characterized from terrestrial environment and there is no much report found from marine environment, hence in the present study, 17 strains isolated from the rhizosphere sediments of mangroves were tested for their amylase inhibition ability. Seawater requirement test for the growth of actinobacteria found that the strains SSR-3, SSR-12 and SSR-16 requires at least 50% and SSR-6 requires at least 25% seawater for their growth. The inhibition activity of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic amylase was tested by using Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. The maximum amylase activity (40mm) produced by the A. niger was taken as positive control, when the test actinobacteria strains grown in the medium they inhibited amylase activity and was evidenced by the reduction in inhibition zone (14–37 mm) similarly the amylase produced by the Bacillus subtilis was also recorded maximum (35 mm) amylase activity and was taken as positive control, and the test atinobacterial strains reduced enzyme action(12–33 mm) it varied levals. This indicates that the actinobacteria strains were controlled amylase enzyme activity in both the cases. The strain SSR-10 was highly effective and SSR-8 was less effective in inhibiting eukaryotic amylase produced by A. niger. The strain SSR-2 was effective and SSR-6 showed very less effect in inhibiting the prokaryotic amylase produced by the B subtilis.     

Regulation of amylase activity in Drosophila melanogaster: Effects of dietary carbohydrate

The level of amylase activity in larvae and adults of Drosophila melanogaster is dependent on the dietary carbohydrate source; flies or larvae from a food medium containing starch show higher levels of activity than individuals from a food containing simple sugars. This is shown to be due to repression of activity by sugars rather than enhancement of activity by starch. Moreover, the changes in enzyme activity reflect a change in enzyme quantity rather than a change in catalytic efficiency. The seeming stimulation of amylase activity by sucrose in some experiments is due, simply, to comparisons with "starvation" diets which cause a large nonspecific reduction in enzyme activity. Though all strains tested showed repression of enzyme activity by simple sugars, the degree of repression varies between strains. Also, in those strains which carry a duplication of the amylase structural gene, the two isozymal forms of amylase can be differentially repressed by dietary sugars.     

Biochemical studies of amylases in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.: Comparative analysis in diapausing and nondiapausing strains

Different amylase enzymes were identified by analysis of digestive fluid and haemolymph in diapausing and nondiapausing strains of silkworm, Bombyx mori. The diapausing strain showed negligible digestive amylase activity at a pH range of 3–11, while the nondiapausing strain registered strikingly higher amylase activity at pH 9.2. Higher levels of undigested starch was found in the faecal matter of the diapausing strain, which is consistent with the negligible digestive amylase activity. Development specific expression of haemolymph amylase activity was seen in nondiapausing and diapausing strains. In the nondiapausing strain the digestive amylase activity was at its peak during intermoult and depressed during moult. PAGE analysis revealed the occurrence of only anodal digestive and haemolymph amylases in the diapausing strain, whereas both cathodal and anodal enzymes were seen in the digestive fluid and haemolymph of the nondiapausing strain.     

The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Control of Amylase Gene Expression in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

A number of previous studies have established that amylase activity can vary between Drosophila strains which are maintained under identical laboratory conditions. In addition, we have recently shown that all strains examined so far are subject to glucose repression of amylase activity. In this study, we show that the degree of glucose repression can vary between strains. Moreover, the glucose repression effect is much more pronounced in larvae than in adult flies. Our results lead to the conclusion that the strain-specific differences in activity and the dietary effects are not independent phenomena. These results have implications for the interpretation of many studies on amylase activity variation, including those experiments which have been designed to link amylase activity variations with fitness differences in nature. A question that naturally arises concerns the molecular basis for these strain-specific variations in the degree of glucose repression of this eukaryotic gene.     

Amylolytic activity of selected species of ruminal bacteria.

A variety of species of ruminal bacteria were screened for the ability to grow in starch-containing medium and produce amylase. Of those tested, the highest levels of amylase were produced by Streptococcus bovis JB1 and Ruminobacter amylophilus H18. Other strains that grew well on starch and produced amylase included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38 and 49 and Bacteroides ruminicola 23 and B14. Varying the carbohydrate source provided for growth resulted in changes in the growth rate and level of amylase produced by these strains. All strains grew rapidly in starch-containing medium, and the rates of growth were generally more rapid than those observed for maltose-grown cultures. For S. bovis JB1, B. ruminicola 23 and B14, and B. fibrisolvens 49 and A38, amylase was produced when growth was on maltose or starch, but this activity was greatly reduced in glucose-grown cultures. The distribution of amylolytic activity between cellular and extracellular fractions was sometimes affected by the carbohydrate provided for growth. If S. bovis JB1 and B. fibrisolvens 49 were grown on starch, amylase was largely associated with cell pellets; however, if grown on maltose these strains produced activities that were almost entirely present in the extracellular fluid fractions. Although not as dramatic, a similar shift in the location of amylase activities was noted for the two B. ruminicola strains when grown on the same substrates. Growth on maltose or starch had little influence on either the predominantly cell-associated activity of B. fibrisolvens A38 or the activity of R. amylophilus H18, which was equally divided between cell pellet and extracellular fluid fractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Selection for high and low amylase activity in adult flour beetles (Tribolium confusum) (Coleoptera,Tenebrionidae)

As a result of selection for high amylase activity in two strains of the flour beetle Tribolium confusum, mean activity considerably increased. Selection for low activity was ineffective in one strain, and mean activity increased, contrary to expectation, in the downward-selection line of the other.Heritabilities of amylase activity were 0.52 and 0.18 for the two strains (estimated by offspring-midparent regression in generation 1). Environmental factors have considerable effects on activity.The outcome of selection and possible models for the genetic control of amylase activity in Tribolium are discussed.     

Amylolytic activity of selected species of ruminal bacteria

A variety of species of ruminal bacteria were screened for the ability to grow in starch-containing medium and produce amylase. Of those tested, the highest levels of amylase were produced by Streptococcus bovis JB1 and Ruminobacter amylophilus H18. Other strains that grew well on starch and produced amylase included Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38 and 49 and Bacteroides ruminicola 23 and B14. Varying the carbohydrate source provided for growth resulted in changes in the growth rate and level of amylase produced by these strains. All strains grew rapidly in starch-containing medium, and the rates of growth were generally more rapid than those observed for maltose-grown cultures. For S. bovis JB1, B. ruminicola 23 and B14, and B. fibrisolvens 49 and A38, amylase was produced when growth was on maltose or starch, but this activity was greatly reduced in glucose-grown cultures. The distribution of amylolytic activity between cellular and extracellular fractions was sometimes affected by the carbohydrate provided for growth. If S. bovis JB1 and B. fibrisolvens 49 were grown on starch, amylase was largely associated with cell pellets; however, if grown on maltose these strains produced activities that were almost entirely present in the extracellular fluid fractions. Although not as dramatic, a similar shift in the location of amylase activities was noted for the two B. ruminicola strains when grown on the same substrates. Growth on maltose or starch had little influence on either the predominantly cell-associated activity of B. fibrisolvens A38 or the activity of R. amylophilus H18, which was equally divided between cell pellet and extracellular fluid fractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Location of the α-amylase gene in rumenStreptococcus bovis strains distinguished by unstable amylase activity

Genetic stability of amylase activity after serial subcultivation experiments with amylolytic ruminalStreptococcus bovis strains was investigated. Two strains Amy⁺ and Amy⁻ were obtained. Loss of amylase activity connected with the loss of plasmid DNA was not found in these strains. The presence of the gene responible for the amylase activity in the chromosome of these strains was revealed by hybridization of the α-amylase gene on pJK108 against chromosomal DNA ofS. bovis andBacillus subtilis after a complete restriction withEcoRI.     

Adaptive significance of amylase polymorphism in Drosophila--VI. Properties of two amylase variants and the effect of food components on amylase activity in Drosophila subobscura.

1. Properties of amylase from two D. subobscura strains homozygous for two different amylase variants (AmyS and AmyF) were determined. 2. Amylase of both strain adults showed a pH optimum of 7.8. 3. The AmyF enzyme showed a higher thermostability. 4. They differed in both maximum activity and Michaelis constant (Vmax of 6.25 and 3.45, Km of 0.7% and 0.42% starch for AmyS and AmyF, respectively). 5. The effect of different feeding conditions in amylase activity in the above Drosophila strains was also studied. Amylase activity was always detected but to a different level depending on diet composition.     

The evaluation of amylolytic activity of strains of coagulase negative staphylococci

Amylase activity of 30 strains of Staphylococcus spp. was determined by Tryptic Soy Agar on supplemented with 1.0% starch as the substrate. After incubation (time incubation 24 h or 168 h), the plates were flooded with Lugol solution. A clear zone around the colonies indicated amylase activity. The 23 (76.7%) strains CNS demonstrated the amylase activity. It was observed that 17 (80.9%) strains of S. epidermidis, and 6 (66.7%) strains non-S. epidermidis, starch hydrolyzed. Amylase production depends of time incubation (frequently 168 h) and growth atmosphere (frequently oxygen atmosphere)     

津巴布韦烟叶中淀粉酶和蛋白酶产生菌的分离及鉴定

目的:从津巴布韦烟叶中分离产蛋白酶菌和产淀粉酶能力最高的菌株,并对其进行鉴定。方法:采用淀粉富集培养基和酪蛋白富集培养基分别分离津巴布韦烟叶中的产淀粉酶和产蛋白酶菌株,通过生理生化实验和16SrRNA序列分析鉴定分离的菌株。结果:产蛋白酶菌株菌体不透明、表面有褶皱,蛋白酶酶活为52.10±0.13 U/mL;产淀粉酶菌株菌体表面呈黏状,淀粉酶酶活为3.69±0.07 U/mL;产蛋白酶与产淀粉酶的2株菌均与枯草芽孢杆菌的16S rRNA序列有100%的相似性,结合生理生化指标初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。结论:获得的2株菌在降解烟叶的蛋白质和淀粉过程中可能起重要作用。     

一株嗜热地衣芽孢杆菌及其产高温淀粉酶的初步研究

从云南腾冲热海热泉中分离到23株产高温淀粉酶的菌株,选取酶活最高的一株菌株进行生长特征、16S rRNA基因测序及系统进化分析表明,该菌株为嗜热的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),并命名为B.1icheniformis Tamy6。该菌株生长范围为37～70℃,最适生长温度为55℃。对该菌所产高温淀粉酶的性质研究表明:该酶在70℃具有最高催化效率,在98℃保温30min,仍有45%的活力,其最适反应pH为5.0。通过Native-PAGE酶谱分析表明菌株Tamy6的粗酶液中含有一种类型的淀粉酶。通过TLC分析水解淀粉产物表明,其产物主要为葡萄糖、麦芽糖及3～5个葡萄糖基的寡糖,说明菌株Tamy6所产淀粉酶为高温α-淀粉酶。     

冷冻干燥保藏曲霉菌种的效果

本文报告了用冷冻干燥法保藏曲霉属（Aspergillus）5种8株曲霉的效果,并分别对这些曲霉菌株的糖化酶活力进行检测。这些曲霉菌株经过冷冻干燥保藏8年后全部保持生活能力,其培养及形态特征除一株生长稍差外,其余菌株均保留原有形状,测定其糖化酶活力未有明显变化。     

产淀粉酶益生乳杆菌的筛选及鉴定

目的以健康仔猪肠道及粪便样品为基础,从中筛选产淀粉酶的乳杆菌菌株,并评价其作为益生菌候选菌株潜力。方法用MRS培养基分别从仔猪新鲜粪便和小肠黏膜上分离到乳酸菌,采用改良的产淀粉酶选择性培养基初筛得到能降解淀粉活性的菌株,并研究菌株的淀粉水解活性、抗逆能力、粘附特性及对抗生素的敏感性。结果从备选的485株乳酸菌中筛选得到具有初步淀粉酶活性的菌株25株（占总筛选数量的5.2%）,复筛选育得到具有较强淀粉酶活性的乳杆菌3株。进一步研究了这3株乳杆菌的抗逆能力、粘附特性以及对抗生素的耐药性,并对最终选育得到的菌株进行生理生化及16S rRNA分子鉴定。经选育鉴定的罗伊乳杆菌G8-5淀粉降解能力最强,并能耐受pH 3.0的酸度、1.0%的胆盐浓度,在小肠上皮细胞上的粘附效率超过15个以上,并对常用的抗生素具有较高的敏感率。结论罗伊乳杆菌G8-5符合安全益生菌的要求,可以作为产淀粉酶的益生乳杆菌优良的候选菌株。     

表达淀粉酶、糖化酶葡糖酸醋杆菌工程菌的构建

采用基因融合技术,将葡糖酸醋杆菌Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC23769分泌蛋白CMCax的信号肽序列分别与来源于枯草芽胞杆菌的淀粉酶基因、黑曲霉的糖化酶基因融合构建融合蛋白,连入能在G.hansenii ATCC23769自主复制的载体pbs-H1S中,电击转入G.hansenii ATCC23769,构建能内源表达淀粉酶、糖化酶,以及淀粉酶-糖化酶的葡糖酸醋杆菌。淀粉平板透明圈检测结果和DNS测酶活结果显示,构建的3种工程菌能成功表达并分泌淀粉酶和糖化酶。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性分析

【目的】对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性进行初步探索,为下一步从中筛选可用于生物饲料或生物肥料的微生物奠定基础。【方法】采用可培养方法,进行细菌的分离纯化。对各菌株进行革兰氏染色及淀粉酶、酯酶、纤维素酶和NaCl耐受浓度的测定,并提取各菌株基因组DNA,进行16SrRNA基因扩增、测序及系统进化树的绘制,分析其多样性。【结果】共分离得到27株菌,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)16株,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)4株,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)6株,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)1株。革兰氏染色结果表明,5株菌为革兰氏阴性,其余为革兰氏阳性;酶活测定结果表明,15株菌具有淀粉酶活性,9株菌具有酯酶活性,9株菌具有纤维素酶活性;NaCl耐受浓度测定结果显示,NaCl浓度为2%时所有菌株均能生长,5%时能生长的有22株,15%时能生长的有1株。【结论】塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤中存在较丰富的细菌类群,且具有一定的酶学活性和NaCl耐受性,具有进一步研究开发的价值。     

发酵车间空气源细菌淀粉酶产生菌筛选及多样性分析

采用平板水解圈法(plate hydrolysis spot method)对分离自酒鬼酒发酵车间空气样品的细菌进行淀粉酶产生菌筛选,运用基于16S rRNA基因序列的分析方法对高酶活菌株进行系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,73个受试菌株中,有23株为淀粉酶产生菌,占受试菌株的31.5%,其中有9株为高酶活菌。23个淀粉酶产生菌类群多样性和物种多样性较高,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Actinobacteria、Deinococcus-Thermus、Firmicutes、Proteobacteria)中的10个科(Bacillaceae、Deinococcaceae、Intrasporangiaceae、Microbacteriaceae、Micrococcaceae、Nocardiaceae、Propionibacteriaceae、Pseudomonadaceae、Rhodobacteraceae、Xanthomonadaceae)的13个属,可分为21个物种。进一步分析表明,9株高酶活菌属于细菌域(Eubacteria)的4个大的系统发育类群(Actinobacteria、Deinococcus Thermus、Firmicutes、Proteobacteria)的7个科(Bacillaceae、Deinococcaceae、Micrococcaceae、Microbacteriaceae、Nocardiaceae、Rhodobacteraceae、Xanthomonadaceae),归属于8个属。研究结果表明,酒鬼酒发酵车间空气源细菌存在较高比例的淀粉酶产生菌,且这些菌株具有较高的类群多样性和物种多样性。     

新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌的多样性及其功能酶的筛选

[目的]本研究旨在了解新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌多样性及产功能酶的特性.[方法]采用含有5%与10%NaC1的4种分离培养基,利用稀释平板涂布法对盐湖土壤样品进行分离;通过形态特征、耐盐性实验、抑菌实验及16S rRNA基因测序的基础上进行系统发育学分析;利用五种筛选培养基定性检测放线菌的产酶活性.[结果]从盐湖土壤样品中分离到63株放线菌,其中中等嗜盐放线菌47株;抑菌活性实验结果表明:23株放线菌对痢疾杆菌和/或其它病原菌有抑菌活性;功能酶筛选结果表明:3株放线菌产蛋白酶、46株产淀粉酶、14株产酯酶、34株产半乳糖苷酶、5株产纤维素酶.16S rRNA基因的系统发育学分析结果表明盐湖放线菌类群比较丰富.[结论]新疆哈密地区盐湖放线菌资源丰富,产酶特性良好,为开发利用极端环境微生物资源奠定了基础.     

On the mechanism of variation of pancreatic amylase levels in mouse strains

The relative levels of pancreatic amylase mRNA closely parallel the 3-fold variation of pancreatic amylase protein levels observed in several mouse strains studied. In contrast pancreatic elastase mRNA levels were similar in these strains. Each of the strains contained the same number of amylase-like genes (about 8). The selective variation in the pancreatic amylase gene expression could be due either to differences in the numbers of active amylase genes or to different rates of synthesis and/or degradation of the amylase mRNA from a constant number of genes.